Skip to main content

Ureterocele

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neonatal Surgery

Abstract

Ureterocele (UC) is a cystic dilatation of the terminal, intravesical portion of the ureter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chwalla R. The process of formation of cystic dilatations of the vesical end of the ureter and of diverticula at the ureteral ostium. Urol Cutan Rev. 1927;31:499.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tanagho EA. Embryologic basis for lower ureteral anomalies: a hypothesis. Urology. 1976;7:451–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Stephens FD. Aetiology of ureteroceles and effects of ureteroceles on the urethra. Br J Urol. 1968;40(4):483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Stephens D. Caecoureterocele and concepts on the embryology and aetiology of ureteroceles. Aust N Z J Surg. 1971;40:239–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ericsson NO. Ectopic ureterocele in infants and children; a clinical study. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1954;197:1–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Keating MA. Ureteral duplication anomalies: ectopic ureters and ureteroceles. In: The Kelalis–King–Belman textbook of clinical pediatric urology. 5th ed. Informa Healthcare UK Ltd.; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gander R, Asensio M, Royo GF, et al. Evaluation of the initial treatment of ureteroceles. Urology. 2016;89:113–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Merlini E, Lelli CP. Obstructive ureterocele-an ongoing challenge. World J Urol. 2004;22:107–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Timberlake MD, Corbett ST. Minimally invasive techniques for management of the ureterocele and ectopic ureter: upper tract versus lower tract approach. Urol Clin North Am. 2015;42:61–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Merguerian PA, Taenzer A, Knoerlein K, et al. Variation in management of duplex system intravesical ureteroceles: a survey of pediatric urologists. J Urol. 2010;184:1625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Merguerian PA, Byun E, Chang B. Lower urinary tract reconstruction for duplicated renal units with ureterocele. Is excision of the ureterocele with reconstruction of the bladder base necessary? J Urol. 2003;170:1510–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Shokeir AA, Nijman RJ. Ureterocele: an ongoing challenge in infancy and childhood. BJU Int. 2002;90:777–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Castagnetti M, El-Ghoneimi A. Management of duplex system ureteroceles in neonates and infants. Nat Rev Urol. 2009;6:307–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pohl HG. Recent advances in the management of ureteroceles in infants and children: why less may be more. Curr Opin Urol. 2011;21:322–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Weiss DA. Management of ureterocele? The search for the holy grail. J Urol. 2015;193:398–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cohen SA, Juwono T, Palazzi KL, et al. Examining trends in the treatment of ureterocele yields no definitive solution. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11:29.e1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shankar KR, Vishwanath N, Rickwood AM. Outcome of patients with prenatally detected duplex system ureterocele; natural history of those managed expectantly. J Urol. 2001;165:1226–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Coplen DE, Austin PF. Outcome analysis of prenatally detected ureteroceles associated with multicystic dysplasia. J Urol. 2004;172:1637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Han MY, Gibbons MD, Belman AB, et al. Indications for nonoperative management of ureteroceles. J Urol. 2005;174:1652–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Direnna T, Leonard MP. Watchful waiting for prenatally detected ureteroceles. J Urol. 2006;175:1493–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pagano MJ, van Batavia JP, Casale P. Laser ablation in the management of obstructive uropathy in neonates. J Endourol. 2015;29(5):611–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Marr L, Skoog SJ. Laser incision of ureterocele in the pediatric patient. J Urol. 2002;167:280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Di Renzo D, Ellsworth PI, Caldamone AA, et al. Transurethral puncture for ureterocele-which factors dictate outcomes? J Urol. 2010;184:1620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jayanthi VR, Koff SA. Long-term outcome of transurethral puncture of ectopic ureteroceles: initial success and late problems. J Urol. 1999;162:1077.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sander JC, Bilgutay AN, Stanasel I, et al. Outcomes of endoscopic incision for the treatment of ureterocele in children at a single institution. J Urol. 2015;193:662–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Husmann DA, Ewalt DH, Glenski WJ, et al. Ureterocele associated with ureteral duplication and a nonfunctioning upper pole segment: management by partial nephroureterectomy alone. J Urol. 1995;154:723–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Calisti A, Perrotta ML, Coletta R, et al. An all-endo approach to complete ureteral duplications complicated by ureterocele and/or vesicoureteral reflux: feasibility, limitations, and results. Int J Pediatr. 2011;2011:103067.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Husmann D, Strand B, Ewalt D, et al. Management of ectopic ureterocele associated with renal duplication: a comparison of partial nephrectomy and endoscopic decompression. J Urol. 1999a;162:1406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cooper CS, Passerini-Glazel G, Hutcheson JC, et al. Long-term followup of endoscopic incision of ureteroceles: intravesical versus extravesical. J Urol. 2000;164:1097.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Adorisio O, Elia A, Landi L, et al. Effectiveness of primary endoscopic incision in treatment of ectopic ureterocele associated with duplex system. Urology. 2011;77:191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chertin B, Rabinowitz R, Pollack A, et al. Does prenatal diagnosis influence the morbidity associated with left in situ nonfunctioning or poorly functioning renal moiety after endoscopic puncture of ureterocele? J Urol. 2005;173:1349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chertin B, Ben-Chaim J, Landau EH, et al. Pediatric transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: comparison with an age-matched group undergoing open surgery. Pediatr Surg Int. 2007;23:1233–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ehrlich RM, Shanberg A, Fine RN. Neodymium:YAG laser ablation of posterior urethral valves. J Urol. 1987;138:959–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bhatnagar V, Agarwala S, Lal R, et al. Fulguration of posterior urethral valves using the Nd:YAG laser. Pediatr Surg Int. 2000;16:69–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jankowski JT, Palmer JS. Holmium: yttrium aluminum-garnet laser puncture of ureteroceles in neonatal period. Urology. 2006;68:179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wollin TA, Denstedt JD. The holmium laser in urology. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1998;16:13–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mandal S, Goel A, Kumar M, et al. Use of holmium:YAG laser in posterior urethral valves: another method of fulguration. J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9:1093–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Biewald W, Schier F. Laser treatment of posterior urethral valves in neonates. Br J Urol. 1992;69:425–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Farrugia MK, Braun MC, Peters CA, et al. Report on The Society for Fetal Urology panel discussion on the selection criteria and intervention for fetal bladder outlet obstruction. J Pediatr Urol. 2017;13(4):345–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.02.021. [Epub ahead of print]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chevalier RL, Thornhill BA, Forbes MS, et al. Mechanisms of renal injury and progression of renal disease in congenital obstructive nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:687–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ruano R, Sananes N, Wilson C, et al. Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction—a proposal of standardized multidisciplinary prenatal management based on disease severity. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48:476–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Holmes N, Harrison MR, Baskin LS. Fetal surgery for posterior urethral valves: long term postnatal outcomes. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Soothill PW, Bartha JL, Tizard J. Ultrasound-guided laser treatment for fetal bladder outlet obstruction resulting from ureterocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:1107–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Persico N, Berrettini A, Fabietti I, et al. New minimally invasive technique for cystoscopic laser treatment of fetal ureterocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:124–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Quintero RA, Homsy Y, Bornick PW, et al. In-utero treatment of fetal bladder outlet obstruction by a ureterocele. Lancet. 2001;357:1947–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hansen WF, Cooper CS, Yankowitz J. Ureterocele causing anhydramnios successfully treated with percutaneous decompression. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:953–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Torres Montebruno X, Martinez JM, Eixarch E, et al. Fetoscopic laser surgery to decompress distal urethral obstruction caused by prolapsed ureterocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;46:623–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. de Jong TP, Dik P, Klijn AJ, et al. Ectopic ureterocele: results of open surgical therapy in 40 patients. J Urol. 2000;164:2040–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Shekarriz B, Upadhyay J, Fleming P, et al. Long-term outcome based on the initial surgical approach to ureterocele. J Urol. 1999;162:1072–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Decter RM, Sprunger JK, Holland RJ. Can a single individualized procedure predictably resolve all the problematic aspects of the pediatric ureterocele? J Urol. 2001;165:2308–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. DeFoor W, Minevich E, Tackett L, et al. Ectopic ureterocele: clinical application of classification based on renal unit jeopardy. J Urol. 2003;169:1092–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Beganovic A, Klijn AJ, Dik P, et al. Ectopic ureterocele: long-term results of open surgical therapy in 54 patients. J Urol. 2007;178:251–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gomes J, Mendes M, Castro R, et al. Current role of simplified upper tract approach in the surgical treatment of ectopic ureteroceles: a single center’s experience. Eur Urol. 2002;41:323–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gran CD, Kropp BP, Cheng EY, et al. Primary lower urinary tract reconstruction for nonfunctioning renal moieties associated with obstructing ureteroceles. J Urol. 2005;173:198–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang M, Greenfield SP, Williot P, et al. Ectopic ureterocele in duplex systems: long-term follow up and “treatment free” status. J Pediatr Urol. 2008;4:183–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lashley DB, McAleer IM, Kaplan GW. Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux or obstruction associated with complete ureteral duplication. J Urol. 2001;165:552–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Chacko JK, Koyle MA, Mingin GC, et al. Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy in the surgical management of the severely dilated ureter in ureteral duplication. J Urol. 2007;178:1689–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lewis JM, Cheng EY, Campbell JB, et al. Complete excision and marsupialization of ureterocele: does choice of surgical approach affect outcome? J Urol. 2008;180:1819–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Shimada K, Matsumoto F, Matsui F. Surgical treatment for ureterocele with special reference to lower urinary tract reconstruction. Int J Urol. 2007;14:1063–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Vates TS, Bukowski T, Triest J, et al. Is there a best alternative to treating the obstructed upper pole? J Urol. 1996;156:744–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Van Batavia JP, Casale P. Robotic surgery in pediatric urology. Curr Urol Rep. 2014;15:402–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Prieto J, Ziada A, Baker L, et al. Ureteroureterostomy via inguinal incision for ectopic ureters and ureteroceles without ipsilateral lower pole reflux. J Urol. 2009;181:1844–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Olguner M, Akgur FM, Turkmen MA, et al. Laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy in children with a duplex collecting system plus obstructed ureteral ectopia. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47:e27–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gonzalez R, Piaggio L. Initial experience with laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy in infants and children for duplication anomalies of the urinary tract. J Urol. 2007;177:2315–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Corbett ST, Burris MB, Herndon CD. Pediatric robotic-assisted laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy in a duplicated collecting system. J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9:1239.e1–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Leavitt DA, Rambachan A, Haberman K, et al. Robot-assisted laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for ectopic ureters in children: description of technique. J Endourol. 2012;26:1279–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. McLeod DJ, Alpert SA, Ural Z, et al. Ureteroureterostomy irrespective of ureteral size or upper pole function: a single center experience. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10:616–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Traxel EJ, Minevich EA, Noh PH. A review: the application of minimally invasive surgery to pediatric urology: lower urinary tract reconstructive procedures. Urology. 2010;76:115–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Thiel DD, Badger WJ, Winfield HN. Robot-assisted laparoscopic excision and ureteroureterostomy for congenital midureteral stricture. J Endourol. 2008;22:2667–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Peters CA. Laparoscopy in pediatric urology. Curr Opin Urol. 2004;14:67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Biles MJ, Finkelstein JB, Silva MV, et al. Innovation in robotics and pediatric urology: robotic ureteroureterostomy for duplex systems with ureteral ectopia. J Endourol. 2016;30:1041–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Moorthy K, Munz Y, Dosis A, et al. Dexterity enhancement with robotic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:790–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lee NG, Corbett ST, Cobb K, et al. Bi-institutional comparison of robot-assisted laparoscopic versus open ureteroureterostomy in the pediatric population. J Endourol. 2015;29:1237–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lee RS, Retik AB, Borer JG, et al. Pediatric robot assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty: comparison with a cohort of open surgery. J Urol. 2006;175:683–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Smith RP, Oliver JL, Peters CA. Pediatric robotic extravesical ureteral reimplantation: comparison with open surgery. J Urol. 2011;185:1876–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bansal D, Cost NG, Bean CM, et al. Infant robot-assisted laparoscopic upper urinary tract reconstructive surgery. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10:869–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kutikov A, Nguyen M, Guzzo T, et al. Robot assisted pyeloplasty in the infant-lessons learned. J Urol. 2006;176:2237–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Finkelstein JB, Levy AC, Silva MV, et al. How to decide which infant can have robotic surgery? Just do the math. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11:170 e1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. El-Ghoneimi A, Farhat W, Bolduc S, et al. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic vs open partial nephroureterectomy in children. BJU Int. 2003;91:532–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Michaud JE, Akhavan A. Upper pole heminephrectomy versus lower pole ureteroureterostomy for ectopic upper pole ureters. Curr Urol Rep. 2017;18:21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-017-0664-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Jayram G, Roberts J, Hernandez A, et al. Outcomes and fate of the remnant moiety following laparoscopic heminephrectomy for duplex kidney: a multicenter review. J Pediatr Urol. 2011;7:272–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Valla JS, Breaud J, Carfagna L, et al. Treatment of ureterocele on duplex ureter: upper pole nephrectomy by retroperitoneoscopy in children based on a series of 24 cases. Eur Urol. 2003;43:426–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee RS, Retik AB, Borer JG, et al. Pediatric retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: comparison with an age matched cohort of open surgery. J Urol. 2005;174:708–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wallis MC, Khoury AE, Lorenzo AJ, et al. Outcome analysis of retroperitoneal laparoscopic heminephrectomy in children. J Urol. 2006a;175:2277–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. You D, Bang JK, Shim M, et al. Analysis of the late outcome of laparoscopic heminephrectomy in children with duplex kidneys. BJU Int. 2010;106:250–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wallis MC, Khoury AE, Lorenzo AJ, et al. Outcomes analysis of retroperitoneal laparoscopic heminephrectomy in children. J Urol. 2006b;175:2277–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wang DS, Bird VG, Cooper CS, et al. Laparoscopic upper-pole heminephrectomy for ectopic ureter: surgical technique. J Endourol. 2003;17:469–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Garcia-Aparicio L, Krauel L, Tarrado X, et al. Heminephroureterectomy for duplex kidney: laparoscopy versus open surgery. J Pediatr Urol. 2010;6:157–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Denes FT, Danilovic A, Srougi M. Outcome of laparoscopic upper-pole nephrectomy in children with duplex systems. J Endourol. 2007;21:162–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Cabezali D, Maruszewski P, Lopez F, et al. Complications and late outcome in transperitoneal laparoscopic heminephrectomy for duplex kidney in children. J Endourol. 2013;27:133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Olsen LH, Jorgensen TM. Robotically assisted retroperitoneoscopic heminephrectomy in children: initial clinical results. J Pediatr Urol. 2005;1:101–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mason MD, Anthony Herndon CD, Smith-Harrison LI, et al. Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy in duplicated collecting systems in the pediatric population: techniques and outcomes. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10:374–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lee RS, Sethi AS, Passerotti CC, et al. Robot assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a viable and safe option in children. J Urol. 2009;181:823–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cascio S, Winning J, Flett ME, et al. Open versus prone retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy in children: a comparative study. J Pediatr Urol. 2011;7:61–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Smaldone MC, Sweeney DD, Ost MC, et al. Laparoscopy in paediatric urology: present status. BJU Int. 2007;100:143–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Esposito C, Escolino M, Miyano G, et al. A comparison between laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic approach for partial nephrectomy in children with duplex kidney: a multicentric survey. World J Urol. 2016;34:939–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Esposito C, Miyano G, Caione P, et al. Retroperitoneoscopic heminephrectomy in duplex kidney in infants and children: results of a multicentric survey. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2015;25:864–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Leclair MD, Vidal I, Suply E, et al. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic heminephrectomy in duplex kidney in infants and children: a 15-year experience. Eur Urol. 2009;56:385–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Joyeux L, Lacreuse I, Schneider A, et al. Long-term functional renal outcomes after retroperitoneoscopic upper pole heminephrectomy for duplex kidney in children: a multicenter cohort study. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:1241–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Malik RD, Pariser JJ, Gundeti MS. Outcomes in pediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic heminephrectomy compared with contemporary open and laparoscopic series. J Endourol. 2015;29:1346–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Coplen DE, Duckett JW. The modern approach to ureteroceles. J Urol. 1995;153:166–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank Dr. Anthony A. Caldamone – Professor in Surgery (Urology) and Pediatrics at Brown University, Providence RI, U.S. – for providing iconography (Figs. 43.2, 43.8, and 43.10).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pierluigi Lelli Chiesa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lelli Chiesa, P., Di Renzo, D., Lauriti, G. (2019). Ureterocele. In: Lima, M., Reinberg, O. (eds) Neonatal Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93534-8_43

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93534-8_43

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93532-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93534-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics