Abstract
The whole human body can be considered as a precisely programmed system. The entire physiological functions of the human body is regulated through a hierarchical (multilayer) molecular coding system. Disorder in any part of this coding system causes misfunction in the physiological functions in the human body which also can be defined as diseases. Deep understanding of the regulatory mechanisms behind the physiological functions at different layers of these molecular coding systems can open new avenues toward the treatment of diseases with no current cure. Here, we attempt to classify different diseases based on the etiology of diseases at the molecular coding level. We provide examples of diseases with no current effective cure applying conventional therapeutic approaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adler R, Canto-Soler MV (2007) Molecular mechanism of optic vesicle development: complexities, ambiguities, and controversies. Dev Biol 305:1–13
Agathocleous M, Harris WA (2009) From progenitors to differentiated cells in the vertebrate retina. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 25:45–69
Barker N et al (2007) Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 449:1003–1007
Brabletz T (2012) EMT and MET in Metastasis: Where Are the Cancer Stem Cells?. Cancer Cell 22 (6):699–701
Bressan RB et al (2017) Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-assisted gene targeting enables rapid and precise genetic manipulation of mammalian neural stem cells. Development, 144(4), 635–648.
Dean DM, Napolitano AP, Youssef J, Morgan JR (2007) Rods, tori, and honeycombs: the directed self-assembly of microtissues with prescribed microscale geometries. FASEB J 21(14):4005–4012
Detrick RJ et al (1990) The effects of N-cadherin misexpression on morphogenesis in Xenopus embryos. Neuron 4:493–506
Eiraku M et al (2011) Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 472:51–56
Eiraku M et al (2012) Relaxation- expansion model for self-driver retinal morphogenesis: a hypothesis from the perspective of biosystems dynamics at the multi-cellular level. BioEssays 34:17–25
Esteve P, Bovolenta P (2006) Secreted inducers in vertebrate eye development: more functions for old morphogens. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:13–19
Foty RA et al (1996) Surface tensions of embryonic tissues predict their mutual envelopment behavior. Development 122:1611–1620
Fuhrmann S (2006) Wnt signaling in eye organogenesis. Organogenesis 4:60–67
Fujimori T et al (1990) Ectopic expression of N-cadherin perturbs histogenesis in Xenopus embryos. Development 110:97–104
Gauvin R, Ahsan T, Larouche D, Levesque P, Dube J, Auger FA, Nerem RM, Germain L (2010) A novel single-step self-assembly approach for the fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 16(5):1737–1747
Gilbert S (2000) Developmental biology, 6th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
Gjorevski N et al (2014) Bioengineering approaches to guide stem cell-based organogenesis, the company of biologists. Development 141:1794–1804
Grayson WL, Martens TP, Eng GM, Radisic M, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2009) Biomimetic approach to tissue engineering. Semin Cell Dev Biol 20(6):665–673
Hadjimichael C (2015) Common Stemness regulators of embryonic and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 7(9):1150–1189
Hindley C et al (2016) Organoids from adult liver and pancreas: stem cell biology and biomedical utility. Dev Biol 420:251–261
Humphreys BD (2014) Kidney structures differentiated from stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 16:19–21
 Ishiwata T (2016) Cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Novel therapeutic targets for cancer. Pathology International 66 (11):601–608
Jabbari E (2011) Bioconjugation of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22(5):655–660
Jakab K, Norotte C, Marga F, Murphy K, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Forgacs G (2010) Tissue engineering by self-assembly and bio-printing of living cells. Biofabrication 2(2):022001
Kachouie NN, Du Y, Bae H, Khabiry M, Ahari AF, Zamanian B, Fukuda J, Khademhosseini A (2010) Directed assembly of cell-laden hydrogels for engineering functional tissues. Organogenesis 6(4):234–244
Kobel S, Lutolf MP (2011) Biomaterials meet microfluidics: building the next generation of artificial niches. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22(5):690–697
Kretzschmar K, Clever H (2016) Organoids: modeling development and the stem cell niche in a dish. Dev Cell 38:590–600
Lancaster M, Knoblich JA (2014) Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technology. Science 345(6194):1–9
Little MH, McMahon MP (2012) Mammalian kidney development: principles, progress, and projections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4:a008300. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008300 pmid: 22550230
Livoti CM, Morgan JR (2010) Self-assembly and tissue fusion of toroid-shaped minimal building units. Tissue Eng Part A 16(6):2051–2061
Lund AW (2009) The natural and engineered 3D microenvironment as a regulatory cue during stem cell fate determination. Tissue Eng Part B 15(3):371–380
Lutolf M, Blau H (2009) Artificial stem cell niches. Adv Mater 21:3255–3268
Mironov V, Visconti RP, Kasyanov V, Forgacs G, Drake CJ, Markwald RR (2009) Organ printing: tissue spheroids as building blocks. Biomaterials 30(12):2164–2174
Miranov V, Kasyanov V, Markward RR (2011) Organ printing: from bioprinter to organ biofabrication line. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:667–673
Miyajiamn A et al (2014) Stem/progenitor cells in liver development, homeostasis, regeneration and reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 14(5):561–574
Moscona A (1961) Rotation-mediated histogenetic aggregation of dissociated cells. A quantifiable approach to cell interactions in vitro. Exp Cell Res 22:455–475
Oh J et al (2014) Stem cell aging; mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Med 20(8):870–880
Park D et al (2015) Stem cell microenvironment on a chip, current technologies for tissue engineering and stem cell biology. Stem Cell Transl Med 4:1352–1368
Rodriguez- Seguel E et al (2013) Mutually exclusive signaling signatures define the hepatic and pancreatic progenitor cell lineage divergence. Genes Dev 27(17):1932–1946
Rossi JM et al (2001) Distinct mesodermal signals, including BMPs form the septum transversum mesenchyme are required in combination for hepatogenesis from the endoderm. Genes Dev 15(15):1998–2009
Rothermel A et al (1997) Pigmented epithelium induces complete retinal reconstitution from dispersed embryonic chick retinae in reaggregation culture. Proc Biol Sci 264:1293–1302
Sato T, Clevers H (2013) Growing self-organizing mini-gut from a single intestinal stem cell: mechanism and applications. Science 340:1190–1194
Sato T et al (2009) Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchyma niche. Nature 459:262–265
Schultz MB, Sinclair DA (2016) When stem cells grow old: phenotypes and mechanisms of stem cell aging. Development 143:3–14
Steinberg MS (1964) In: Locke M (ed) Cellular membranes in development. Academic Press, New York, pp 321–366
Sweeney P et al (2017) Protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases: implications and strategies. Transl Neurodegeneration 6:1–13
Takebe T et al (2013) Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature 499:481–484
Taguchi A et al (2014) Redefining the in vivo origin of metanephric nephron progenitors enables generation of complex kidney structures from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 14:53–67
Takasato M, Little M (2016) A strategy for generating kidney organoids; recapitulating the development of human pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol 420:210–220
Takasato M et al (2014) Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation towards a renal lineage generates a self-organizing kidney. Nat. Cell Biol. 16:118–126
Valastyan J, Lindquist S (2014) Mechanisms of protein folding diseases at a glance. Dis Model Mech 7(1):9–14
Weiss P, Taylor AC (1960) Reconstitution of complete organs from single-cell suspensions of chick embryos in advanced stages of differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 46:1177–1185
Wolpert L (2007) Principles of development, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Xia Y et al (2013) Directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells to ureteric bud kidney progenitor-like cells. Nat. Cell Biol 15:1507–1515
Yabut O, Bernstein H (2011) The promise of human embryonic stem cells in aging-associated diseases. Aging 3(5):494–508
Yin X et al (2016) Engineering stem cell organoids. Cell Stem Cell 18:25–37
Žigman M et al (2005) Mammalian inscuteable regulates spindle orientation and cell fate in the developing retina. Neuron 48:539–545
Zhang Z et al (2017) CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Editing System in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Prospects. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids, 9, 230–241.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karimi, T. (2018). Molecular Mechanism of Autonomy and Self-Organization: An Emerging Concept for the Future of Biomedical Sciences. In: Molecular Mechanisms of Autonomy in Biological Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91824-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91824-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91823-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91824-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)