Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychological Injury in the States and Federal Workers’ Compensation Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Behavioral Health Disability Management

  • 423 Accesses

Abstract

There are two primary workers’ compensation (WC) systems in the United States. The first relates to the individual State WC systems. Each State has its own rules and laws related to WC. There is no standardization of WC systems from State to State. The second system pertains to the federal WC system. The federal WC system is governed by the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA). The federal WC system provides WC insurance for all federal employees, except railroad employees. Like the States, it has its own regulatory process related to its WC process.

The Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) applies to all railroad employees. It is important to note that FELA exempts railroad employees from State workers’ compensation statutes. Typically, States and federal employees covered under FECA are not able to sue their employers. FELA allows railroad employees to initiate a lawsuit in State or federal courts.

Both the States and federal WC systems are a type of employer-provided insurance to provide financial and medical benefits to employees who are injured in the workplace. Both systems provide wage replacement according to the specific rules and laws affiliated with the unique system. Each WC system is explored as they relate to BH workplace injuries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • (85 O.S. Rules of the Workers’ Compensation Court, Rule 20) Commonwealth v. Lanigan, 419 Mass. 15, 24–26 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • §8105. Total disability and §8106. Partial disability. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC) – Federal Employees’ Compensation Act. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/statutes/feca. htm#8105

  • Aas, I. M. (2011). Guidelines for rating Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Annals of General Psychiatry, 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859x-10-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aas, I. M. (2014). Collecting information for rating global assessment of functioning (GAF): Sources of information and methods for information collection. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 10(4), 330–347.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2016). Library of Resources for Mental Health | Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/ehclibrary/mentalhealth/index.html

  • Akobeng, A. K. (2007). Understanding diagnostic tests 1: Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Acta Paediatrica, 96(3), 338–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM). (2008). Occupational medicine practice guidelines: Evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers (3rd ed.). Beverly Farms, MA: OEM Health Information Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff, G. M., Mandel, S., Genovese, E., Maitz, E. A., Dorto, A. J., Klimek, E. H., et al. (2007). Evaluating malingering in contested injury or illness. Pain Practice, 7(2), 178–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, S. F., Collins, M. J., & Plake, E. V. (2002). Does the Global Assessment of Functioning assess functioning? Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24, 202–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barsky, A., & Kaplan, S. A. (2007). If you feel bad, it’s unfair: A quantitative synthesis of affect and organizational justice perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barsky, A. J. (2002). Forgetting, fabricating, and telescoping: The instability of medical history. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 981–984.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, R. J. (2012). Determining injury-relatedness, work-relatedness, and claim-relatedness. AMA Guides Newsletter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, H., Hutter, N., Bengel, J., & Härter, M. (2011). Quality of life in medically ill persons with comorbid mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(5), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1159/000323404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baune, B. T., Caniato, R. N., Arolt, V., & Berger, K. (2009). The effects of dysthymic disorder on health-related quality of life and disability days in persons with comorbid medical conditions in the general population. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(3), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1159/000206870

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M. (2016). Workers’ compensation index (12th ed.). CA: Matthew Bender.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown v. W.T. Martin Plumbing & Heating, Inc., 2013 VT 38 (June 21, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruffaerts, R., Vilagut, G., Demyttenaere, K., Alonso, J., AlHamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H., et al. (2012). Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(6), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097519

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, D., Mueller, K., & Warren, P. A. (2010). A review of evidence-based biopsychosocial laws governing the treatment of pain and injury. Psychological Injury and Law, 3(3), 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, D., Mueller, K., & Warren, P. A. (2012). Biopsychosocial law, health care reform, and the control of medical inflation in Colorado. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57(2), 81–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • City of Owensboro v. Adams, 135 S.W.3d. 446, 449-50 (Ky. 2004), (MCLE Mass Workers’ Comp, 2nd ed., Chap.14, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth v. Powell, 450 Mass. 229, 238 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  • Correio, R. F. (2015). California: Rolda reloaded: A creative approach to the dual causation elements of the Rolda multi-level analysis. Retrieved from https://wwwlexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/workers-compensation/b/recent-cases-news-trends-developments/archive/2015/01/16/california-rolda-reloaded-a-creative-approach-to-the-dual-causation-elements-of-the-rolda-multi-level-analysis.aspx?Redirected=true

  • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (92-102), 509, U.S. 579 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Labor. (1995). Part 2 – Claims. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/compliance/DFECFolio/ FECA-PT2.pdf

  • Department of Labor. (2007). Injury compensation for federal employees. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/compliance/DFECFolio/agencyhb.pdf

  • Department of Labor. (2016). United States Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/

  • Dersh, J., Polatin, P., Leeman, G., & Gatchel, R. (2005). Secondary gains and losses in the medicolegal setting. In I. Z. Schultz & R. J. Gatchel (Eds.), Handbook of complex occupational disability claims (pp. 421–443). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC). (n.d.). U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC) Federal employees’ compensation act. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/statutes/feca.htm

  • Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC) CA-11 When Injured at Work Information Guide for Federal Employees. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC) – Compliance – CA-11 When Injured at Work Information Guide for Federal Employees. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/compliance/ca-11.htm

  • Druss, B. G., Hwang, I., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Wang, P. S., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Impairment in role functioning in mental and chronic medical disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(7), 728–737. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Druss, B. G., & Walker, E. R. (2011). Mental disorders and medical comorbidity (Research Synthesis Report 21). Retrieved from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation website: http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/02/mental-disorders-and-medical-comorbidity.html

  • Elling, R. H. (1989). Workers’ health, safety, and compensation in historical and cross-national perspective: An overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 572, 240–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb13610.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escorpizo, R., & Stucki, G. (2013). Functioning and disability definitions. Encyclopedia of Pain, 1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_1121

  • Faust, D., Grimm, P. W., Ahern, D. C., & Sokolik, M. (2010). The admissibility of behavioral science evidence in the courtroom: The translation of legal to scientific concepts and back. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 49–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faust, D., & Ziskin, J. (2012). Coping with psychiatric and psychological testimony. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA), 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. (1908).

    Google Scholar 

  • First, M. B. (2010). Paradigm shifts and the development of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Past experiences and future aspirations. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 692–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flatten, M. (2013a). Disability can be easy street for federal bureaucrats (p. 3). Washington, DC: Washington Examiner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatten, M. (2013b). Experts say fraud rampant in federal worker disability program (p. 3). Washington, DC: Washington Examiner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatten, M. (2013c). Paralysis in congress keeps federal worker disability fraudsters cashing the checks (p. 3). Washington, DC: Washington Examiner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlan, A. D., Gnam, W. H., Carnide, N., Irvin, E., Amick, B. C., DeRango, K., et al. (2012). Systematic review of intervention practices for depression in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22, 312–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J. (2013a). Disability assessment, psychological/ psychological evaluation. Encyclopedia of Pain, 993–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_1122

  • Gatchel, R. J. (2013b). The biopsychosocial model of chronic pain. Chronic Pain, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.2217/ebo.13.469

  • General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 1136, 118 S. Ct. 512, 139 L Ed. 2d 508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gholizadeh, S., Malcarne, V. L., & Schatman, M. E. (2015). Ethical quandaries for psychologists in workers’ compensation settings: The GAF gaffe. Psychological Injury and Law, 8(1), 64–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giaimo v. Florida Autosport, Inc. 1D14-0077, 2014 WL 6679290 (Fla. 1st DCA, 11/26/14).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gili, M., Comas, A., García-García, M., Monzón, S., Antoni, S., & Roca, M. (2010). Comorbidity between common mental disorders and chronic somatic diseases in primary care patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(3), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.01.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. W., & Kahneman, D. (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, B. L., & Robbins, D. B. (2003). Disability and workers’ compensation. In Mental health and productivity in the workplace: A handbook for organizations and clinicians (pp. 347–368). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, W. M., Zald, D. H., Lebow, B. S., Snitz, B. E., & Nelson, C. (2000). Clinical versus mechanical prediction: A meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 19–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Bieling, P. (2001). File review consultation in the adjudication of mental health and chronic pain disability claims. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 53(1), 52–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, R. M., Reiss, D. M., Paul, R. K., & Bursztajn, H. J. (2007). Knocking at the wrong door: Insured workers’ inadequate psychiatric care and workers’ compensation claims. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30, 416–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamp, A., Stamm, K., Lin, L., & Christidis, P. (2016). 2015 APA survey of psychology health service providers. APA Center for Workforce Studies. Retrieved October 30, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, T. P. (2004). Psychiatric disability and clinical decision making: The impact of judgment error and bias. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 707–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hees, H. L., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Koeter, M. W., Bultmann, U., & Schene, A. H. (2012). Towards a new definition of return to work outcomes in common mental disorders from a multi-stakeholder perspective. PLoS One, 7(6), e39947.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heilbrun, K., Grisso, T., & Goldstein, A. M. (2009). Foundations of forensic mental health assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. A., Kysar, D. A., & Pearson, R. N. (2017). The torts process (9th ed.). Frederick, MD: Wolters, Kluwver, Aspen Casebook.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkka, K., Kuoppala, J., Väänänen-Tomppo, I., & Lamminpää, A. (2013). Psychosocial work factors and sick leave, occupational accident, and disability pension. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(2), 191–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, B. (2016). Medicalization and overdiagnosis: Different but alike. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 19, 253–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, C. (2002). Workers’ compensation: Federalism, and the heavy hand of history. Studies in American Political Development, 16(S), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X02000020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ireton v. Horizon Mental Health Mgmt., LLC, 2016 Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iverson, G. L. (2007). Identifying exaggeration and malingering. Pain Practice, 7(2), 94–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen-Doss, A., & Hawley, K. M. (2010). Understanding barriers to evidence-based assessment: Clinician attitudes toward standardized assessment tools. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(6), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.517169

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen-Doss, A., & Hawley, K. M. (2011). Understanding clinicians’ diagnostic practices: Attitudes toward the utility of diagnosis and standardized diagnostic tools. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38(6), 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0334-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J. P., & Langlieb, A. M. (2003). Mental health and productivity in the workplace: A handbook for organizations and clinicians. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kertay, L., Eskay-Auerbach, M., & Hyman, M. (2016). AMA guides to navigating disability benefit systems: Essentials for the health care professional. Chicago: American Medical Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilgour, E., Kosny, A., Akkermans, A., & Collie, A. (2015). Procedural justice and the use of independent medical evaluations in workers’ compensation. Psychological Injury and Law, 8(2), 153–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosny, A., MacEachen, E., Ferrier, S., & Chambers, L. (2011). The role of health care providers in long term and complicated workers’ compensation claims. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 21(4), 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-011-9307-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladou, J. (2009). Federal employees’ compensation act. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 15(2), 180–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, A., Larson, L. K., & Matthew Bender (Firm). (2016). Larson’s workers’ compensation law. New York: Matthew Bender.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws, C., & Colon, D. (2012). Comorbidities in workers’ compensation. Available at https://www.ncci.com/documents/Research-BriefComorbidities-in-Workers-Compensation-2012.pdf

  • Ma, H. (2014). Collecting information for rating global assessment of functioning (GAF) sources of information and methods for information collection. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 10(4), 330–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacEachen, E., Kosny, A., Ferrier, S., & Chambers, L. (2010). The “toxic dose” of system problems: Why some injured workers don’t return to work as expected. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 20(3), 349–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maffeo, P. A. (1990). Substantiating psychological injury under the federal employees’ compensation act. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 8(4), 435–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallon, T. M., Grizzell, T., Holland, L., & Hodgson, M. (2015). Managing federal workers’ compensation injuries and costs. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, S12–S19. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melhorn, J.M., Talmage, J.T., Hyman, M.H. (2011). AMA guides to the evaluation of work ability and return to work (2nd ed.). American Medical Association. Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melhorn, J.M., Talmage, J.T., Ackerman, W.E., Hyman, M.H. (2013). AMA guides to disease and injury causation (2nd ed). American Medical Association. Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), 24(8), 1094–1102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortelmans, K. (2013). Return-to-work in sick-listed employees with major depressive disorder. TBV – TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR BEDRIJFS- EN VERZEKERINGSGENEESKUNDE, 21(8), 384–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12498-013-0177-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphey, D., Barry, M., & Vaughn, B. (2013). Mental health disorders (1st ed. [ebook], pp. 1–6). Available at: http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Child_Trends-2013_01_01_AHH_MentalDisordersl.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2017.

