Modeling of geochemical processes encompasses the generation of petroleum and related maturation parameters, such as vitrinite reflectance, molecular biomarkers, and mineral diagenesis. The transformation and maturation of organic matter can be subdivided into three phases: diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis (Tissot and Welte, 1984). The term diagenesis is different from that of the rock types. The formation of petroleum and coal with typical depth and temperature intervals is illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. A. Abu-Ali, J. G. Rudkiewicz, J. G. McGillivray, and F. Behar. Paleozoic petroleum system of central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia, (4):321–336, 1999.
H. Bahlburg and C Breitkreuz. Grundlagen der Geology. Elsevier GmbH, Muenchen, second edition, 2004.
G. R. Beardsmore and J. P. Cull. Crustal Heat Flow. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
F. Behar, M. Vandenbroucke, Y. Tang, and J. Espitalie. Thermal cracking of kerogen in open and closed systems: determination of kinetic parameters and stoichiometric coefficients for oil and gas generation. Organic Geochemistry, 26: 321–339, 1997.
S. W. Benson. Thermodynamical Kinetics. Wiley, 1968.
I. O. Blumenstein, R. di Primio, W. Rottke, B. M. Krooss, and R. Littke. Application of biodegradation modeling to a 3d–study in N. Germany, 2006.
A. K. Burnham and R. L. Braun. Global kinetic analysis of complex materials. Energy and Fuels, 13: 1–22, 1999.
A. K. Burnham and J. J. Sweeney. A chemical kinetic model of vitrinite maturation and reflectance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53: 2649–2657, 1989.
W. D. Carlson, R. A. Donelick, and R. A. Ketcham. Variablility of apatite fission–track annealing kinetics: I . E xperimental results. American Mineralogist, 84: 1213–1223, 1999.
A. D. Carr. A vitrinite kinetic model incorporating overpressure retardation. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16: 355–377, 1999.
J. Chen, J. Fu, G. Sheng, D. Liu, and J. Zhang. Diamondoid hydrocarbon ratios: novel maturity indices for highly mature crude oils. Organic Geochemistry, 25: 179–190, 1996.
B. Cramer, E. Faber, P. Gerling, and B. M. Krooss. Reaction kinetics of stable carbon isotopes in natural gas – insights from dry, open system pyrolysis experiments. Energy and Fuels, 15 (15): 517–532, 2001.
R. di Primio and B. Horsfield. From petroleum–type organofacies to hydrocarbon phase prediction. AAPG Bulletin, 90: 1031–1058, 2006.
R. A. Donelick, R. A. Ketcham, and W. D. Carlson. Variablility of apatite fission–track annealing kinetics: II. Crystallographic orientation effects. American Mineralogist, 84: 1224–1234, 1999.
I. R. Duddy, P. F. Green, and G. M. Laslett. Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 3. Variable temperature behaviour. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 73: 25–38, 1988.
J. Espitalie, P. Ungerer, I. Irwin, and F. Marquis. Primary cracking of kerogens. experimenting and modelling C1, C2–C5, C6–C15 and C15+. Organic Geochemistry, 13: 893–899, 1988.
K. Gallagher, R. Brown, and C. Johnson. Fission track analysis and its applications to geological problems. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 26: 519–572, 1998.
S. Glasstone, K.J. Laidler, and H.Eyring. The theory of rate processes. McGraw-Hill, 1941.
J. C. Goff. Hydrocarbon generation and migration from jurassic source rocks in East Shetland Basin and Viking graben of the northern North Sea. J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 140: 445–474, 1983.
P. F. Green. The relationship between track shortening and fission track age reduction in apatite: Combined influences of inherent instability, annealing anisotropy, length bias and system calibration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 89: 335–352, 1988.
P. F. Green, I. R. Duddy, A. J. W. Gleadow, P.R. Tingate, and G. M. Laslett. Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 1. A qualitative description. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 59: 237–253, 1986.
P. F. Green, I. R. Duddy, A. J. W. Gleadow, and J. F. Lovering. Apatite fission–track analysis as a paleotemperature indicator for hydrocarbon exploration. In N. D. Naeser and T. H. McCulloh, editors, Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins, Methods and Case Histories, pages 181–195. Springer–Verlag, 1989.
P. F. Green, I. R. Duddy, G. M. Laslett, A. J. W. Gleadow, and J. F. Lovering. Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 1. Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescales. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 79: 155–182, 1989.
R. W. Jones. Organic facies. In Academic Press, editor, Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry, pages 1–90. 1987.
R. A. Ketcham. Personal communication, 2003.
R. A. Ketcham, R. A. Donelick, and M. B. Donelick. Aftsolve: A program for multi–kinetic modeling of apatite fission–track data. Geological Materials Research, 2, No. 1 (electronic), 2000.
B. M. Krooss and R. di Primio. Personal communication, 2007.
S. Larter. Bugs, biodegradation and biochemistry of heavy oil. The 23rd International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Torquay, England, 2007.
S. R. Larter. Some pragmatic perspectives in source rock geochemistry. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 5: 194–204, 1988.
G. M. Laslett, P. F. Green, I. R. Duddy, and A. J. W. Gleadow. Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 2. A quantitative analysis. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 65: 1–13, 1987.
A. S. Mackenzie and D. McKenzie. Isomerization and aromatization of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins. Geological Magazine, 120: 417–470, 1983.
A. S. Pepper and P. J. Corvi. Simple kinetic models of petroleum formation. Part I: oil and gas generation from kerogen. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12 (3): 291–319, 1995.
A. S. Pepper and P. J. Corvi. Simple kinetic models of petroleum formation. Part III: Modelling an open system. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12 (4): 417–452, 1995.
A. S. Pepper and T. A. Dodd. Simple kinetic models of petroleum formation. Part II: oil – gas cracking. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12 (3): 321–340, 1995.
K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters, and J. M. Moldowan. The Biomarker Guide, volume 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press, second edition, 2005.
W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery. Numerical Recipes in C++. Cambridge University Press, second edition, 2002.
M. Radke and D. H. Welte. The methylphenanthrene index (MPI): A maturity parameter based on aromatic hydrocarbons. In M. Bjoroy et al., editor, Advances in Organic Geochemistry. Proceedings of the 10th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, University of Bergen, Norway, 14–18 September 1981, Wiley and Sons, 1983.
C. S. Sajgo and J. Lefler. A reaction kinetic approach to the temperature–time history of sedimentary basins. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 5: 123–151, 1986.
J. J. Sweeney and A. K. Burnham. Evaluation of a simple model of vitrinite reflectance based on chemical kinetics. AAPG Bulletin, 74: 1559–1570, 1990.
E. W. Tegelaar and R. A. Noble. Kinetics of hydrocarbon generation as a function of the molecular structure of kerogen as revealed by pyrolysis–gas chromatography. Advances in Organic Geochemistry, 22 (3–5): 543–574, 1994.
B. P. Tissot and D. H. Welte. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Springer–Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 1984.
P. Ungerer, J. Burrus, B. Doligez, P. Y. Chenet, and F. Bessis. Basin evaluation by integrated two–dimensional modeling of heat transfer, fluid flow, hydrocarbon gerneration and migration. AAPG Bulletin, 74: 309–335, 1990.
D. W. van Krevelen. Coal. Typology–Chemistry–Physics–Constitution . Elsevier, 1961.
M. Vandenbroucke, F. Behar, and L. J. Rudkiewicz. Kinetic modelling of petroleum formation and cracking: implications from high pressure, high temperature Elgin Field (UK, North Sea). Organic Geochemistry, 30: 1105–1125, 1999.
D. W. Waples. Time and temperature in petroleum formation: application of Lopatin’s method to petroleum exploration. AAPG Bulletin, 64: 916–926, 1980.
R. W. T. Wilkins, C. P. Buckingham, N. Sherwood, Russel N. J., M. Faiz, and Kurusingal. The current status of famm thermal maturaty technique for petroleum exploration in australia. Australian Petroleum Prduction and Exploration Asociation Journal, 38: 421–437, 1998.
K. Zengler, H. H. Richnow, R. Rossellaó-Mora, W. Michaelis, and F. Widdel. Methane formation from long–chain alkanes by anaerobic microorganisms. Nature, 401: 266–269, 1999.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hantschel, T., Kauerauf, A.I. (2009). Petroleum Generation. In: Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72318-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72318-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-72317-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-72318-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)