Skip to main content

Predation impacts and management strategies for wildlife protection

  • Chapter
Predation in Organisms

11.1 Abstract

Wildlife management activities often serve to balance wildlife populations with perceived available habitat and agency management objectives or recovery goals. Predation management, while controversial in the public arena, is occasionally necessary to help balance populations of prey and predators. To conduct predation management in a responsible manner, the nature of predation impacts to prey populations must be examined and understood. The authors discuss: 1) various factors which affect predation impacts, 2) behavioral changes in prey populations which result in secondary predation impacts, and 3) strategies which may be implemented to facilitate prey populations to attain agency management objectives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arizona Department of Game and Fish (2004) Press Release on Heart Bar exclosures and predator impacts during drought. Phoenix, Arizona

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrington ON, Edwards AE (1951) Predator control as a factor in antelope management. Transactions North American Wildlife Conference 16: 179–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard WB, Lutz D, Keegan TW, Carpenter LH, deVos JC Jr (2001) Deerpredator relationships: a review of recent North American studies with emphasis on mule and black-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 99–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Balser DS, Dill DH, Nelson HK (1968) Effect of predator reduction on waterfowl nesting success. Journal of Wildlife Management 32: 669–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandy LW (1965) The colonization of artificial nesting structures by wild mallards and black ducks. MS Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus 67 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber SM, PJ White, Mech LD (2004) Multi-trophic level ecology of wolves, elk, and vegetation in Yellowstone National Park: elk calf mortality study. NRPP Project #71604, Annual Accomplishment Report, PO Box 168 Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, Wyoming

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett MW (1978) Pronghorn fawn mortality in Alberta. Proceedings Pronghorn Antelope Workshop 8: 429–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartmann RM, White GC, Carpenter LH (1992) Compensatory mortality in a Colorado mule deer population. Wildlife Monographs 121 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartush WS (1978) Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in the Wichita Mountains, Comanche County, Oklahoma, Part II. MS Thesis Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 161 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates B, Welch M (1999) Managing mule deer recovery through the use of predator management plans. Proceedings Deer/Elk Workshop. Salt Lake City, Utah in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Beale DM (1978) Birth rate and fawn mortality among pronghorn antelope in western Utah. Proceedings Pronghorn Antelope Workshop 8: 445–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Beale DM, Smith AD (1973) Mortality of pronghorn antelope fawns in western Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 37: 343–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Beasom SL (1974) Relationships between predator removal and white-tailed deer net productivity. Journal of Wildlife Management 38: 854–859

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff M (editor) (1978) Coyotes: Biology, Behavior and Management, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergerud AT (1988) Increasing the numbers of grouse. In Bergerud AT, Gratson MW (eds) Adaptive Strategies and Population Ecology of Northern Grouse. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota 686–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergerud AT, Page RE (1987) Displacement and dispersion of parturient caribou calving as antipredator tactics. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 1597–1606

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergerud AT, Butler HE, Miller DR (1983) Antipredator tactics of calving caribou: dispersion in mountains. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1566–1575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bliech VC, Bowyer RT, Wehausen JD (1997) Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation. Wildlife Monographs134: 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodenchuk MJ (2006) Sage grouse and predation management. The Communicator: A Quarterly publication of Utah’s Community Based Conservation Program, Vol 2. Issue 1. Utah State University, Logan, Utah

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodie WL (1978) Pronghorn fawn mortality in the upper Pahsimeroi River drainage of central Idaho. Proceedings Pronghorn Antelope Workshop 8: 417–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutin S (1992) Predation and moose population dynamics: a critique. Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 116–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley C, Gese EM (2001) Effects of sterilization on territory fidelity and maintenance, pair bond, and survival of free-ranging coyotes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 386–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunnell KD, Flinders JT (1999) Restoration of sage grouse in Strawberry Valley, Utah 1998–99 report. Unpublished report to: Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation Commission. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk T (1982) Evolutionary significance of predation on sexually signaling males. Florida Entomologist 65: 90–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkepile NA, Reese KP, Connelly JW (2001) Mortality patterns of sage grouse chicks in southeast Idaho. Abstract of presentation made at 2001 Annual Meeting of the Idaho Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Boise, Idaho

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers JA (1997) American pronghorn: social adaptations and the ghost of predators past. University Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois

    Google Scholar 

  • Chessness AA, Nelson MM, Longley WH (1968) The effect of predator removal on pheasant reproductive success. Journal of Wildlife Management 32: 683–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark FW (1972) Influence of jackrabbit density on coyote population change. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 343–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates PS (2006) Efficacy of chicken egg baits treated with DRC-1339 to remove common ravens. Proceedings Vertebrate Pest Conference in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates PS, Delehanty DJ (2004) The effects of raven removal on sage grouse nest success. Proceedings Vertebrate Pest Conference 21: 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffen M, Pedersen J (1993) Techniques for the transplant of Utah prairie dogs. In Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Black-Footed Ferret. Oldemeyer J, Biggins D, Miller B (eds) Biological Rep 13, USFWS, Washington, DC 60–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Colorado-Utah Black-footed Ferret Recovery Working Team (2001) Colorado-Utah Black-footed Ferret Allocation Proposal. Colorado Division of Wildlife, 6060 Broadway, Denver, Colorado

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly JW, Braun CE (1997) Long-term changes in sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations in western North America. Wildlife Biology 3:229–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, JW, Schroeder MA, Sands AR, Braun CE (2000) Guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 967–985

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly GE (1978) Predators and Predator Control. In Schmidt JL, Gilbert DL (eds) Big Game of North America: Ecology and Management. Wildlife Management Institute 369–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly GE, Timm RM, Howard WE, Longhurst WM (1976) Sheep killing behavior of captive coyotes. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 400–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, RS, White M, Trainer DO, Glazener WC (1971) Mortality of young whitetailed deer fawns in south Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 47–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Cote IM, Sutherland WJ (1996) The effectiveness of removing predators to protect bird populations. Conserv Biol 11: 395–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowardin LM, Gilmer DS, Shaiffer CW (1985) Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota. Wildlife Monographs 92: 1–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Crabtree RL, JW Sheldon (1999) Coyotes and canid coexistence in Yellowstone. In Clark TW, Curlee AP, Minta SC, Karieva PM (eds) Carnivores in Ecosystems, The Yellowstone Experience. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut 127–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Creed RFS (1960) Gonad changes in the wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes crucigera). Journal of Physiology (London) 151: 19–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Creel S, Winnie J, Jr (2005) Response of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves. Animal Behavior 69 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Creel S, Winnie J, Jr, Maxwell B, Hamlin K, Creel M (2005) Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham SC, Haynes LA, Gustavson C, Haywood DD (1995) Evaluation of the interaction between mountain lions and cattle in the Aravipa-Klodyke area of Southeast Arizona Final Report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Research Branch. Technical Report #17: 64 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumke RT, Pils CM (1973) Mortality of radio-tagged pheasants on the Waterloo wildlife Area. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin 72: 52 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett DD, Speake DW, Maddox WK (1980) Natality and neonatality of a north Alabama wild turkey population. Proceedings National Wild Turkey Symposium 4: 117–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards J (1983) Diet shifts in moose due to predator avoidance. Oecologia 60: 185–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson SH, Bergerud AT, Ferguason R (1988) Predation risk and habitat selection in the persistence of a remnant caribou population. Oecologia 76: 236–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey SN, Majors S, Conover MR, Messmer TA, Mitchell DL (2003) Effect of predator control on ring-necked pheasant populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 727–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantz G (1990) Seasonal movement pattern of coyotes in the Bear River Mountains of Utah and Idaho. MS Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 67 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • GAO (United States General Accounting Office) (2001) Wildlife Services Program: Information on activities to manage wildlife damage. Report to Congressional Committees. GOA-02-138 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner GW (1976) Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in the Wichita Mountains, Comanche County, Oklahoma. PhD Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 113 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner GW, Morrison JA, Lewis JC (1976) Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in the Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma. Proceedings Annual Conference Southeast Association Fish and Wildlife Agencies 13: 493–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrettson PR, Rohwer FC (1994) Effects of mammalian predator removal on nest success of upland ducks on conservation reserve program land in North Dakota. Delta Waterfowl Wetlands Research Station, 1994 Project Report 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Geist V (1982) Adaptive behavioral strategies. In Thomas JW, DE Toweill (eds) Elk of North America, Ecology and Management, A Wildlife Management Institute Book, Stackpole, Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 18–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Gese EM, Grothe S (1995) Analysis of coyote predation on deer and elk during winter in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. American Midland Naturalist 133: 36–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gese EM, Ruff RL (1998) Howling by coyotes (Canis latrans): variation among social classes, seasons, and pack sizes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 1037–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gese EM, Ruff RL, Crabtree R L (1996) Social and nutritional factors influencing the dispersal of resident coyotes. Animal Behaviour 52: 1025–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gier JT (1968) Coyotes of Kansas. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 393, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill RB, Beck TDI, Bishop CJ, Freddy DJ, Hobbs NT, Kahn RH, Miller MW, Pojar TM, White GC (2001) Declining mule deer populations in Colorado: reasons and responses a report to the Colorado Legislature, November 1999). Colorado Division of Wildlife Special Report 77

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith AE (1990) Vigilance behaviour of pronghorns in different habitats. Journal of Mammalogy 71: 460–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin D (1986) Crows of the World. Raven. British Museum of Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 138–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood RJ (1986) Influence of striped skunk removal on upland duck nest success in North Dakota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14: 6–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregg MA (1991) Use and selection of nesting habitat by sage grouse in Oregon. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

    Google Scholar 

  • Gude J, Garrott B (2003) Lower Madison Valley wolf-ungulate research project 2002–2003 annual report. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana

    Google Scholar 

  • Gude JA, Garrott RA, Borkowski JJ, King FJ (Sumitted 2005) Prey risk allocation in a grazing ecosystem. Ecol Appl

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthery FS, Beasom SL (1977) Responses of game and nongame wildlife to predator control in south Texas. Journal of Range Management 30: 404–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Hailey TL (1979) A handbook for pronghorn management in Texas. Fed Aid Wildlife Restor Rept Ser No 20. Texas Parks and Wildl. Dep., Austin, Texas 59 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall LK (ed) (1984) White-tailed deer ecology and management. Stackpole, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamlin K (2005) Monitoring and assessment of wolf-ungulate interactions and population trends within the Greater Yellowstone area, southwestern Montana and Montana statewide. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamlin KL, Riley SJ, Pyrah D, Dood AR, Mackie RJ (1984) Relationships among mule deer fawn mortality, coyotes, and alternate prey species during summer. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 489–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris S (1977) Distribution, habitat utilization and age structure of a suburban fox (Vulpes vulpes) population. Mammal Review 7: 25–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris S, JMV Rayner (1986) Urban fox (Vulpes vulpes) population estimates and habitat requirements in several British cities. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 575–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes CL, Rubin ES, Jorgensen MC, Boyce WM (2000) Mountain lion predation of bighorn sheep in the Peninsular Ranges, California. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 954–959

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht A, Nickerson PR (1999) The need for predator management in conservation of some vulnerable species. Endangered Species Update 16: 114–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoban PA (1990) A review of desert sheep in the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Sheep Council Transactions 34: 14–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann CO, Gottschang JL (1977) Numbers, distribution, and movements of a raccoon population in a suburban residential community. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 623–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holle DG (1977) Diet and general availability of prey of the coyote (Canis latrans) at the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma. MS Thesis. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 59 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornocker MG (1970) An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildlife Monographs 21: 1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DH, Sargeant AB, Greenwood RJ (1988) Importance of individual species of predators on nesting success of ducks in the Canadian prairie pothole region. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 291–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones PV, Jr (1949) Antelope management. Coyote predation on antelope fawns: main factor in limiting increase of pronghorns in the upper and lower plains areas in Texas. Texas Game and Fish 7:4–5, 18–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Julander O, Robinette WL, Jones DA (1961) Relation of summer range conditions to mule deer herd productivity. Journal of Wildlife Management 25: 54–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamler JF, Lee RM, deVos JC, Jr, Ballard WB, Whitlaw HA (2002) Survival and cougar predation of translocated bighorn sheep in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 66: 1267–1272

    Google Scholar 

  • Keegan TW, Wakeling BF (2003) Elk and deer competition. In deVos JC, Jr, Conover MR, Headrick NE (eds) Mule Deer Conservation: Issues and Management Strategies. Berryman Institute Press, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 139–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Keister, GP, Willis MJ (1986) Habitat selection and success of sage grouse hens while nesting and brooding. Progress report. Pitman Robinson Project W-87-R-2. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, Oregon

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith LB (1961) A study of waterfowl ecology on small impoundments in southeastern Alberta. Wildlife Monographs 6 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennelly JJ, Johns BE (1976) The estrous cycle of coyotes. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 272–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Kie JG (1999) Optimal foraging and risk of predation: effects on behavior and social structure in ungulates. Journal of Mammalogy 80: 1114–1129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King JA (1955) Social behavior, social organization and population dynamics in a black-tailed prairie dog town in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Contribution of the Laboratory of Vertebrate Biology 67. University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 123 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton FF (1964) Aspects of coyote predation in south Texas with special reference to white-tailed deer. PhD Thesis, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana 147 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton FF (1972) Preliminary interpretation of coyote population mechanics with some management implications. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 369–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton FF, Stoddart LC (1992) Some observations from two coyote-prey studies. In Boer AH (ed) Ecology and Management of the Eastern Coyote. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada 101–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Koford CB (1958) Prairie dogs, whitefaces, and blue grama. Wildlife Monographs 3: 1–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel KE, DH Pletsher (2000) Habitat factors affecting vulnerability of moose to predation by wolves in southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 150–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzejeski EW, Vangilder LD, Lewis JB (1987) Survival of wild turkey hens in north Missouri. Journal of Wildlife Management 51, 188–193

    Google Scholar 

  • LeCount A (1977) Causes of fawn mortality. Final Report, Federal Aid Wildlife Restoration Project W-78-R, WP-2, J-11. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona 19 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JC (1973) The world of the wild turkey. JB Lippincott Co, New York, New York 158 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima SL, Dill LM (1990) Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima SL, Valone TJ, Caraco T (1985) Foraging-efficiency predation-risk tradeoffs in the grey squirrel. Animal Behavior 33: 155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litvaitis JA (1978) Movements and habitat use of coyotes on the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 70 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvaitis JA, Shaw JH (1980) Coyote movements, habitat use, and food habits in southwestern Oklahoma. Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 62–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan KA, LL Sweanor (2001) Desert Puma, Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an Enduring Carnivore. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald DW, Newdick MT (1982) The Distribution and Ecology of Foxes. Vulpes vulpes (L.) in Urban Areas. In Bornkamm R, Lee JA, Seaward MRD (eds) Urban Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, United Kingdom 123–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie CJ, Hamlin KL, Knowles CJ, Mundinger JG (1976) Observations of Coyote Predation on Mule and White-tailed deer in the Missouri River Breaks, 1975–76. Montana Deer Studies, Montana Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid Project 120-R-7 117–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Mech LD (1977) Wolf-pack buffer zones as prey reservoirs. Science 198: 320–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messier F (1991) The significance of limiting and regulating factors on the demography of moose and white-tailed deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 60, 377–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messier F, Barrette C (1985) The efficacy of yarding behaviour by white-tailed deer as an antipredator strategy. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 785–789

    Google Scholar 

  • Messmer TA, Brunson MW, Reiter D, Hewitt DG (1999) United States public attitudes regarding predators and their management to enhance avian recruitment. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 75–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills LS, Knowlton FF (1991) Coyote space use in relation to prey abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1516–1521

    Google Scholar 

  • Molvar EM, Bowyer RT (1994) Costs and benefits of group living in a recently social ungulate: the Alaskan moose. Journal of Mammalogy 75: 621–630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooring MS, Fitzpatrick TA, Nishihira TT, Reisig DD (2004) Vigilance, predation risk, and the allee effect in desert bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 519–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgantini LE, RJ Hudson (1985) Changes in diets of wapiti during a hunting season. Journal of Range Management 38: 77–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse DH (1980) Behavioral mechanisms in ecology. Harvard University Press, Cambrigde Massachusetts 383 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Neff DJ, Woolsey NG (1979) Effect of predation by coyotes on antelope fawn survival on Anderson Mesa. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Special Report Number 8. Phoenix, Arizona 36 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Neff DJ, Woolsey NG (1980) Coyote predation on neonatal fawns on Anderson Mesa, Arizona. Proceedings Biennial Pronghorn Antelope Workshop 9: 80–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Neff DJ, Smith RH, Woolsey NG (1985) Pronghorn antelope mortality study. Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch Final Report Federal Aid Wildlife Restoration Project W-78-R 22

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohrenberg GA (1999) The effects of limited predator removal on ring-necked pheasant populations in southern Idaho. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien CS Boyd, HM, Krausman PR, Ballard WB, Cunningham SC, deVos JC, Jr (2005) Influence of wildfire and coyote presence on habitat use by collard peccaries. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33: 365–375

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Gara BW (1994) Statements about aerial gunning of the National Bison Range National Wildlife Refuge and the resulting increase in pronghorn antelope fawn recruitment. Research Biologist, USFWS (retired) and Wildlife Professor, University Montana, Missoula, Montana

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton PWC (1994) The effect of edge on avian nest success: how strong is the evidence? Conservation Biology 8: 17–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RL, Gruver KS (1996) Selectivity and effectiveness of the Paw-I-Trip pan tension device on 3 types of traps. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 119–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce BM, Bowyer RT, Bleich VC (2004) Habitat selection by mule deer: forage benefits or risk of predation? Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 533–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimlott DH (1970) Predation and productivity of game populations in North America. Transactions of the International Congress of Game Biologists 9:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt WC (1999) Effects of multiple vertebrate predators on grasshopper habitat selection: trade-offs due to predation risk, foraging, and thermoregulation. Evolutionary Ecology 13: 499–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preisser EL, Bolnick DI, Benard MF (2005) Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86: 501–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Presnall CC, Wood A (1953) Coyote predation on sage grouse. Journal of Mammalogy 34, 127

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripple WJ, Larsen EJ (2000) Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 95: 361–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ripple WJ, Larsen EJ, Renkin RA, Smith DW (2001) Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range. Biological Conservation 102: 227–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risenhoover KL, Bailey JA (1985) Foraging ecology of mountain sheep: implications for habitat management. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:797–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Riter WE (1941) Predator control and wildlife management. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference 6: 294–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivest P, Bergeron JM (1981) Density, food habits, and economic importance of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Quebec agrosystems. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 1755–1762

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinette WL, Gashweiler JS, Jones DA, Crane HS (1955) Fertility of mule deer in Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 19: 115–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohwer FC, Garrettson PR, Mense BJ (1997) Can predator trapping improve waterfowl recruitment in the Prairie Pothole region? Proceedings Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference 7: 12–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosatte RC (1987) Striped, spotted, hooded and hog-nosed skunks. In Novak M, Baker JA, Obbard ME, Malloch B (eds) Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada 599–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland M (2004) Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater sage-grouse. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 47

    Google Scholar 

  • Salwasser H (1976) Man, deer and time on the Devil’s Garden. Proceedings Western Association of State Game Fish Commissioners 56: 295–318

    Google Scholar 

  • San Juan County Gunnison Sage-Grouse Working Group (2000) Gunnison Sage Grouse (Centrocercus minimus) Conservation Plan. Utah State University, Logan, Utah

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargeant AB, Allen SH, Eberhardt RT (1984) Red fox predation on breeding ducks in midcontinent North America. Wildlife Monographs 89 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauer JR, Hines JE, Fallon J (2005) The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2004. Version 2005.2

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz OJ, Beckerman AP, O’Brien KM (1997) Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78:1388–1399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt RH (1986) Community-Level Effects of Coyote Population Reduction. Special Technical Publication 920, American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder MA, Baydack RK (2001) Predation and the management of prairie grouse. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 24–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw HG (1977) Impact of mountain lion on mule deer and cattle in northwestern Arizona. In Phillips RL, Jonkel C (eds) Proceedings 1975 Predator Sym., For Cons Exp Sta, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 17–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw HG (1989) Soul Among Lions-The Cougar as Peaceful Adversary. Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado 140 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Slobodchikoff CN, Coast R (1980) Dialects in the alarm calls of prairie dogs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7, 49–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair ARE (1991) Science and practice of wildlife management. Journal of Wildlife Management 55: 767–773

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogland T (1991a) Ungulate foraging strategies: optimization for avoiding predation or competition for limiting resources? Trans International Union of Game Biologists Congress 18: 161–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogland T (1991b) What are the effects of predators on large ungulate populations? Oikos 61: 401–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater SJ (2003) Sage-grouse (Centrocerus urophasianus) use of different-aged burns and the effects of coyote control in southwestern Wyoming. MS Thesis, University Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 177 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RH, LeCount A (1976) Factors affecting survival of mule deer fawns. Final Report, Federal Aid Project Wildlife Restoration W-78-R, WP-2. J-4. Arizona Game and Fish Dept. Phoenix, Arizona

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RH, Neff DJ, Woolsey NG (1986) Pronghorn response to coyote control-A benefit: cost analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14: 226–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshine DE, Winslow EL (1972) Contrasts in distribution of raccoons in two Virginia localities. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 838–847

    Google Scholar 

  • Speake DW (1985) Wild turkey population ecology on the Appalachian Plateau region of northeastern Alabama. Fed Aid Proj No. W-44-6, Final Report Alabama Game and Fish Division, Montgomery, Alabama

    Google Scholar 

  • Speake DW, Metzler R, McGlincy J (1985) Mortality of wild turkey poults in northern Alabama. Journal of Wildlife Management 49, 472–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele JL Jr (1969) An investigation of the Comanche County deer herd. Oklahoma Dept Wildlife Conservation Federal Aid Fish and Wildlife Restoration Project W-87-R 20 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm GL, Tzilkowski MW (1982) Furbearer population dynamics: a local and regional management perspective. In Anderson GC (ed) Midwest Furbearer Management. Proceedings Sym 43rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conf, Wichita, Kansas 69–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm GL, Andrews RD, Phillips RL, Bishop RA, Siniff DB, Tester JR (1976) Morphology, reproduction, dispersal, and mortality of midwestern red fox populations. Wildlife Monographs 49: 1–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout GG (1982) Effects of coyote reduction on white-tailed deer productivity on Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10: 329–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Teer JG, Drawe DL, Blankenship TL, Andelt WF, Cook RS, Kie J, Knowlton FF, White M. (1991) Deer and coyotes: The Welder Experiments. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Natural Resources Conference 56: 550–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas GE (1989) Nesting ecology and survival of hen and poult eastern wild turkeys in southern New Hampshire. Thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

    Google Scholar 

  • Till JA (1992) Behavioral effects of removal of coyote pups from dens. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 15: 396–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Till JA, Knowlton FF (1983) Efficacy of denning in alleviating coyote depredations upon domestic sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 47: 1018–1025

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd AW, Keith LB (1983) Coyote demography during a snowshoe hare decline in Alverta. Journal of Wildlife Management 47, 394–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd AW, Keith LB, Fisher CA (1981) Population ecology of coyotes during a fluctuation of snowshoe hares. Journal of Wildlife Management 45: 629–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Trainer CE, Willis MJ, Keister GP Jr, Sheehy DP (1983) Fawn mortality and habitat use among pronghorn during spring and summer in southeastern Oregon, 1981–82. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Research Report Number 12: 117 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Trainer CE, Lemos JC, Kister TP, Lightfoot WC, Toweill DE (1981) Mortality of mule deer fawns in southeastern Oregon, 1968–1979. Oregon Department Fish Wildlife Research Development Section Wildlife Research Report 10: 113 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautman CG, Fredrickson L, Carter AV (1974) Relationships of red foxes and other predators to populations of ring-necked pheasants and other prey, South Dakota. Transactions of North American Wildlife Natural Resources Conference 39: 241–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Truett JC, Dullum JLD, Matchett MR, Owens E, Seery D (2001) Translocating prairie dogs: a review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 863–872

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker RD, Garner GW (1980) Mortality of pronghorn antelope fawns in Brewster County, Texas. Proceedings West Conference Game Fish Commission 60: 620–631

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkowski FJ, Armistead AR, Linhart SB (1984) Selectivity and effectiveness of pan tension devices for coyote foothold traps. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 700–708

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JW Jr, Wolfe ML, Kirkpatrick JF (1992) Seasonal mountain lion predation on a feral horse population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 929–934

    Google Scholar 

  • Twichell AR, HH Dill (1949) One hundred raccoons from one hundred and two acres. Journal of Mammalogy 30: 130–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UDWR Statewide Management Plan for Bighorn Sheep (1999) UDWR, 1594 W North Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116

    Google Scholar 

  • Udy JR (1953) Effects of predator control on antelope populations. Utah Dept Fish and Game. Salt Lake City, Utah Publication Number 5: 4 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban D (1970) Raccoon populations, movement patterns, and predation on a managed waterfowl marsh. Journal of Wildlife Management 34: 372–382

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) (1997 revised) Animal Damage Control Program Final Environmental Impact Statement. USDA, APHIS, ADC Operational Support USDA Staff, 4700 River Road, Unit 87, Riverdale, Maryland 20737

    Google Scholar 

  • USDI (U.S. Department of the Interior) (1978) Predator damage in the West: a study of coyote management alternatives. US Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS), Washington, DC 168 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • USDI (1995) Report of effects of aircraft overflights on the National Park System. USDI-National Park Service D-1062, July, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • USFWS (1990) Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the Mojave population of desert tortoise. 55 Code of Federal Regulations 12178, Vol. 55 No. 63

    Google Scholar 

  • USFWS (1999) South Florida multi-species recovery plan. Atlanta, Georgia. 2172 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Ballenberghe V, Ballard WB (1994) Limitation and regulation of moose populations: the role of predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 2071–2077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Gunten BL (1978) Pronghorn fawns mortality on the National Bison Range. Proceedings Pronghorn Antelope Workshop 8, 394–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner FH, Stoddart LC (1972) Influence of coyote predation on black-tailed jackrabbit populations in Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 329–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner KK, Conover MR (1999) Effect of preventive coyote hunting on sheep losses to coyote predation. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 606–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakeling BF (1991) Population and nesting characteristics of Merriam’s turkey along the Mongolon Rim, Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Tech Rep No 7, Phoenix, Arizona

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallmo OC (ed) (1981) Mule and black-tailed deer of North America. University Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehausen JD (1996) Effects of mountain lion predation on big horn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and Granite mountains of California. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 471–479

    Google Scholar 

  • West BC (2002) The influence of predator enclosures and livestock grazing on duck production at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah. PhD Dissertation Utah State University, Logan Utah

    Google Scholar 

  • White M (1967) Population ecology of some white-tailed deer in south Texas. Dissertation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 215 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker DG, Lindzey FG (1999) Effect of coyote predation on early fawn survival in sympatric deer species. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 256–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcove DS, McClellan CH, Dobson AP (1986) Habitat fragmentation in the temporate zone. In Conservation Biology, Soule ME (ed) Sinauer, Sanderlands, Massachusetts 237–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams LE, Austin DH, Peoples TE (1980) Turkey nesting success in a Florida study area. Proceedings of the National Wild Turkey Symposium 4: 102–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis MJ, Keister GP, Immell DA, Jones DM, Powell RM, Durbin KR (1993) Sage grouse in Oregon. Wildlife Research Report Number 15. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, Oregon

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilton ML (1984) Black bear predation on young cervids. Alces 19: 136–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilton ML, Carlson DM, McCall CI (1984) Occurrence of neonatal cervids in the spring diet of black bears in south central Ontario. Alces 20: 95–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Wishart W (1978) Bighorn sheep. In Schmidt JL, Gilbert DL (eds) Big Game of North America Ecology and Management. Wildlife Management Institute 161–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Wishart W (2000) A working hypothesis for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep management. In Thomas AE, Thomas HL (eds) Transaction North American Wild Sheep Conference 2: 47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeager LE, Rennels RG (1943) Fur yield and autumn foods of the raccoon in Illinois river bottom lands. Journal of Wildlife Management 7: 45–60

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bodenchuk, M.J., Hayes, D.J. (2007). Predation impacts and management strategies for wildlife protection. In: Elewa, A.M.T. (eds) Predation in Organisms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46046-6_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics