Abstract
The 1960s is seen as a decade of great turbulence in the United States and globally and in fact, it was an unusually rebellious decade, particularly in the United States, Western Europe, and China. However, two caveats are in order. First of all, historical change is not neatly divided into tight ten-year packages with specific beginnings and ends. Certainly in the United States, and much of Europe, the 1960s arguably started with the election of President John F. Kennedy in late 1960 and includes the first few years of the 1970s as well. The focus here is on the 1960s in the USA. Rebellion around the world was often more massive and militant; however, just as the rebellions within the USA were energized by these international rebellions, so too were many of those rebellions energized by rebellions in the USA, the so-called belly of the beast of powerful world capitalism.
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Notes
- 1.
Gerald DE. Nash, The Great Depression and World War II: Organizing America, 1933–1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).
- 2.
Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1993).
- 3.
Jeff Kisseloff, Generation on Fire: Voices of Protest from the 1960s: An Oral History (Louisville, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2007).
- 4.
Martin Luther King , Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (New York: Signet, 2000); Martin Luther King , Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (Boston: Beacon, 2010).
- 5.
Aldon D. Morris, Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1986).
- 6.
Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s. Reissue Edition (New York: Bantam, 1991); Clayborne Carson, The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Turtleback, 2001).
- 7.
Howard Zinn, SNCC : The New Abolitionists (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013).
- 8.
Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965, Reprint Edition (New York: Penguin, 2013); Howard Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists (Chicago, IL: Haymarket, 2013).
- 9.
Ursula Wolfe-Rocca, “Why We Should Teach About the FBI’s War on the Civil Rights Movement,” (Zinn Education Project, March 2016).
- 10.
Parott-Sheffer, “16th Street Baptist Church Bombing—Terrorist Attack,” Birmingham, Alabama, United States (1963).
- 11.
Arthur Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 332–333.
- 12.
Zoe Colley, “‘All America Is a Prison’: The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners,” Journal of American Studies, 48 (2014), pp. 393–415.
- 13.
Malcolm X, Alex Haley and Attallah Shabazz, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballentine Reissue, 1992).
- 14.
Malcolm X, Haley and Shabazz, The Autobiography of Malcolm X.
- 15.
Wolfe-Rocca, “Why We Should Teach About the FBI’s War on the Civil Rights Movement.”
- 16.
- 17.
Peter B. Levy, The Great Uprising: Race Riots in Urban America During the 1960s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
- 18.
Hubert G. Locke, The Detroit Riot of 1967 (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2017).
- 19.
- 20.
Peter B. Levy, The Great Uprising: Race Riots in Urban America During the 1960s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
Levy, The Great Uprising.
- 24.
Allen D. Grimshaw (ed.), Racial Violence in the United States (Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1969).
- 25.
- 26.
Philip F. Rubio, There’s Always Work at the Post Office: African American Postal Workers and the Fight for Jobs, Justice, and Equality (Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press 2010).
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
Martha Biondi, Black Revolution on Campus (Berkeley: University of California Press 2012).
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
Neil J. Smelser, Reflections on the University of California: From the Free Speech Movement to the Global University (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
- 40.
David L. Goines, The Free Speech Movement (Ten Speed Press, 1993).
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2009: https://www.britannica.com/event/16th-Street-Baptist-Church-bombing.
- 43.
The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2017).
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS : The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society, (New York: Vintage, 1973).
- 46.
Harry M. Caudill, Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area Jesse Stuart Foundation Reprint 2001.
- 47.
Sale, SDS : The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society.
- 48.
Herbert Hill, “The CIA in National and International Labor Movements” The International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 6 (3) (Spring, 1993), pp. 405–407.
- 49.
Sale, SDS : The Rise and Development of the Students for a Democratic Society.
- 50.
- 51.
The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2017).
- 52.
- 53.
Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (ABC CLIO, 2011).
- 54.
The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2017).
- 55.
Ibid.
- 56.
- 57.
- 58.
- 59.
- 60.
The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2017).
- 61.
Mike Evans and Paul Kingsbury (eds.), Woodstock: Three Days that Rocked the World (Sterling, 2010).
- 62.
- 63.
Alan Spector, SDS, the 1960’s and Educating for Revolution. (Cultural Logic, 2013), pp. 243–277.
- 64.
- 65.
http://worldchannel.org/programs/episode/eyes-prize-nation-law-1968-1971/ (Corporation for Public Broadcasting 1979).
- 66.
Jerry M. Lewis and Thomas R. Hensley, “The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy,” https://www.kent.edu/may-4-historical-accuracy.
- 67.
- 68.
- 69.
- 70.
Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America, Revised Edition (New York: Penguin, 2006).
- 71.
Sarah Maxwell, Success and Solitude: Feminist Organizations Fifty Years After The Feminine Mystique (University Press of America, 2009).
- 72.
- 73.
- 74.
That book is still being revised and reprinted. It has been translated into 29 languages and sold over four million copies. See https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/history/.
- 75.
Peter B. Levy, The New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press 1994).
- 76.
- 77.
Larry Dane Brimner, Strike! The Farm Workers’ Fight for Their Rights (Calkins Creek, 2014). http://ufw.org/1965-1970-delano-grape-strike-boycott/.
- 78.
- 79.
- 80.
- 81.
- 82.
- 83.
- 84.
- 85.
J. D. Salinger, Catcher in the Rye (Bantam Books 1968).
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———. 2018. The Great Uprising: Race Riots in Urban America During the 1960s. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Spector, A.J. (2019). Decade of Turbulence: Social Movements and Rebellion in the 1960s. In: Berberoglu, B. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Social Movements, Revolution, and Social Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92354-3_7
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