  • Naglieri, J. (2009). Psychometric issues in the assessment of impairment. Assessing Impairment, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-387-87542-2_5

  • Nielsen, M., Madsen, I., Bultmann, U., Christensen, U., Diderichsen, F., & Rugulies, R. (2013). Encounters between workers sick-listed with common mental disorders and return-to-work stakeholders. Does workers’ gender matter? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 41, 191–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, J. (2010). Civil mental disability law, evidence and testimony: A comprehensive reference manual for lawyers, judges and mental disability professionals. Chicago: American Bar Association, Commission on Mental and Physical Disability Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, J., & Drogin, E. Y. (2007). Mental disability law, evidence, and testimony: A comprehensive reference manual for lawyers, judges, and mental disability professionals. Washington, DC: American Bar Association, Commission on Mental and Physical Disability Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pflanz, S. E., & Heidel, S. H. (2003). Psychiatric causes of workplace problems. In J. P. Kahn & A. M. Langlieb (Eds.), Mental health and productivity in the workplace: A handbook for organizations and clinicians (pp. 276–296). San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preiss, K., Brennan, L., & Clarke, D. (2013). A systematic review of variables associated with the relationship between obesity and depression. Obesity Reviews, 14(11), 906–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, A., Ekselius, L., & Ramklint, M. (2013). Axis IV – Psychosocial and environmental problems – In the DSM-IV. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12009

  • Ranavaya, M. I., & Rondinelli, R. D. (2000). The major US disability and compensation systems: Origins and historical overview. In R. D. Rondinelli & R. T. Katz (Eds.), Impairment rating and disability evaluation (pp. 3–16). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roca, M., Gili, M., Garcia-Garcia, M., Salva, J., Vives, M., Garcia Campayo, J., et al. (2009). Prevalence and comorbidity of common mental disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1–3), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolda v. Pitney Bowes, Inc. (2001) 66 Cal. Comp Cases 241. Labor Code Section 3208.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ropponen, A., Svedberg, P., Huunan-Seppala, A., Koskenvuo, K., Koskenvuo, M., Alexanderson, K., et al. (2012). Personality traits and life dissatisfaction as risk factors for disability pension due to low back diagnoses: A 30-year longitudinal cohort study of Finnish twins. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73(4), 29–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson, A., Ropponen, A., Alexanderson, K., & Svedberg, P. (2013a). A prospective cohort study of disability pension due to mental diagnoses: The importance of health factors and behaviors. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 621. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-621

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson, A., Ropponen, A., Alexanderson, K., & Svedberg, P. (2013b). Psychosocial working conditions, occupational groups, and risk of disability pension due to mental diagnoses: A cohort study of 43,000 Swedish twins. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environmental Health, 39(4), 351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, I. Z. (2008). Disentangling the disability quagmire in psychological injury: Part 1–disability and return to work: Theories, methods, and applications. Psychological Injury and Law, 1, 94–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, I. Z. (2009). Determining disability: New advances in conceptualization and research. Psychological Injury and Law, 2(3–4), 199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, I. Z., & Gatchel, R. J. (2015). Handbook of return to work: From research to practice. Boston: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, I., Reno, V. P., Burton, J. F., Jr., & Baldwin, M. L. (2012). Workers’ compensation: Benefits, coverage, and costs, 2010. National Academy of Social Insurance, August 2012. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2131336

  • Shaw, L. (2016). Working with stakeholders in return to work processes: Multisystem interactions. Handbooks in Health, Work, and Disability, 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7627-7_18

  • Spengler, P. M., White, M. J., Egisdottir, S., Maugherman, A. S., Lampropoulos, G. K., Walker, B. S., et al. (2009). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Effects of experience on judgment accuracy. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(3), 350–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006295149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stejskal, W. J. (2013). Psychological testing in workplace disability evaluations. In L. H. Gold & D. L. Vanderpool (Eds.), Clinical guide to mental disability evaluations (pp. 127–154). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stolper, E., Van de Wiel, M., Van Royen, P., Van Bokhoven, M., Van der Weijden, T., & Dinant, G. J. (2011). Gut feelings as a third track in general practitioners’ diagnostic reasoning. Journal of General Medicine, 26(2), 197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talmage, J. B. (2007). Failure to communicate: How terminology and forms confuse the work ability/disability evaluation process. Journal of Insurance Medicine, 39, 192–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe, R. P. (2013). Workers’ compensation laws: As of January 2013. Cambridge, MA: Workers Compensation Research Institute. International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions &Workers Compensation Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC) Compliance – Federal Employees’ Compensation Act. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/compliance/ fecafact.htm

  • U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP) – FECA. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/owcp/regs/compliance/ca_feca.htm

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2007). Modernizing federal disability policy (GAO-07-934SP). Retrieved from U.S. Govt. Accountability Office website: http://www.gao.gov/products/ GAO-07-934SP

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2012). Federal employees’ compensation act: Analysis of proposed changes on USPS beneficiaries (GAO-13-142R). Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-142R

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2014a). Enhanced policies and management focus needed to address potential physician-assisted fraud (GAO-15-19). Retrieved from http://gao.gov/assets/670 /666830.pdf

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2014b). Railroad retirement board: Total and permanent disability program at risk for improper payments.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2014c). Retirement security: Oversight of the national railroad retirement investment trust. (GAO-14-312). Retrieved from http://gao.gov/products/GAO-14-312

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2015a). Railroad retirement board: Actions needed to reduce continued risk of fraud and improper payments (GAO-15-535T). Retrieved from http://www.gao. gov/products/GAO-15-535T

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2015b). A framework for managing fraud risks in federal programs (GAO-15-593SP). Retrieved from United States Government Accountability Office website: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-593SP

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2015c). Disability insurance: Preliminary observations on overpayments and beneficiary work reporting (GAO-15-673T). Retrieved from http://www.gao. gov/products/GAO-15-673T

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2016). 2016 annual report: Additional opportunities to reduce fragmentation, overlap, and duplication and achieve other financial benefits (GAO-16-375SP). Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-375SP#mt= e-report

  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2018) Railroad retirement board: Actions needed to improve the effectiveness and oversite of continuing disability reviews. (GAO-18-287). Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov.products/GAO-18-287.

  • U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. (2004). General conditions under which a person is entitled to a railroad retirement employee annuity. Form G-177. http://www.rrb.gov

  • U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. (2009). Employee disability benefits. Form RB-1d. http://www.rrb.gov

  • U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. (2015). How works affects your disability annuity. Form AB-31 (12-15). http://www.rrb.gov

  • Vatnaland, T., Vatnaland, J., Friis, S., & Opjordsmoen, S. (2007). Are GAF scores reliable in routine clinical use? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115(4), 326–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, J. C. (2010). Misdiagnosing normality: Psychiatry’s failure to address the problem of false positive diagnoses of mental disorder in a changing professional environment. Journal of Mental Health, 19(4), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2010.492418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015). Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(4), 334. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P. S., Sergio, A., AlHamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., et al. (2010). Treated and untreated prevalence of mental disorders: Results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. In: Oxford textbook of community mental health. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0027.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2005). The management of workplace mental health issues and appropriate disability prevention strategies. Encinitas, CA: Work Loss Data Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2010). Behavioral health disability: Innovations in prevention and management. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2013a). Those who hesitate are lost: The case for setting behavioral health treatment and disability standards, part I. Psychological Injury and Law, 6(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-013-9163-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2013b). Those who hesitate are lost: The case for setting behavioral health treatment and disability standards, part II. Psychological Injury and Law, 6(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-013-9164-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2013c). Those who hesitate are lost: The case for setting behavioral health treatment and disability standards, part III. Psychological Injury and Law, 6(3), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-013-9169-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2016). The usage of the AMA Guides for the determination of psychological injury within the state and federal workers’ compensation systems. Psychological Injury and Law, 9(4), 313–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-016-9273-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. A. (2017). Imprecision in the evaluation of workers’ compensation psychological injury claims. AMA Guides Newsletter, May/June, 4–12 and 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickizer, T., Franklin, G., Fulton-Kehoe, D., Gluck, J., Mootz, R., Smith-Weller, T., et al. (2011). Improving quality, preventing disability and reducing costs in workers’ compensation healthcare: A population-based intervention study. Medical Care, 49(12), 1105–1111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G., Kane, A. W., Nicholson, K., & Shuman, D. W. (2007). Causality of psychological injury: Presenting evidence in court. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Carle Physician Group and University of Illinois Medical School, Monticello, IL, USA

    Pamela A. Warren

Authors
  1. Pamela A. Warren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Carle Physician Group and University of Illinois Medical School, Monticello, Illinois, USA

    Pamela A. Warren

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Warren, P.A. (2018). Psychological Injury in the States and Federal Workers’ Compensation Systems. In: Warren, P. (eds) Handbook of Behavioral Health Disability Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89860-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation