Polyphony: Vernacularized Feminisms and the Urban Network of Communication

He, Qiliang

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_5

Qiliang He³

Part of the book series: Chinese Literature and Culture in the World ((CLCW))

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Abstract

The love affair provides a lens to examine the rise of an urban network of communication that featured both newspaper and non-newspaper media in the late 1920s. In this period, a new trend of journalism set in—namely, the concentration of capital and cut-throat competition among high-budget daily newspapers. In order to survive and thrive, second-tier newspapers resorted to high-profile social news, such as the Huang–Lu affair, to both reap profits and impart behavioral codes. Beyond the newspaper media, a concerted effort by dramatists, publishers, pop singers, folklorists, street artists, and gramophone record companies to represent the case testifies to the flowering of web of communication that linked consumers of various social and economic backgrounds. In this network, consumers, especially low-brow ones, vernacularized May-Fourth feminist and sexological notions to arrive at their understandings of the elopement and to show their worthiness as members of modern society.

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Notes

1.
For example, Yitao, “Xinwen jizhe bisi de Huang Huiru” (Journalists drive Huang Huiru to death), Funü gongming, No. 2 (April 15, 1929): 4; Huang, Zhongguo wenti zhi zonghe de yanjiu, 147; Xing, “Da xiaojie mai xiaocai huiyi dangnian Huang Huiru” (Eldest miss buys food; a remembrance of Huang Huiru in the past), Jilian huikan, No. 12 (1930): 25; Guo Jianyi, Shanghai baozhi gaige lun (A thesis on reforming newspapers in Shanghai) (Shanghai: Fudan daxue xinwen xuehui, 1931), 82; Fan Zhongyun, “Zhongguo baozhi de pipan” (A criticism of newspapers in China), in Xinwen xue yanjiang ji (Speeches on journalism), ed., Huang Tianpeng (Shanghai: Xiandai shuju, 1931), 59; Taofen, “Mao zhuo laoshu de xinwen jizhe,” 327–28, to name only a few.
2.
Though studies on Shanghai newspapers in the Republican era are prolific, the research into the interactions among different newspapers is scanty, which hampers a fuller understanding of the Shanghai news industry as a whole. When commenting on Barbara Mittler’s analysis of the link between nationalism and the press, Joan Judge calls for an examination of multiple newspapers rather than just Shen bao. See Joan Judge, “The Power of Print? Print Capitalism and News Media in Late Qing and Republican China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 66, Issue 1 (2006): 248–9.
3.
For example, Joan Judge, Print and politics: “Shi bao” and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996); Barbara Mittler, A Newspaper for China? Power, Identity and Change in Shanghai’s News Media (1872–1912) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); Weipin Tsai, Reading Shenbao: Nationalism, Consumerism and Individuality in China 1919–37 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Bryn Goodman, “Semi-Colonialism, Transnational Networks and News Flows in Early Republican Shanghai,” The China Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 55–88; L. Sophia Wang, “The Independent Press and Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of the Dagong bao in Republican China,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Summer 1994): 216–41, to name only a few.
4.
For example, Peter Carroll, “Fate-Bound Mandarin Ducks: Newspaper Coverage of the ‘Fashion’ for Suicide in 1931 Suzhou,” Twentieth Century China, Volume 31, No. 2 (April 2006): 70–96; He, “Print the Province.”
5.
Shao, Chuban fa shiyi, 31.
6.
Henrietta Harrison, “Newspapers and Nationalism in Rural China 1890–1929,” Past and Present, No. 166 (February 2000): 183.
7.
Qiliang He, Newspapers and the Journalistic Public in Republican China: 1917 as a Significant Year of Journalism. London: Routeledge, forthcoming.
8.
Goodman, “Appealing to the Public,” 33.
9.
Frederick Wakeman, Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 235–40.
10.
Michael Hockx, “In Defense of the Censor: Literary Autonomy and State Authority in Shanghai, 1930–1936,” Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1998): 1–30.
11.
Goodman, “Semi-Colonialism, Transnational Networks and News Flows in Early Republican Shanghai,” 59.
12.
Hu Daojing, Shanghai xinwen zhi shi de fazhan (The development of the Shanghai journalism history) (Shanghai: Shanghai tongzhiguan, 1935), 58–9.
13.
Zhang, Chinese National Cinema, 63.
14.
Ma Guangren, Shanghai Xinwen shi (1850–1949) (History of journalism in Shanghai [1850–1949]) (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 1996), 571–5.
15.
Shanghai shi dang’an guan, U1-3-3539, 2–6.
16.
Ibid., 10–12.
17.
Tao Juying, “Xinwen bao fajia shi” (A history of the rise of Xinwen bao), Zhonghua wenshi ziliao wenku (A repository of literary and historical materials in China), No. 16, ed., Quanguo zhengxie wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1996), 120.
18.
Feitang (Richard Feetham), Feitang faguan yanjiu Shanghai gonggong zujie qingxing baogaoshu, di’er juan (Judge Feetham’s report on the study of the Shanghai International Settlement, vol. 2), trans. Gongbu ju huawen chu (Shanghai: Gonggong zujie gongbu ju, 1931), 467–9.
19.
Yifen, “Kelian Shanghai de baozhi” (Poor Shanghai newspapers), Jing bao, March 12, 1929.
20.
Xu Yunjia and Yang Pingping, Hangzhou baokan shi gaishu (A brief history of Hangzhou newspapers) (Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue chubanshe, 1989), 24.
21.
Duhe, “Huang Lu shijian” (The Huang-Lu incident), Xinwen bao, December 25, 1928.
22.
Shao Yizhi, “Wo suo zhidao de Shanghai Shi bao” (Shi bao of Shanghai as I know), Baoxue, Volume 1, No. 8 (1955): 79.
23.
Xu Zhucheng, Baohai jiuwen (Old information from the ocean of newspapers) (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1981), 246.
24.
Shao, Chuban fa shiyi, 31.
25.
“Huang Huiru an pangting suji.”
26.
“Lu Genrong an shangsu kaiting ji.”
27.
Jiangsu sheng difangzhi bianzhuan weiyuanhui, Jiangsu sheng zhi, baoye zhi (Annals of Jiangsu province, volume of journalism) (Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1999), 64–5.
28.
Baiyan, “Suzhou baojie san dingzu” (A tripartite contention among newspapers in Suzhou), Fuermosi, April 29, 1929.
29.
Suzhou shi dang’an ju, I07-017-0030-164.
30.
Feng Yingzi, Jingcao—Feng Yingzi zizhuan (Tough upright grass—Feng Yingzi’s autobiography) (Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe, 1999), 34–5.
31.
“Huang Huiru zhuanyi huixin, sicong cimu guijia qu; Lu Genrong yaochun gushe, yuzhuan chinong duoyu lai.”
32.
“Huang Huiru yiyou age lingzhuan yi.”
33.
Sufeng, “Huang Huiru gaiguan lunding.”
34.
“Huang Huiru tanjian” (Huang Huiru visits [Lu] in prison), Suzhou mingbao, October 24, 1928.
35.
Yuan Jin, Zhongguo wenxue guannian de jindai biange (The modern transformations of literary concepts in China) (Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexue yuan chubanshe, 1996), 137.
36.
“Huang Huiru zuru qitu” (Huang Huiru finally wanders from the right path), Suzhou mingbao, October 25, 1928.
37.
“Huang Huiru-xiangzuo mingxing” (Huang Huiru wants to be a star), Shi bao, January 17, 1929.
38.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan.”
39.
“Yuanyuan benben xiangji Huang Huiru cusi jingguo.”
40.
“Huang Huiru fuhuo, yuanben taxiang.”
41.
“Huang Huiru zhi shengsi wenti.”
42.
“Huang Huiru queshi weisi” (Huang Huiru certainly has not died), Zhejiang shangbao, May 27, 1929.
43.
“Huang Huiru quezai renjian” (Huang Huiru is really alive), Shijie wanbao, May 30, 1929.
44.
“Jiuli duanwu ri Huang Huiru zhi Suzhou Wuxian ribao xin yifeng” (Huang Huiru’s letter to Wuxian daily on the day of Duanwu festival of the traditional calendar), Shi bao, June 15, 1929.
45.
“Huang Huiru de yifeng xin” (A letter from Huang Huiru), Suzhou mingbao, June 15, 1929.
46.
Hu Juemin, “Suzhou baokan liushinian” (Suzhou newspapers in the past six decades), in Jindaishi ziliao (Materials of modern history), No. 61, ed., Zhongguo shehui kexue yuan jindaishi ziliao suo, jindaishi ziliao bianji zu (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue yuan chubanshe, 1986), 143–4.
47.
Feng, Jingcao, 40.
48.
“Nairen xunwei zhi Huang Huiru shengsi wenti” (The issue of Huang Huiru’s life and death attracts intense interests), Suzhou mingbao, March 26, 1929.
49.
Yuan Changchao, Zhongguo baoye xiaoshi (A small history of Chinese journalism) (Hong Kong: Xinwen tiandi chubanshe, 1957), 52.
50.
Carroll, “Fate-Bound Mandarin Ducks.”
51.
He, “Print the Province.”
52.
“Huang Huiru bingwei fu Hu” (Huang Huiru has not headed for Shanghai), Suzhou mingbao, January 24, 1929.
53.
Chen Hongshen, “Tan Gong wutai zhi Huang Huiru” (On Huang Huiru on the Gong stage), Zhejiang shangbao, May 10, 1929.
54.
Zhou Yu, Dagong bao shi (A history of Dagong bao) (Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1993), 368.
55.
Meijun, “Yipian lian’ai de jiuzhang” (An old account of romantic love), Minguo ribao, February 18, 1929.
56.
Dingling, “Huang Huiru wei shehui suosha” (Huang Huriu is killed by society), Jing bao, March 24, 1929.
57.
Feijizhe, “Cong Huang Huiru xiangdao gebao” (Thinking of various newspapers from Huang Huiru), Jingangzuan, May 30, 1929.
58.
Judge, Print and politics.
59.
“Gebao xiaoshu diaocha biao” (A survey of newspapers’ circulation numbers), Jinggangzuan, February 3, 1925.
60.
Timothy Weston, “Minding the Newspaper Business: The Theory and Practice of Journalism in 1920s China,” Twentieth-Century China, Vol. 31, No. 2 (April 2006): 4–31.
61.
Guo, Shanghai baozhi gaige lun, 81.
62.
Hu, Shanghai xinwen zhi shi de fazhan, 71.
63.
Ibid., 71–2.
64.
He Sicheng, “Shanghai Shishi xinbao cong Yanjiu xi luoru Guomindang shouzhong de yanbian gaiyao” (A brief account of the process of Shanghai Shishi xinbao’s change of ownership from the research clique to the nationalist party), Wenshi ziliao xuanji hedingben (Selected works of literary and historical materials [bound volume]), No. 46, ed., Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2000), 144–5.
65.
Zhang Jinglu, Zhongguo de xinwen zhi (Newspapers in China) (Shanghai: Guanghua shuju, 1929), 58.
66.
He, “Shanghai Shishi xinbao cong Yanjiu xi luoru Guomindang shouzhong de yanbian gaiyao,” 162.
67.
“Huang Chengcang dui Huiru fuhuo zhi biaoshi.”
68.
“Huang Huiru sihou yuyin niaoniao”; “Huang Huiru shengqian zai Su zhi bingzhuang.”
69.
“Huang Huiru zhi shengsi wenti, you Changshu bao wei benbao zhengshi,” Shi bao, May 27, 1929.
70.
“Huang Huiru kuaizhi renkou” (Huang Huiru is popular), Suzhou mingbao, March 27, 1929.
71.
Feijizhe, “Cong Huang Huiru xiangdao gebao.”
72.
Yingchuan, “Huang Huiru fuhuo yu Shanghai bao” (Huang’s coming back to life and Shanghai newspapers), Beiyang huabao, No. 328 (June 6, 1929): 2.
73.
“Advertisement,” Xinwen bao, December 24, 1928.
74.
“Advertisement,” Xinwen bao, January 17, 1929.
75.
Shanghai jingju zhi, 186.
76.
“Advertisement,” Xinwen bao, April 27, 1929.
77.
Shanghai jingju zhi, 186.
78.
“Ji Shanghai wutai kaiyan Huang Huiru ju zhi shengkuang” (A note on the grand occasion of staging the play about Huang Huiru in the Shanghai Stage), Fuermosi, December 17, 1928.
79.
Xin xikao (New collections of operatic plays) (Shanghai: Xin xikao hezuo chubanshe, 1936), 152.
80.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (xia),” 37.
81.
Xin xikao, 152.
82.
Wang Jiaju, Wumen liu—mingren bixia de lao Suzhou (Willows at the Suzhou gate: old Suzhou in celebrities’ writings) (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 2001), 91–2.
83.
Wilt L. Idema, “Meng Jiangnü: The Development of a Legend,” in Meng Jiangnü Brings Down the Great Wall: Ten Versions of a Chinese Legend, eds., Wilt L. Idema and Haiyan Lee (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008), 19; Lee, “Meng Jiangnü and the May Fourth Folklore Movement,” 29.
84.
“Ji Shanghai wutai kaiyan Huang Huiru ju zhi shengkuang.”
85.
“Advertisement,” Xinwen bao, April 7, 1929.
86.
“Advertisement,” Xinwen bao, April 9, 1929.
87.
“Huang Huiru kaipian shiliu pian” (Sixteen opening ballads about Huang Huiru), Pingtan yishu, No. 12 (1991): 72.
88.
Mark Bender, Plum and Bamboo: China’s Suzhou Chantefable Tradition (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 3.
89.
Ibid., 2.
90.
Carlton Benson, “Manipulation of ‘Tanci’ in Radio Shanghai During the 1930s,” Republican China, Vol. 20, Issue 2 (1995): 117–46.
91.
“Huang Huiru kaipian shiliu pian,” 67.
92.
Ibid., 69–70.
93.
Ibid., 71.
94.
Carlton Benson, “From Teahouse to Radio: Storytelling and the Commercialization of Culture in 1930s China” (PhD diss., University of California at Berkeley, 1996), 237.
95.
Zhao Jiaqiu, Qiusheng ji (Collection of autumn sounds) (Shanghai: Xinsheng she, 1935), 46–7.
96.
Ibid., 46.
97.
Shanghai shi pingtan lianhe yanchu (Joint performances of pingtan [storytellers] in Shanghai) (N.P, 1957), n. pag.
98.
For the pingtan performance of the Huang-Lu affair, see Qiliang He, “Between Business and Bureaucrats: Pingtan Storytelling in Maoist and Post-Maoist China,” Modern China, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2010): 256–63.
99.
Yuan Huan, “Tanhuang mingyi ji leibie bianshi” (The Interpretation of the Name and Classification of Tanhuang Tune System), Shanghai xiju, No. 5 (2014): 48.
100.
Suzhou shi xiqu yanjiushi, Suju houtan (di 8 ji) (Su Opera and houtan [book 8]) (Suzhou: Suzhou shi xiqu yanjiushi, 1961), 133.
101.
Ibid.
102.
Zhu Hengfu, “Minguo shiba nian yiyue qiri Shen bao shang de tanhuang xinxi de jiazhi” (The value of the information about tanhuang performances advertised in Shen bao on January 7, 1929), Dongnan daxue xuebao (zhexue shehui kexue ban), Vol. 9, No. 1 (January 2007): 118.
103.
Song Zhangqing and Fan Huaqun, “Manhua mubiao xi” (Random remarks on unscripted plays), Shanghai Xiqu shiliao huicui, No. 2 (1986): 33.
104.
Zhang Gusheng and Wen Mu, “Wo de yishi he jianwen” (My career as a performer and observations), Shanghai Xiqu shiliao huicui, No. 2 (1986): 79.
105.
Ding Wan’e, Zhou Jingnan, and Yu Xiufen, “Wanlan she, ertong Shenqu ji qita” (Wanlan society, children’s Shanghai tune, and so forth), Shanghai Xiqu shiliao huicui, No. 2 (1986): 94.
106.
Shi Xiaoying and Shi Lei, “Huiyi baba Shi Genfu” (Commemorating my father, Shi Genfu), Shanghai Xiqu shiliao huicui, No. 2 (1986): 66.
107.
Yueshou, “Mingying jutuan ling Huang Lu” (Viewing [the play] about Huang-Lu in the [theater] of the Mingying troupe), Shenqu huabao, No. 153 (1940): n. pag.
108.
Sommer, Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China, 14.
109.
Yueshou, “Mingying jutuan ling Huang Lu.”
110.
Gu Lingsen, “Suzhou tanhuang (houtan) yu huaji yishu” (Tanhuang Play of Suzhou [Houtan] and Farce Art), Zhejiang yishu zhiye xueyuan xuebao, Vol. 1, No. 3 (September 2003): 110–11.
111.
“Huaji Huang Huiru” (Huang Huiru, the farce drama play), audio clip.
112.
Xin xikao, 758–59. Yama (Yanwang) is the monarch of the underworld in both Indian and Chinese religious traditions, while both the “Ox-head” (Niutou) and “Horse-face” (Mamian) are legendary law enforcers and aides to Yama.
113.
“Huang Huiru yinshen” (Interrogating Huang Huiru in the underworld), audio clip.
114.
Yang Huasheng and Zhang Zhenguo, Shanghai lao huaji (Old farce drama [star] in Shanghai) (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2006), 39–40.
115.
Xiao Xixi, “Xianshi Liu Chunshan yishu” (Recalling Liu Chunshan, my late master), Shanghai Xiqu shiliao huicui, No. 2 (1986): 70.
116.
Zhongguo minjian wenxue jicheng quanguo bianji weiyuanhui ed., Shanghai geyao jicheng—Shanghai juan bianji weiyuanhui, Shanghai geyao jicheng—Shanghai juan (An anthology of Chinese folksongs—the volume of Shanghai) (Beijing: Zhongguo ISBN zhongxin, 2000), 472.
117.
Zhangjiagang shi wenlian, Zhongguo—Heyang shange ji (Collection of folksongs of Heyang, China) (Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe, 2006), 181–2.
118.
Ibid., 8.
119.
Wujiang shi zhengxie wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui, Wujiang fengqing (Customs and culture of Wujiang) (Tianjin: Tianjin kexue jishu chubanshe, 1993), 36.
120.
Gu Jiegang et al., Wuge, Wuge xiaoshi (Folksongs of Wu and a small history of folksongs of Wu) (Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1999), 701.
121.
Huang Huiru tanjian (Huang Huiru visits [Lu] in prison) (Suzhou: Hengzhi shushe, N. D.), 1–4.
122.
Steen, Zai yule yu gemin zhijian, 2.
123.
Ibid., 368–9.
124.
Ibid., 413–14.
125.
Ellen Johnston Laing, Selling Happiness: Calendar Posters and Visual Culture in Early-twentieth-century Shanghai (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004), 29–30.
126.
Zhu Yongkun and Wu Weizhong, Touzi shoucang daguan (A panorama of collectibles for investment) (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1998), 42–3.
127.
Sheng Xunchang and Zhang Xichang, Huashuo Shanghai (A tale of Shanghai) (Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe, 2010), 207–9.
128.
Xiaocao, “Chidao zuili de Huang Huiru” (Huang Huiru in the mouth), Shanghai huabao, March 18, 1929.
129.
“Wusa fangguo, yinxiang youzai; aiguo zhujun, qingxi Huang Huiru xiangyan” ([The anniversary of] May Thirtieth has just passed, and [everyone] still remembers; every patriotic gentleman, please smoke ‘Huang Huiru’ cigarettes), Xinwen bao, June 1, 1929.
130.
Sherman Cochran, Big Business in China: Sino-Foreign Rivalry in the Cigarette Industry, 1890–1930 (Cambridge: Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980), 2.
131.
Karl Gerth, China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 4.
132.
“Jianhan Zhongshang Yiji yan gongsi” (Letter to Zhongshang Yiji Tobacco Company), Tongshui gongbao, Vol. 1, No. 11 (1931): 5.
133.
“Jianhan Zhongshang Yiji yan gongsi” (Letter to Zhongshang Yiji Tobacco Company), Tongshui gongbao, Vol. 1, No. 12 (1931): 24.
134.
“Xindu jiuhua lu: Dai Chuanxian yu Huang Huiru” (Old remarks in the new capital: Dai Chuanxian and Huang Huiru), Xindu zhoukan, No. 6 (1943): 116.
135.
Glosser, Chinese Visions of Family and State, 15.
136.
Lee, “Meng Jiangnü and the May Fourth Folklore Movement,” 39.
137.
Cong, Marriage, Law, and Gender in Revolutionary China, 1940–1960, 10–11.
138.
Taofen, “Mao zhuo laoshu de xinwen jizhe,” 328.
139.
Guo, Shanghai baozhi gaige lun, 81.
140.
Lu Xun, Lu Xun shuxin (er) (Lu Xun’s letters, part II) (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 2006), 56.
141.
Chen Zishan and Zhang Tierong, Zhou Zuoren ji waiwen (xiabian) (Anthology of Zhou Zuoren, foreign literature [part II]) (Haikou: Hainan guoji xinwen chuban zhongxin, 1995), 370–1.
142.
Wang Zhen, Xu Beihong wenji (Anthology of Xu Beihong) (Shanghai: Shanghai huabao chubanshe, 2005), 23.
143.
Qu, “Xuefa wansui,” 810.
144.
Zhao Mianyun, Yunpian (Cloud) (Shanghai: Zhongfu shuju, 1934), 123–44.
145.
Qu Qiubai, “Puluo dazhong wenyi de xianshi wenti” (Realistic problems in proletarian’s literature and arts), in Qu Qiubai wenji (Anthology of Qu Qiubai), Vol. 1 (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1985), 466.

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Qiliang He

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He, Q. (2018). Polyphony: Vernacularized Feminisms and the Urban Network of Communication. In: Feminism, Women's Agency, and Communication in Early Twentieth-Century China. Chinese Literature and Culture in the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_5

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