Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypersomnia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sleep in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities

Abstract

Hypersomnia is characterized by irrepressible need for sleep resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness. The diagnosis of hypersomnia assumes that a patient is receiving a sufficient amount of regular nocturnal sleep. While hypersomnia is a relatively rare condition, it has been described in disorders such as primary depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and neurogenetic conditions. Narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin syndrome represent primary central nervous system disorders characterized by hypersomnia. Narcolepsy in particular can also be associated with neurobehavioral and mood disorders making diagnosis and management complicated. In this chapter, we review primary and secondary causes of hypersomnia, detail clinical diagnostic tools, and discuss commonly used treatments for hypersomnia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Silber MH, et al. The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Sleep. 2002;25(2):197–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Longstreth WT Jr, et al. The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2007;30(1):13–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dement W, Rechtschaffen A, Gulevich G. The nature of the narcoleptic sleep attack. Neurology. 1966;16(1):18–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Krahn LE, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy: relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB1*0602 status. Sleep. 2002;25(7):733–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nishino S, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet. 2000;355(9197):39–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Thannickal TC, et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron. 2000;27(3):469–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Mignot E, et al. HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients. Sleep. 1997;20(11):1012–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mignot E, et al. Nocturnal sleep and daytime sleepiness in normal subjects with HLA-DQB1*0602. Sleep. 1999;22(3):347–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vendrame M, et al. Narcolepsy in children: a single-center clinical experience. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;38(5):314–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wu H, et al. Symptoms and occurrences of narcolepsy: a retrospective study of 162 patients during a 10-year period in eastern China. Sleep Med. 2014;15(6):607–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Guilleminault C, Pelayo R. Narcolepsy in prepubertal children. Ann Neurol. 1998;43(1):135–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Plazzi G, et al. Narcolepsy-cataplexy associated with precocious puberty. Neurology. 2006;66(10):1577–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Posar A, et al. Neuropsychological findings in childhood narcolepsy. J Child Neurol. 2014;29(10):1370–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Morrish E, et al. Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2004;5(1):37–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Thorpy MJ, Krieger AC. Delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy: characterization and impact. Sleep Med. 2014;15(5):502–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, Montplaisir J. Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(11):2000–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Overeem S, et al. Narcolepsy: clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;18(2):78–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Aran A, et al. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: a retrospective study of 51 children. Sleep. 2010;33(11):1457–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Serra L, et al. Cataplexy features in childhood narcolepsy. Mov Disord. 2008;23(6):858–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Andlauer O, et al. Predictors of hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep. 2012;35(9):1247–55F.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Thannickal TC, Nienhuis R, Siegel JM. Localized loss of hypocretin (orexin) cells in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep. 2009;32(8):993–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Ohayon MM. Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Res. 2000;97(2–3):153–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sharpless BA, Barber JP. Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15(5):311–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Dauvilliers Y, et al. Hypersomnia and depressive symptoms: methodological and clinical aspects. BMC Med. 2013;11:78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Scammell TE. The neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(2):154–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dye TJ, Jain SV, Kothare SV. Central hypersomnia. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2015;22(2):93–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Arnulf I, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome: a systematic review of 186 cases in the literature. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 12):2763–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Arnulf I, Rico TJ, Mignot E. Diagnosis, disease course, and management of patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(10):918–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lavault S, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome in 120 patients: differential diagnosis and long episodes. Ann Neurol. 2015;77(3):529–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kas A, et al. Feeling unreal: a functional imaging study in patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 7):2077–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dauvilliers Y, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome: an autoimmune hypothesis based on clinical and genetic analyses. Neurology. 2002;59(11):1739–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Arnulf I, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome: a systematic study of 108 patients. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(4):482–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sum-Ping O, Guilleminault C. Kleine-Levin syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2016;18(6):24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Leu-Semenescu S, et al. Lithium therapy in Kleine-Levin syndrome: an open-label, controlled study in 130 patients. Neurology. 2015;85(19):1655–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hu P, Stylos-Allan M, Walker MP. Sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memory. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(10):891–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Owens JA. The ADHD and sleep conundrum: a review. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26(4):312–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Stein MA, et al. Sleep and behavior problems in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2001;107(4):E60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fallone G, Owens JA, Deane J. Sleepiness in children and adolescents: clinical implications. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6(4):287–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Stores G. Sleep studies in children with a mental handicap. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33(8):1303–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Omokawa M, et al. Decline of CSF orexin (hypocretin) levels in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2016;170A:1181–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Vossler DG, et al. Cataplexy and monoamine oxidase deficiency in Norrie disease. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1258–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Oyama K, et al. Niemann-Pick disease type C: cataplexy and hypocretin in cerebrospinal fluid. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;209(3):263–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nelson GB, Hahn JS. Stimulus-induced drop episodes in Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):e197–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bioulac S, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Philip P. Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with ADHD – diagnostic and management strategies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(8):608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H. Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(6):637–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yoon SY, Jain U, Shapiro C. Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: past, present, and future. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16(4):371–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hvolby A. Associations of sleep disturbance with ADHD: implications for treatment. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2015;7(1):1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cortese S. Sleep and ADHD: what we know and what we do not know. Sleep Med. 2015;16(1):5–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Owens JA. Sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008;10(5):439–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Goraya JS, et al. Sleep study abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;40(1):42–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cortese S, et al. Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(9):894–908.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Cortese S, et al. Sleep and alertness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Sleep. 2006;29(4):504–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lecendreux M, et al. Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41(6):803–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Greenberg F, et al. Multi-disciplinary clinical study of Smith-Magenis syndrome (deletion 17p11.2). Am J Med Genet. 1996;62(3):247–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Smith AC, Dykens E, Greenberg F. Sleep disturbance in Smith-Magenis syndrome (del 17 p11.2). Am J Med Genet. 1998;81(2):186–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. De Leersnyder H. Inverted rhythm of melatonin secretion in Smith-Magenis syndrome: from symptoms to treatment. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006;17(7):291–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Potocki L, et al. Circadian rhythm abnormalities of melatonin in Smith-Magenis syndrome. J Med Genet. 2000;37(6):428–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Novakova M, et al. Alteration of the circadian clock in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):E312–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. De Leersnyder H, et al. Inversion of the circadian rhythm of melatonin in the Smith-Magenis syndrome. J Pediatr. 2001;139(1):111–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. De Leersnyder H, et al. beta(1)-adrenergic antagonists improve sleep and behavioural disturbances in a circadian disorder, Smith-Magenis syndrome. J Med Genet. 2001;38(9):586–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Cassidy SB, Schwartz S. Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Disorders of genomic imprinting. Medicine (Baltimore). 1998;77(2):140–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Holm VA, et al. Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria. Pediatrics. 1993;91(2):398–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cotton S, Richdale A. Brief report: parental descriptions of sleep problems in children with autism, Down syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome. Res Dev Disabil. 2006;27(2):151–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Richdale AL, Cotton S, Hibbit K. Sleep and behaviour disturbance in Prader-Willi syndrome: a questionnaire study. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1999;43(Pt 5):380–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Manni R, et al. Hypersomnia in the Prader Willi syndrome: clinical-electrophysiological features and underlying factors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;112(5):800–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bruni O, et al. Prader-Willi syndrome: sorting out the relationships between obesity, hypersomnia, and sleep apnea. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010;16(6):568–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Camfferman D, et al. Prader Willi syndrome and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12(1):65–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sedky K, Bennett DS, Pumariega A. Prader Willi syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: co-occurrence in the pediatric population. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(4):403–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Cohen M, Hamilton J, Narang I. Clinically important age-related differences in sleep related disordered breathing in infants and children with Prader-Willi syndrome. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e101012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Harris JC, Allen RP. Is excessive daytime sleepiness characteristic of Prader-Willi syndrome? The effects of weight change. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150(12):1288–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. De Cock VC, et al. Efficacy of modafinil on excessive daytime sleepiness in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A(7):1552–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lainhart JE, Folstein SE. Affective disorders in people with autism: a review of published cases. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24(5):587–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Leyfer OT, et al. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36(7):849–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  76. Lecendreux M, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in pediatric narcolepsy: a cross-sectional study. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1285–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Modestino EJ, Winchester J. A retrospective survey of childhood ADHD symptomatology among adult narcoleptics. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(7):574–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Millman RP, Working Group on Sleepiness in Adolescents/Young Adults, AAP Committee on Adolescence. Excessive sleepiness in adolescents and young adults: causes, consequences, and treatment strategies. Pediatrics. 2005;115(6):1774–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. O’Brien LM. The neurocognitive effects of sleep disruption in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;18(4):813–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kadasah S, Arfin M, Tariq M. HLA-DRB1 association with schizophrenia in Saudi Arabian patients. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2011;15(2):112–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Huang YS, et al. Narcolepsy-cataplexy and schizophrenia in adolescents. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Auger RR, et al. Risks of high-dose stimulants in the treatment of disorders of excessive somnolence: a case-control study. Sleep. 2005;28(6):667–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Melamed Y, Daliahu Y, Paleacu D. Narcolepsy and psychotic states – a case report. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2009;46(1):70–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Tsutsui K, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor antibody detected in encephalitis, schizophrenia, and narcolepsy with psychotic features. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Plazzi G, et al. Schizophrenia-like symptoms in narcolepsy type 1: shared and distinctive clinical characteristics. Neuropsychobiology. 2015;71(4):218–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fortuyn HA, et al. Anxiety and mood disorders in narcolepsy: a case-control study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(1):49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Inocente CO, et al. Depressive feelings in children with narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2014;15(3):309–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Janowsky DS, et al. A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet. 1972;2(7778):632–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Drake C, et al. The Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS): sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children. Sleep. 2003;26(4):455–8.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Larson AM, et al. Impact of pediatric epilepsy on sleep patterns and behaviors in children and parents. Epilepsia. 2012;53(7):1162–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Maganti R, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep complaints among children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;8(1):272–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bruni O, et al. Sleep architecture and NREM alterations in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1577–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Spilsbury JC, et al. The Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire: a new measure to assess excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(6):603–12.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Melendres MC, et al. Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):768–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Nishiyama T, et al. Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale for the diagnosis of sleep disorders. Sleep Med. 2014;15(4):422–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Brimeyer C, et al. Sleep complaints in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24:23–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Wiebe S, et al. Sleep and sleepiness in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and controls. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(1):41–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Zafar AB, et al. Examining sleep, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness in pediatric multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2012;18(4):481–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Murali H, Kotagal S. Off-label treatment of severe childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy with sodium oxybate. Sleep. 2006;29(8):1025–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. De Crescenzo F, Licchelli S, Ciabattini M, Menghini D, Armando M, Alfieri P, Mazzone L, Pontrelli G, Livadiotti S, Foti F, Quested D, Vicari S. The use of actigraphy in the monitoring of sleep and activity in ADHD: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;26:9–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gruber R. ADHD, anxiety and sleep: a window to understanding the interplay between sleep, emotional regulation and attention in children. Behav Sleep Med. 2014;12(1):4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Maski K, et al. Sleep dependent memory consolidation in children with autism Spectrum disorder. Sleep. 2015;38:1955.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Souders MC, et al. Sleep behaviors and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorders. Sleep. 2009;32(12):1566–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Gingras P, Grenn D, Wright B, Rush C, Sparrowhawk M, Pratt K, Allgar V, Hooke N, Moore D, Zaiwalla Z, Wiggs L. Weighted blankets and sleep in autistic children – a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2014;134(2):9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Fawkes DB, et al. Conducting actigraphy research in children with neurodevelopmental disorders – a practical approach. Behav Sleep Med. 2015;13(3):181–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Filardi M, et al. Actigraphic assessment of sleep/wake behavior in central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep Med. 2015;16(1):126–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Reiter J, et al. Usefulness of a nocturnal SOREMP for diagnosing narcolepsy with cataplexy in a pediatric population. Sleep. 2015;38(6):859–65.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Goldbart A, et al. Narcolepsy and predictors of positive MSLTs in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. Sleep. 2014;37(6):1043–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Littner MR, et al. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep. 2005;28(1):113–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Morgenthaler TI, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007;30(12):1705–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Billiard M, et al. EFNS guidelines on management of narcolepsy. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(10):1035–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Rugino T. A review of modafinil film-coated tablets for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(3):293–301.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Ivanenko A, Tauman R, Gozal D. Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children. Sleep Med. 2003;4(6):579–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Lecendreux M, et al. Tolerance and efficacy of sodium oxybate in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy: a retrospective study. Sleep. 2012;35(5):709–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Owens J. Modafinil is well tolerated in children and adolescents with excessive sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnea: a 6-week double-blind study. Sleep. 2007;30(Abstract Supplement):257.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ferraro L, et al. The vigilance promoting drug modafinil increases dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens via the involvement of a local GABAergic mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;306(1–3):33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Lecendreux M. Pharmacological management of narcolepsy and cataplexy in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs. 2014;16(5):363–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Lecendreux M, et al. Clinical experience suggests that modafinil is an effective and safe treatment for paediatric narcolepsy. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(4):481–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Harsh JR, et al. The efficacy and safety of armodafinil as treatment for adults with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(4):761–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Darwish M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. Clin Ther. 2010;32(12):2074–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Randomized trial of modafinil as a treatment for the excessive daytime somnolence of narcolepsy: US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group. Neurology. 2000;54(5):1166–75.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Guilleminault C. Amphetamines and narcolepsy: use of the Stanford database. Sleep. 1993;16(3):199–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Narendran R, et al. Is psychosis exacerbated by modafinil? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(3):292–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Bayard S, Langenier MC, Dauvilliers Y. Effect of psychostimulants on impulsivity and risk taking in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep. 2013;36(9):1335–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Moller LR, Ostergaard JR. Treatment with venlafaxine in six cases of children with narcolepsy and with cataplexy and hypnagogic hallucinations. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(2):197–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Ratkiewicz M, Splaingard M. Treatment of cataplexy in a three-year-old using venlafaxine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(12):1341–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Mansukhani MP, Kotagal S. Sodium oxybate in the treatment of childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: a retrospective study. Sleep Med. 2012;13(6):606–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Nevsimalova S. The diagnosis and treatment of pediatric narcolepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(8):469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Mignot EJ. A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(4):739–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Thorpy MJ, Westbrook P, Ferber R, Fredrickson P, Mahowald M, Perez-Guerra F, Reite M, Smith P. The clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test. Sleep. 1992;15:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Samata Singhi & Kiran Maski

  2. Clinical Research Operations, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Erin Steinhart

  3. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Kiran Maski

Authors
  1. Samata Singhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erin Steinhart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kiran Maski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kiran Maski .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA

    Jennifer A. Accardo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Singhi, S., Steinhart, E., Maski, K. (2019). Hypersomnia. In: Accardo, J. (eds) Sleep in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98414-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98414-8_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98412-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98414-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation