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Bulk Single Crystals Grown from Solution on Earth and in Microgravity

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

The growth of crystals has been of interest to physicists and engineers for a long time because of their unique properties. Single crystals are utilized in such diverse applications as pharmaceuticals, computers, infrared detectors, frequency measurements, piezoelectric devices, a variety of high-technology devices, and sensors. Solution crystal growth is one of the important techniques for the growth of a variety of crystals when the material decomposes at the melting point and a suitable solvent is available to make a saturated solution at a desired temperature. In this chapter an attempt is made to provide some fundamentals of growing crystals from solution, including improved designs of various crystallizers.

Since the same solution crystal growth techniques could not be used in microgravity, authors had proposed a new cooled sting technique to grow crystals in space. Authorsʼ experiences of conducting two Space Shuttle experiments relating to solution crystal growth are also detailed in this work. The complexity of these solution growth experiments to grow crystals in space are discussed. These were some of the earliest experiments performed in space, and various lessons learnt are described.

A brief discussion of protein crystal growth, which also shares the basic principles of the solution growth technique, is given along with some flight hardware information for such growth in microgravity.

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Abbreviations

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

APCF:

advanced protein crystallization facility

ATGSP:

alanine doped triglycine sulfo-phosphate

BCF:

Burton–Cabrera–Frank

BS:

Bridgman–Stockbarger

CT:

computer tomography

DCAM:

diffusion-controlled crystallization apparatus for microgravity

DGS:

diglycine sulfate

DLATGS:

deuterated l-alanine-doped triglycine sulfate

DTGS:

deuterated triglycine sulfate

EDT:

ethylene dithiotetrathiafulvalene

FES:

fluid experiment system

HDPCG:

high-density protein crystal growth

HH-PCAM:

handheld protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity

HOE:

holographic optical element

IML-1:

International Microgravity Laboratory

IR:

infrared

KDP:

potassium dihydrogen phosphate

LAFB:

l-arginine tetrafluoroborate

LAP:

l-arginine phosphate

LHFB:

l-histidine tetrafluoroborate

MAP:

magnesium ammonium phosphate

MNA:

2-methyl-4-nitroaniline

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

PCAM:

protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity

PCF:

primary crystallization field

PCF:

protein crystal growth facility

RTV:

room temperature vulcanizing

SL-3:

Spacelab-3

SL:

superlattice

STS:

space transportation system

TGS:

triglycine sulfate

TV:

television

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Alabama A&M University, 35762, Normal, AL, USA

    Mohan D. Aggarwal

  2. Department of Physics, Alabama A&M University, 4900 Meridian Street, 35762, Normal, AL, USA

    Ashok K. Batra

  3. Physics Department, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, 4900 Meridian Street, P.O. Box 1268, 35763, Normal, AL, USA

    Ravindra B. Lal

  4. ISHM and Sensors Branch, NASA/George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 35812, Huntsville, AL, USA

    Benjamin G. Penn

  5. Engineering Technology Management Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 35812, Huntsville, AL, USA

    Donald O. Frazier

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  1. Mohan D. Aggarwal
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  3. Ravindra B. Lal
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  4. Benjamin G. Penn
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  5. Donald O. Frazier
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Correspondence to Mohan D. Aggarwal , Ashok K. Batra , Ravindra B. Lal , Benjamin G. Penn or Donald O. Frazier .

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  1. Advanced Renewable Energy Company, 18 Celina Avenue, 03063, Nashua, NH, USA

    Govindhan Dhanaraj Dr.

  2. Department of Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, 570 006, Mysore, India

    Kullaiah Byrappa Ph.D.

  3. University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 76203-5017, Denton, TX, USA

    Vishwanath Prasad Dr.

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, 11794-2275, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Michael Dudley Dr.

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Aggarwal, M.D., Batra, A.K., Lal, R.B., Penn, B.G., Frazier, D.O. (2010). Bulk Single Crystals Grown from Solution on Earth and in Microgravity. In: Dhanaraj, G., Byrappa, K., Prasad, V., Dudley, M. (eds) Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_17

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