Symbiosis is the association between two or more distinct organisms during at least one part of their lifecycle. Although this term is sometimes used in a narrower sense, it includes for most authors a set of different situations such as mutualism, parasitism and commensalism. Mutualism is defined as an association in which both partners derive benefit from living together. Parasitism is an association in which one of the partners benefits, while the other is harmed. Finally, commensalism is an association in which one of the two members benefits while the other is neither harmed nor obtains an advantage. In most cases, the association is established between a pluricellular eukaryote and a microorganism such as a bacterium or unicellular fungus. These microbial symbionts establish either facultative or obligate associations with their hosts. In the latter, the symbionts are always required to be together.
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Silva, F.J., Latorre, A., Gómez-Valero, L., Moya, A. (2007). Genomic Changes in Bacteria: From Free-Living to Endosymbiotic Life. In: Bastolla, U., Porto, M., Roman, H.E., Vendruscolo, M. (eds) Structural Approaches to Sequence Evolution. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35306-5_7
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