Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estrogen Deprivation for Breast Cancer Prevention

  • Conference paper
Cancer Prevention

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 174))

Abstract

Estrogen deprivation (ED) either as a result of a natural or artificial menopause or the use of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women results in a reduction of the incidence of breast cancer. Two major clinical trials of this approach comparing anastrozole or exemestane with placebo are currently in progress to test their efficacy for prevention. Reduction of contralateral breast lesions by at least 50% compared with tamoxifen indicate this approach has promise. The target lesion within the breast for ED is not known but we argue that hyperplastic enlarged lobular units (HELUs) as well as more advanced lesions are good candidates. A major problem for ED is de novo or acquired resistance to its effectiveness. We discuss potential mechanisms of resistance including high concentrations of tissue estrogens, increase in growth factor, and signal transduction pathways within the epithelial cell and activation of paracrine pathways from breast adipocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. It may be possible to increase effectiveness of ED by additional preventive agents or by lifestyle alterations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aharinejad S, Paulus P, Sioud M et al. (2004) Colony-stimulating factor-1 blockade by antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs suppress growth of human mammary tumor xenografts in mice. Cancer Res 64:5378–5384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Althuis MD, Fergenbum JH, Garcia-Closas M et al. (2004) Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1558–1568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barcellos-Hoff MH, Medina D (2005) New highlights on stroma-epithelial interactions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 7:33–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas DK, Singh S, Shi O et al. (2005) Crossroads of estrogen receptor and NF-kappaB signalling. Sci STKE 288:pe27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blankenstein MA, Szymczak J, Daroszewski J et al. (1992) Estrogens in plasma and fatty tissue from breast cancer patients and women undergoing surgery for non-oncological reasons. Gynecol Endocrinol 6:13–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bocchinfuso WP, Korach KS (1997) Mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in estrogen receptor knockout mice. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2:323–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonney RC, Reed MJ, Davidson K et al. (1983) The relationship between 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and oestrogen concentrations in human breast tumours and in normal breast tissue. Clin Endocrinol 19:727–739

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brisken C, Parks S, Vass T et al. (1998) A paracrine role for the epithelial progesterone receptor in mammary gland development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:5076–5081

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brisken C, Kaur S, Chavarria TE et al. (1999) Prolactin controls mammary gland development via direct and indirect mechanisms. Dev Biol 210:96–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano S, Mauro L, Marsico S et al. (2004) Leptin induces, via ERK1/ERK2 signal, functional activation of estrogen receptor alpha in MCF-7 cells. J Biol Chem 279:19908–19915

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamras H, Bagga D, Elstner E et al. (1998) Preadipocytes stimulate breast cancer cell growth. Nutr Cancer 32:59–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterton RT Jr, Geiger AS, Mateo ET et al. (2004) Comparison of hormone levels in nipple aspirate fluid of pre and postmenopausal women: effect of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1686–1691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chia K-S, Reilly M, Tan CS et al. (2005) Profound changes in breast cancer incidence may reflect changes into a westernized lifestyle: a comparative population-based study in Singapore and Sweden. Int J Cancer 113:302–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RB, Howell A, Anderson E (1997a) Estrogen sensitivity of normal human breast tissue in vivo and implanted into athymic nude mice: analysis of the relationship between estrogen-induced proliferation and progesterone receptor expression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 45:121–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RB, Howell A, Potten CS, Anderson E (1997b) Dissociation between steroid receptor expression and cell proliferation in the human breast. Cancer Res 57:4987–4991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RB, Anderson E, Howell A, Potten CS (2003) Regulation of human breast epithelial stem cells. Cell Prolif 36[Suppl 1]:45–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke RB, Spence K, Anderson E et al. (2005) A putative human breast stem cell population is enriched for steroid receptor-positive cells. Dev Biol 277:443–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleary MP, Juneja SC, Philips SC et al. (2004) Leptin receptor-deficient MMTV-TGF-alpha/Lepr(db)Lepr(db) female mice do not develop oncogene-induced mammary tumors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:182–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clement K, Viguerie N, Poitou C et al. (2004) Weight loss regulates inflammation-related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects. FASEB J 18:1657–1669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuzick J (2005) Aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer prevention. J Clin Oncol 23:1636–1643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuzick J, Powles T, Veronesi U et al. (2003) Overview of the main outcomes in breast cancer prevention trials. Lancet 361:296–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva Correia J, Miranda Y, Austin-Brown N et al. (2006) Nod1-dependent control of tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:1840–1845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Graffenried LA et al. (2004) NF-kappa B inhibition markedly enhances sensitivity of resistant breast cancer tumor cells to tamoxifen. Ann Oncol 15:885–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dieudonne MN, Machinal-Quelin F, Serazin-Leroy V et al. (2002) Leptin mediates a proliferative response in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293:622–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson RRH et al. (2000) The effects of prolonged HRT treatment in normal postmenopausal breast epithelium. Breast Cancer Res Treat 64:106

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett M, Smith IE, Ebbs SR et al. (2006) Proliferation and apoptosis as markers of benefit in neo-adjuvant endocrine therapy of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12:1024s–1030s

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen A, Lubinski J, Klijn J et al. (2005) Breast cancer risk following bilateral oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: an international case control study. J Clin Oncol 23:7491–7496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewan KB, Oketch-Rabah HA, Ravani SA et al. (2005) Proliferation of estrogen receptor-alpha-positive mammary epithelial cells is restrained by transforming growth factor-beta 1 in adult mice. Am J Pathol 167:409–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fechner RE (1972) Benign breast disease in women on estrogen therapy. Cancer 29:273–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinleib M (1968) Breast cancer and artificial menopause: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 41:315–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frech MS, Halama ED, Tilli MT et al. (2005) Deregulated estrogen receptor α expression in mammary epithelial cells of transgenic mice results in the development of ductal carcinoma in-situ. Cancer Res 65:681–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo C, Sisci D, Surmacz E (2004) Leptin interferes with the effects of the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 10:6466–6475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geisler J (2003) Breast cancer tissue estrogens and their manipulation with aromatase inhibitors and inactivators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 86:245–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagemann T, Robinson SC, Schulz M et al. (2004) Enhanced invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines upon co-cultivation with macrophages is due to TNF-alpha dependent up-regulation of matrix metalloproteases. Carcinogenesis 25:1543–1549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagemann T, Wilson J, Kulbe H et al. (2005) Macrophages induce invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells via NF-kB and JNK. J Immunol 175:1197–1205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardie DG (2005) New roles for the LKB1, AMPK pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:167–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvie M, Howell A, Vierkant RA et al. (2005) Association of gain and loss of weight before and after menopause with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the IOWA women’s health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:656–661

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam SZ, Woodward TL (2003) Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: epithelial-cell-stromal-cell interactions and steroid hormone action in normal and cancerous mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res 5:208–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama T, Wynder EL (1962) A study of the epidemiology of cancer of the breast II. The influence of hysterectomy. Cancer 5:28–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofseth, Raafat AM, Osuch JR et al. (1999) Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the normal postmenopausal breast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4559–4565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell A (1989) Clinical evidence for the involvement of oestrogen in the development and progression of breast cancer. Proc R Soc Edin 95B:49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell A, Sims AH, Ong KR et al. (2005) Mechanisms of disease: prediction and prevention of breast cancer — cellular and molecular interactions. Nat Clin Prac Oncol 2:635–646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Juneja SC, Maihle NJ, Cleary MP (2002) Leptin — a growth factor in normal and malignant breast cells and for normal mammary gland development. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:1704–1711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar P, Combs TP, Shah SJ et al. (2003) Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumourigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilisation. Oncogene 22:6408–6423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar P, Espina V, Williams TW et al. (2005) Adipocyte-derived collagen VI affects early mammary tumor progression in vivo, demonstrating a critical interaction in the tumor/stroma microenvironment. J Clin Invest 115:1163–1176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jelovac D, Macedo L, Goloubeva OG et al. (2005) Additive antitumor effect of aromatase inhibitor letrozole and antiestrogen fulvestrant in a postmenopausal breast cancer model. Cancer Res 65:5439–5444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston SR (2006) Clinical efforts to combine endocrine agents with targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and mammalian target of Rapamycin in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12:1061s–1068s

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karagas MR (2000) Cancers of the female reproductive system. Menopause biology pathology. Academic Press, London, pp 359–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith JC Jr, Albert LM, Leathurby Y et al. (2005) The utility of pathway selective estrogen receptor ligands that inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B transcriptional activity in models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 7:R427–R438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Key TJ, Pike MC (1988) The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24:29–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuperwasser C, Chavarria T, Wu M et al. (2004) Reconstruction of functionally normal and malignant human breast tissues in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4966–4971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S et al. (2005a) Genetic alterations associated with early hyperplastic precursors of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 94:24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee S et al. (2005b) Hormones, receptors and growth in hyperplastic enlarged lobular units: early potential precursors of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 8:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin EY (2002) The macrophage growth factor CSF-1 in mammary gland development and tumor progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7:147–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luetteke NC, Qiu TH, Fenton SE et al. (1999) Targeted inactivation of the EGF and amphiregulin genes reveals distinct roles for EGF receptor ligands in mouse mammary gland development. Development 126:2739–2750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallepell S, Krust A, Chambon P, Brisken C (2006) Paracrine signaling through the epithelial estrogen receptor α is required for proliferation and morphogenesis in the mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2196–2201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manabe Y, Toda S, Miyazaki K et al. (2003) Mature adipocytes, but not preadipocytes, promote the growth of breast carcinoma cells in collagen gel matrix culture through cancer-stromal cell interactions. J Pathol 201:221–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manson MM, Farmer PB, Gescher A et al. (2005) Innovative agents in cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 166:257–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin L-A, Farmer I, Johnston SR et al. (2003) Enhanced estrogen receptor (ER) α, ERBB2 and MARK signal transduction pathways operate during the adaptation of MCF-7 cells to long-term estrogen deprivation. J Biol Chem 278:30458–30468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martino S, Cauley JA, Barrett-Conner E et al. (2004) Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomised trial of raloxifene. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1751–1761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masamura S, Santner SJ, Heitjan DF, Santen RJ (1994) Estrogen deprivation causes estradiol hypersensitivity in human breast cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol 80:2918–2925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeskey SW, Zhang L, El-Ashry D et al. (1998) Tamoxifen-resistant fibroblast growth factor-transfected MCF-7 cells are cross-resistant in vivo to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and two aromatase inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 4:697–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McTiernan A, Tworoger SS, Ulrich CM et al. (2004) Effect of exercise on serum estrogens in postmenopausal women: a 12 month randomised clinical trial. Cancer Res 64:2923–2928

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi C, Toi M (2005) Nuclear factor-kB inhibitors as sensitizers to anticancer drugs. Nat Rev 5:297–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okano H, Kawahara H, Toriya M et al. (2005) Function of RNA-binding protein Musashi-1 in stem cells. Exp Cell Res 306:349–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasqualini JR, Chetrite G, Blacker C et al. (1996) Concentrations of estrone, estradiol and estrone sulfate and evaluation of sulfatase and aromatase activities in pre and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1460–1464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pike MC et al. (1997) A hormonal contraceptive approach to reducing breast and ovarian cancer risk: an update. Endocrinol Rel Cancer 4:125–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potten CS, Watson RJ, Williams GT et al. (1988) The effect of age and menstrual cycle upon proliferative activity of the normal human breast. Br J Cancer 58:163–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R, Boland GP, Cramer A et al. (2003) Short term biologic response to withdrawal of hormone replacement therapy in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer 98:2539–2546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajala MW, Scherer PE (2003) Minireview: the adipocyte at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Endocrinology 144:3765–3773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayala SK, Hollander P, Balasenthil S et al. (2006) Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) interacts with PELPI and activates MAPK. J Biol Chem 281:4395–4403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggins RB, Zwart A, Nehra R, Clarke R (2005) The nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor parthenolide restores ICI 182,780 (Faslodex: fulvestrant)-induced apoptosis in antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 4:33–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi S, Key TJ, Peeters PH et al. (2005) Anthropometric measures, endogenous sex steroids and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: a study within the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 118:2832–2839

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio MF, Werbajh S, Cafferata EG et al. (2006) TNF-alpha enhances estrogen-induced cell proliferation of estrogen-dependent breast tumor cells through a complex containing nuclear factor-kappa B. Oncogene 25:1367–1377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russo J, Ao X, Grill C, Russo IH (1999) Pattern of distribution of cells positive for estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor in relation to proliferating cells in the mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 53:217–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabnis GJ, Jelovac D, Long B, Brodie A (2005) The role of growth factor receptor pathways in human breast cancer cells adapted to long-term estrogen deprivation. Cancer Res 65:3903–3910

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Q, Brown PH (2003) Novel agents for the prevention of breast cancer: targeting transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 8:45–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoker BS, Jarvis C, Clarke RB et al. (1999) Estrogen receptor-positive proliferating cells in the normal and precancerous breast. Am J Pathol 155:1811–1815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoker BS et al. (2000) Abnormal regulation of the estrogen receptor in benign breast lesions. J Clin Pathol 53:778–783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivaraman L, Hilsenbeck SG, Zhong L et al. (2001) Early exposure of the rat mammary gland to estrogen and progesterone blocks co-localisation of estrogen receptor expression and proliferation. J Endocrinol 171:75–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer DV, Pike MC (2000) Future possibilities in the prevention of breast cancer: luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agents. Breast Cancer Res 2:264–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stylianou S, Clarke RB, Brennan K (2006) Aberrant activation of notch signaling in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 66:1517–1525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tekmal RR, Liu YG, Nair HB et al. (2005) Estrogen receptor alpha is required for mammary development and the induction of mammary hyperplasia and epigenetic alterations in the aromatase transgenic mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 95:9–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas DB (1993) Breast cancer in men. Epidemiol Rev 15:220–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thottassery JV, Sun Y, Westbrook L et al. (2004) Prolonged extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation during fibroblast growth factor 1 or heregulin beta1-induced antiestrogen-resistant growth of breast cancer cells is resistant to mitogen-activated protein/extracellular regulated kinase kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res 64:4637–4647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trichopoulos D, McMahon B, Cole P (1972) Menopause and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 48:605–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vadlamudi RK, Manavathi B, Balasenthil S et al. (2005) Functional implications of altered subcellular localization of PELP1 in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 65:7724–7732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S (2004) Recombinant cell ultrasensitive bioassay for measurement of estrogens in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1407–1413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M et al. (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellings SR (1980) A hypothesis of the origin of human breast cancer from the terminal ductal lobular unit. Path Res Pract 166:515–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellings SR, Jensen HM, Marcum RG (1975) An atlas of subgross pathology of the human breast with special reference to possible precancerous lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 55:231–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesen JF, Young P, Werb Z, Cunha GR (1999) Signalling through the stromal epidermal growth factor receptor is necessary for mammary ductal development. Development 126:335–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yager JD, Davidson NE (2006) Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. N Eng J Med 354:270–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasui Y, Potter JD (1999) The shape of age incidence curves of female breast cancer by hormone receptor status. Cancer Causes Control 10:431–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin N, Wang D, Zhang H et al. (2004) Molecular mechanisms involved in the growth stimulation of breast cancer cells by leptin. Cancer Res 64:5870–5875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeps N (1996) Detection of a population of long-lived cells in mammary epithelium of the mouse. Cell Tissue Res 286:525–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HZ, Bennett JM, Smith KG et al. (2002) Estrogen mediates mammary epithelial cell proliferation in serum-free culture indirectly via mammary stroma-derived hepatocyte growth factor. Endocrinology 143:3427–3434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Eppenberger-Castori S, Marx C et al. (2005) Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) identifies a high-risk subset of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:1130–1144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK

    Anthony Howell (Prof.) & Robert B. Clarke

  2. Department of Medical Genetics, St. Mary’s Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester, M13 0JH, UK

    Gareth Evans

  3. University Department of Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester, Whythenshaw Hospital, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK

    Nigel Bundred

  4. Cancer Research UK, Department of Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK

    Jack Cuzick (Prof.)

  5. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801416, Aurbach Medical Research Building, 450 Ray Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA

    Richard Santen

  6. Department of Pathology, Baylor School of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Craig Allred

Authors
  1. Anthony Howell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert B. Clarke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gareth Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nigel Bundred
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jack Cuzick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Richard Santen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Craig Allred
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tumor-Zentrum ZeTuP St. Gallen/Chur (Tumordiagnostik, Behandlung + Prävention), Rorschacherstr. 150, CH-9006, St. Gallen, Schweiz

    Hans-Jörg Senn  & Ursula Kapp  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Howell, A. et al. (2007). Estrogen Deprivation for Breast Cancer Prevention. In: Senn, HJ., Kapp, U. (eds) Cancer Prevention. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 174. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-37695-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37696-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation