The Trials of Lu Genrong: The Criminal Law Reform and Women’s Agency in Late 1920s China

He, Qiliang

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_3

Qiliang He³

Part of the book series: Chinese Literature and Culture in the World ((CLCW))

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Abstract

The trials of Lu Genrong afford a rare opportunity to investigate the transformation of the criminal law as it took place at the juncture of China’s legal reform in 1928. Under the new criminal law promulgated in 1928, Lu was not legally prosecutable for his extramarital sexual intercourse with Huang Huiru, a woman over twenty, but received a two-year jail time whatsoever. The trials indicate that old legal conception and practices continued to affect judicial officers’ decisions despite a sea change in the criminal law. Hence, I call attention to the discrepancy between the policy pronouncements and legal practices in Republican China. In addition, as the new criminal code stipulated the unpunishability of consensual intercourse with women over twenty, the new law unintendedly redefined womanhood by regrouping women as underage (with no agency) and adult ones (with full agency).

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Notes

1.
Lean, Public Passions, 113.
2.
Xiaoqun Xu, Trial of Modernity: Judicial Reform in Early Twentieth-Century China, 1901–1937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), 3.
3.
Frank Dikötter, Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 48–50; Li Guilian, Shen Jiaben pingzhuan (A critical biography of Shen Jiaben) (Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2005), 7–9.
4.
Kuo, Intolerable Cruelty, 197.
5.
T’ung-tsu Ch’u, Law and Society in Traditional China (Paris, La Haye: Mouton and Co., 1965), 11.
6.
Kathryn Bernhardt and Philip C.C. Huang, “Civil Law in Qing and Republican China: The Issues,” in Civil Law in Qing and Republican China, eds., Kathryn Bernhardt and Philip C. C. Huang (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 8.
7.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 27–8.
8.
Bernhardt, Women and Property in China, 960–1949, 118.
9.
Philip C.C. Huang, Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 2.
10.
Xie Zhenmin, Zhonghua minguo lifa shi (A history of legislation in Republican China) (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 2000), 902; Li Xiuqing, “Dianjiao daoyin: jindai Zhongguo xingfa fadian hua ji 1928 nian Zhonghua minguo xingfa” (Introduction to [the] collated [version]: the codification of criminal laws in modern China and the criminal code of the Republican China in 1928), in Zhonghua minguo xingfa (Criminal code of the Republic of China), eds., Wang Chonghui et al. (Beijing: Zhongguo fangzheng chubanshe, 2006), 15.
11.
Wang Chonghȏui, The Chinese Criminal Code, trans. Tinn-Hugh Yu (Shanghai: The International Publishing Co., 1928), 1.
12.
Xie, Zhonghua minguo lifa shi, 883.
13.
Matthew Sommer, Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 31.
14.
Xu, Trial of Modernity, 1–2; Dikötter, Crime, Punishment and Prison in Modern China, 40.
15.
He Qinhua, Dong Kang faxue wenji (An anthology of Dong Kang’s works on law) (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 2005), 68.
16.
Xie, Zhonghua minguo lifa shi, 888–91.
17.
Ibid., 893–8.
18.
He, Dong Kang faxue wenji, 76.
19.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 27.
20.
He, Dong Kang faxue wenji, 466.
21.
Xie, Zhonghua minguo lifa shi, 907–8.
22.
“Mingyuan bei pu jianguai (xu).”
23.
“Huang Huiru buyuan guilai” (Huang Huiru is unwilling to return), Shi bao, August 12, 1928.
24.
“Mingyuan bei pu jianguai (xu).”
25.
“Huang Huiru yiyou age lingzhuan yi” (Huang Huiru has been brought back by brother), Suzhou mingbao, August 14, 1928.
26.
“Huang Huiru an kaishen ji.”
27.
Okada Asatarō, Zhonghua minguo zanxing xin xinglü (The new criminal code temporarily in force in Republic of China) (Shanghai: Fazheng xueshe, 1935), 67.
28.
“Huang Huiru an kaishen ji.”
29.
“Dapo jieji zhuyi de zhupu fasheng lian’ai kaishen.”
30.
“Huang Huiru an kaishen ji.”
31.
“Huang Huiru an panjue”; “Huang Huiru bingli shenju.”
32.
Suzhou shi dang’an ju (Suzhou Municipal Archives), I14-034-0018, 5.
33.
Wu Qu, Gusu yeshi (An unofficial history of Suzhou) (Nanjing: Jiangsu wenyi chubanshe, 1990), 255; Zhang Xuequn, Suzhou mingmen wangzu (Influential families in Suzhou) (Yangzhou: Guangling shushe, 2006), 264.
34.
“Huang Huiru an pangting suji.”
35.
Ibid.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Lin Shan, Youyou wangshi: wode chuanmei gongzuo huigu (The unfaded past: a look back to my career in the media) (Beijing: Qunyan chubanshe, 2006), 2–3.
38.
“Nanchang difang shenpan tingzhang Lin Dawen zaishenzhi tiaochen” (A memorandum from Lin Dawen, the chief judge of Nanchang regional court), Sifa gongbao, No. 38 (1915): 93.
39.
“Huang Huiru an pangting suji.”
40.
“Huang Huiru tong buyu sheng.”
41.
Jiangsu sheng dang’an guan (Jiangsu Provincial Archives), 1047-005-0078, 38.
42.
“Gaoyuan panjue Lu Genrong shangsu an liyou, suoyi renwei lüeyou zui” (High court’s reasons of adjudicating Lu Genrong’s appellative case; why it is considered an offense of lüeyou), Shi bao, November 4, 1928.
43.
Wang, The Chinese Criminal Code, 221.
44.
Ibid., 216.
45.
Ibid., 176.
46.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 10.
47.
Ibid., 27.
48.
Ibid., 13–4.
49.
“Mingmen guinü—bei epu jianguai lai Su.”
50.
“Lu Genrong an shangsu kaiting ji.”
51.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 27.
52.
Ibid., 7–8.
53.
Xie, Zhonghua minguo lifa shi, 893.
54.
For example, Article 365 and 366 of the 1915 revision were particularly created to punish the selling of women and children. See He, Dong Kang faxue wenji, 77.
55.
William Jones, The Great Qing Code (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 347–53.
56.
“Huang Huiru zhuanyi huixin, sicong cimu guijia qu; Lu Genrong yaochun gushe, yuzhuan chinong duoyu lai” (Huang Huiru changes her mind-considering returning home with her kind mother; Lu Genrong shakes his lips and pounds the tongue-intending to induce the infatuated woman to fall into hell), Suzhou mingbao, October 31, 1928.
57.
He, Dong Kang faxue wenji, 466.
58.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 3.
59.
Glosser, Chinese Visions of Family and State, 94.
60.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 32.
61.
Ibid., 35.
62.
Wang, The Chinese Criminal Code, 176.
63.
Zuigao fayuan panli bianji weiyuanhui, Zuigao fayuan panli yaozhi (hedingben) (The essence of supreme court precedents [bound volume]) (Shanghai: Dadong shuju, 1946), 315.
64.
Guo Wei and Zhou Dingmei, Liufa liyou panjie zongji, disan ce, xingfa ji fulu (The compilation of ratio decidendi of six laws, book three, criminal law and addenda) (Shanghai: Shanghai faxue shuju, 1935), 519; Feng Meixue, Sifa yuan jieshi zuigao fayuan panli fenlei huizuan (A classified compilation of interpretations on supreme court precedents by the Judiciary Yuan) (Shanghai: Shanghai faxue xueshe, 1933), 129–34.
65.
Guo and Zhou, Liufa panjie liyou zongji, disan ce, xingfa ji fulu, 519.
66.
Ibid., 522. Article 316 reads, “Whoever imprisons any person without authority, or deprives with other illegal methods the liberty of locomotion of such person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not more than five years, detention, or a fine of not more than three hundred dollars.” (See Wang, The Chinese Criminal Code, 217.)
67.
“Lu Genrong shangsu zuigao fayuan” (Lu Genrong appeals to the supreme court), Shi bao, December 14, 1928.
68.
Zhu Leizhang, “Wode fuqin Zhu Wenchao lüezhuan” (A brief biography of Zhu Wenchao, my father), in Kunshan wenshi-Zhu Leizhang zhuanji (Literature and history in Kunshan: special issue of Zhu Leizhang) (N. P., 2005), 15–18.
69.
“Huang Lu zhupu lian’ai an” (The case of love between Huang and Lu, the master and the servant), Shi bao, February 25, 1929.
70.
“Huang Lu an yijing zuigao fayuan panjue” (The supreme court has adjudicated the Huang-Lu case), Suzhou mingbao, March 21, 1929.
71.
Shen Jianle, Shaoxing lishi mingren (Celebrities in history of Shaoxing) (Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe, 2006), 221–2.
72.
“Zuochen jixu tishen Lu Genrong.”
73.
“Gaodeng fayuan chongpan Lu Genrong ernian tuxing” (The superior court once again sentenced Lu Genrong two-year fixed-term imprisonment), Shi bao, June 28, 1929.
74.
Jiangsu sheng dang’an guan, 1047-005-0078, 18.
75.
“Lu Genrong zaixu shangsu” (Lu Genrong needs to appeal again), Shi bao, June 29, 1929.
76.
“Lu Genrong bufu panjue” (Lu Genrong is not satisfied with the verdict), Suzhou mingbao, June 29, 1929.
77.
“Lu Genrong zaixiang zuigao fayuan shangsu” (Lu Genrong again files an appeal to the supreme court), Suzhou mingbao, July 15, 1929.
78.
“Lu Genrong zai shangsu xiaoxi” (Information about Lu Genrong’s second appeal), Suzhou mingbao, July 30, 1929.
79.
“Huang Huiru mu wei manyi” (Huang Huiru’s mother is not satisfied), Shi bao, July 1, 1929.
80.
“Lu Genrong xuangao wuzui” (Lu Genrong is announced not guilty), Shen bao, July 1, 1930; “Lu Genrong panjue shu” (The verdict on Lu Genrong[’s case]), Shen bao, July 3, 1930.
81.
Man, “Lu Genrong,” Jing bao, July 3, 1930.
82.
Jin Jiang, Women Playing Men: Yue Opera and Social Change in Twentieth-century Shanghai (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2009), 165–71.
83.
Xu, Trial of Modernity, 144.
84.
Ibid., 133.
85.
Sifa gongbao (Bulletin of Judiciary), No. 1 (November 1, 1927), 101.
86.
Zhang Jundu, “Jiangsu sifa gaikuang” (Summary of justice in Jiangsu), Jiangsu gaodeng fayuan gongbao (Bulletin of Jiangsu High Court), No. 1 (January 1929) (Suzhou: Jiangsu gaodeng fayuan gongbao chu): 1–3.
87.
Suzhou shi difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui, Suzhou shi zhi (Gazetteer of the Suzhou city), No. 3 (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1995), 242.
88.
Xu, Trial of Modernity, 133.
89.
Tianma, “Huang Huiru an ying ganji faguan.”
90.
Bernhardt and Huang, “Civil Law in Qing and Republican China: The Issues,” 8.
91.
Huang, Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China, 1.
92.
Diamant, Revolutionizing the Family, 4.
93.
Franz Michael, “The Role of Law in Traditional, Nationalist and Communist China,” The China Quarterly, No. 9 (January–March, 1962): 134.
94.
Diamant, Revolutionizing the Family, 247.
95.
Tianma, “Huang Huiru an ying ganji faguan.”
96.
Lean, Public Passions, 115.
97.
Li, “Dianjiao daoyin,” 27.
98.
Huang, Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China, 53.
99.
Jennifer M. Neighbors, “The Long Arm of Qing Law? Qing Dynasty Homicide Rulings in Republican Courts” Modern China, Vol. 35, No. 1 (January 2009): 5.
100.
“Huang Huiru an kaishen ji”; “Dapo jieji zhuyi de zhupu fasheng lian’ai an kaishen.”
101.
Shuangqi, “Guanyu Huang Huiru he Lu Genrong de shi” (About the [love] affair of Huang Huiru and Lu Genrong), Minguo ribao, September 2, 1928.
102.
Zhang Shihao, “Cong Huang Huiru an lianxiang dao Wang Shichang” ([I] associate the case of Huang Huiru with [that of] Wang Shichang), Minguo ribao, September 4, 1928.
103.
Tianma. “Huang Huiru an ying ganji faguan.”
104.
Zunyan, “Quan Lu Genrong wuzai shangsu” ([I] suggest that Lu Genrong not appeal again), Jing bao, June 30, 1929.
105.
“Huang Lu an gengshen pangting ji” (A note on auditing the retrial of the Huang-Lu case), Suzhou mingbao, June 8, 1929.
106.
Zunyan, “Quan Lu Genrong wuzai shangsu.”
107.
Chen Xuerong, “Lu Huang jian’an zhi weisheng” (The adulterous case of Lu and Huang comes to a close), Minguo ribao, September 7, 1928.
108.
Glosser, Chinese Visions of Family and State, 131.
109.
Neighbors, “The Long Arm of Qing Law?,” 7.
110.
Man, “Lu Genrong.”
111.
Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-Chinese Relations 1750–1800 (Pullman, WA: State College of Washington, 1936), 109.
112.
“Huang Lu an gengshen pangting ji.”
113.
Klaus Mühlhahn, Criminal Justice in China: A History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 67.
114.
Huang, “Women’s Choices under the Law,” 35.
115.
Barlow, The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism, 37.
116.
Leow, “Age as a Category of Gender Analysis,” 981.

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Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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He, Q. (2018). The Trials of Lu Genrong: The Criminal Law Reform and Women’s Agency in Late 1920s China. In: Feminism, Women's Agency, and Communication in Early Twentieth-Century China. Chinese Literature and Culture in the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_3
Published: 15 June 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-89691-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-89692-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)

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