Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stoichiometry and Domain Structure of KTP-Type Nonlinear Optical Crystals

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

In recent years the growth technologies of only a few inorganic oxide crystals, such as BBO (BaB2O4), LBO (LiB3O5), and the KTP (KTiOPO4) group of isomorphic compounds, have matured to a degree allowing their extensive integration into commercial laser systems in the form of nonlinear optical (NLO) and electrooptic (EO) devices. The KTP-type crystals are ferroelectrics at room temperature. They are also well known for their large birefringence, high NLO and EO coefficients, wide acceptance angles, thermally stable phase-matching properties, and relatively high damage threshold. These properties make them especially useful for high-power wavelength-conversion applications, such as the second-harmonic generation (SHG) and optical parametric oscillations (OPO), as well as for electrooptic phase modulation and Q-switching. Lately, a great deal of effort has been put into the development of periodically poled KTP (PPKTP) devices based on quasi-phase-matched (QPM) wavelength conversion. However, both birefringent and QPM properties of KTP crystals depend on their structural characteristics, such as morphology, chemical composition, point defect distribution (stoichiometric and impurities), and particularly the ferroelectric domain structure, which are closely related to the specific crystal growth parameters. Current research includes studies of nonstoichiometry and distribution of point defects, e.g., vacancies and impurities, as well as the basic mechanisms underlying ferroelectric domain formation during KTP crystal growth and cool-down. By controlling the stoichiometry and achieving single-domain growth of bulk crystals it is also possible to create as-grown periodic domain structures useful for nonlinear QPM applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

BBO:

BaB2O4

CTA:

CsTiOAsO4

CW:

continuous wave

ENDOR:

electron nuclear double resonance

EO:

electrooptic

EPR:

electron paramagnetic resonance

GRIIRA:

green-radiation-induced infrared absorption

HK:

high potassium content

IK:

intermediate potassium content

KTA:

potassium titanyl arsenate

KTP:

potassium titanyl phosphate

LBO:

LiB3O5

LBO:

LiBO3

LK:

low potassium content

NCPM:

noncritically phase matched

NLO:

nonlinear optic

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

OPO:

optical parametric oscillation

PDS:

periodic domain structure

PPKTP:

periodically poled KTP

QPM:

quasi-phase-matched

RTA:

RbTiOAsO4

RTA:

rapid thermal annealing

RTP:

RbTiOPO4

SH:

second harmonic

SHG:

second-harmonic generation

TSSG:

top-seeded solution growth

YAG:

yttrium aluminum garnet

References

  1. J.D. Bierlein, H. Vaherzeele: Potassium titanyl phosphate: Properties and new applications, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 622–633 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. G.M. Loiacono, D.N. Loiacono, J.J. Zola, R.A. Stolzenberger, T. McGee, R.G. Norwood: Optical properties and ionic conductivity of KTiOAsO_4 crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 895–897 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. D.E. Spence, C.L. Tang: Characterization and applications of high repetition rate, broadly tunable, femtosecond optical parametric oscillators, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 1, 31–43 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Y.S. Oseledchik, A.I. Pisarevsky, A.L. Prosvirin, V.V. Starshenko, N.V. Svitanko: Nonlinear optical properties of the flux grown RbTiOPO_4 crystal, Opt. Mater. 3, 237–242 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. T.Y. Fan, C.E. Huang, B.Q. Hu, R.C. Eckardt, R.L. Byer, R.S. Feigelson: Second harmonic generation and accurate index of refraction measurements in flux-grown KTiOPO_4, Appl. Opt. 26, 2390–2394 (1987), .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. C.-S. Tu, R.S. Katiyar, V.H. Schmidt, R.-M. Chien, R. Guo, A.S. Bhalla: Hypersonic anomalies and optical properties of RbTiOAsO_4 and KTiOPO_4 single crystals, Phys. Rev. B 59, 251–256 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. L.T. Cheng, L.K. Cheng, J.D. Bierlein, F.C. Zumsteg: Properties of doped and undoped single domain KTiOAsO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 346–348 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. L.T. Cheng, L.K. Cheng, J.D. Bierlein, F.C. Zumsteg: Nonlinear optical and electro-optical properties of single crystal CsTiOAsO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2618–2620 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. L.K. Cheng, J.D. Bierlein: KTP and isomorphs – Recent progress in device and material development, Ferroelectrics 142, 209–228 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. L.K. Cheng, L.T. Cheng, J. Galperin, P.A. Morris Hotsenpiller, J.D. Bierlein: Crystal growth and characterization of KTiOPO_4 isomorphs from the self-fluxes, J. Cryst. Growth 137, 107–115 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. L.K. Cheng, L.T. Cheng, J.D. Bierlein: Phase-matching property optimization using birefringence tuning in solid solutions of KTiOPO_4 isomorphs, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1321–1323 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Roth, N. Angert, M. Tseitlin, G. Wang, T.P.J. Han, H.G. Gallagher, N.I. Leonyuk, E.V. Koporulina, S.N. Barilo, L.A. Kurnevich: Recent developments in crystal growth and characterization of nonlinear optical borate and phosphate materials, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Single Crystal Growth, Strength Probl. Heat Mass Transf., Vol. 2, ed. by V.P. Ginkin (Uch.-Izd., Obninsk 2000) pp. 416–426

    Google Scholar 

  13. D.N. Nikogosyan: Nonlinear Optical Crystals: A Complete Survey (Springer, New York 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  14. M. Roth, M. Tseitlin, N. Angert: Oxide crystals for electro-optic Q-switching of lasers, Glass Phys. Chem. 31, 86–95 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. M.S. Webb, P.F. Moulton, J.J. Kasinski, R.I. Burnham, G. Loiacono, R. Stolzenberger: High-average-power KTiOAsO_4 optical parametric oscillator, Opt. Lett. 23, 1161–1163 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. L.S. Lingvay, N. Angert, M. Roth: High-average-power KTP ring OPO, Proc. SPIE 3928, 52–56 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. X.D. Wang, P. Basseras, R.J.D. Miller, H. Vanherzeele: Investigation of KTiOP0_4 as an electro-optic amplitude modulator, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 519–521 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. Pearce, C.L.M. Ireland: Performance of a CW pump Nd:YVO_4 amplifier with kHz pulses, Opt. Laser Technol. 35, 375–379 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M.G. Jani, J.T. Murray, R.R. Petrin, R.C. Powell: Pump wavelength tuning of optical parametric oscillations and frequency mixing in KTiOAsO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2327–2329 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. G.M. Loiacono, D.N. Loiacono, R.A. Stolzenberger: Crystal growth and characterization of ferroelectric CsTiOAsO_4, J. Cryst. Growth 131, 323–330 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Nordborg, G. Svensson, R.J. Bolt, J. Albertsson: Top seeded solution growth of [Rb,Cs]TiOAsO_4, J. Cryst. Growth 224, 256–268 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. I. Tordjman, R. Masse, J.C. Guitel: Crystalline-structure of monophosphate KTiPO_5, Z. Krist. 139, 103–115 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. P.A. Thomas, A.M. Glazer, B.E. Watts: Crystal structure and nonlinear optical properties of KSnOPO_4 and their comparison with KTiOPO_4, Acta Crystallogr. B 46, 333–343 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. P. Delarue, C. Lecomte, M. Jannin, G. Marnier, B. Menaert: Evolution towards centrosymmetry of the nonlinear-optical material RbTiOPO_4 in the temperature range 293–973 K: Alkaline displacements and titanyl deformations, Phys. Rev. B 58, 5287–5295 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. S.C. Mayo, P.A. Thomas, S.J. Teat, G.M. Loiacono, D.N. Loiacono: Structure and nonlinear-optical properties of KTiOAsO_4, Acta Crystallogr. B 50, 655–662 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. P.A. Thomas, S.C. Mayo, B.E. Watts: Crystal structures of RbTiOAsO_4, KTiO(P_0.58As_0.42)O_4, RbTiOPO_4 and (Rb_0.465K_0.535)TiOPO_4 and analysis of pseudosymmetry in crystals of the KTiOPO_4 family, Acta Crystallogr. B 48, 401–407 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. J. Protas, G. Marnier, B. Boulanger, B. Menaert: Crystal structure of CsTiOAsO_4, Acta Crystallogr. C 45, 1123–1125 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Munowitz, R.H. Jarman, J.F. Harrison: Theoretical study of the nonlinear optical properties of KTiOPO_4: Effects of Ti–O–Ti bond angles and oxygen electronegativity, Chem. Mater. 5, 1257–1267 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. D. Xue, S. Zhang: The origin of nonlinearity in KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 943–945 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. P.A. Thomas, A. Baldwin, R. Dupree, P. Blaha, K. Schwartz, A. Samoson, Z.H. Gan: Structure-property relationships in the nonlinear optical crystal KTiOPO_4 investigated using NMR and ab initio DFT calculations, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 4324–4331 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. V. Pasiskevicius, C. Canalias, F. Laurell: Highly efficient stimulated Raman scattering of picosecond pulses in KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 041110 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. P.A. Thomas, A.M. Glazer: Potassium titanyl phosphate, KTiOPO_4. II. Structural interpretation of twinning, ion exchange and domain inversion, J. Appl. Cryst. B 24, 968–971 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Delarue, C. Lecomte, M. Jannin, G. Marnier, B. Menaert: Behavior of the non-linear optical material KTiOPO_4 in the temperature range 293–973 K studied by x-ray diffractometry at high resolution: Alkaline displacements, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11, 4123–4134 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. S.T. Norberg, N. Ishizawa: K-site splitting in KTiOPO_4 at room temperature, Acta Crystallogr. C 61, i99–i102 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. D.R. Allan, J.S. Loveday, R.J. Nelmes, P.A. Thomas: A high-pressure structural study of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) up to 5 GPa, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 4, 2747–2760 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. P.A. Thomas, R. Duhlev, S.J. Teat: A comparative structural study of a flux-grown crystal of K_0.86Rb_0.14TiOPO_4 and an ion-excganged crystal of K_0.84Rb_0.16TiOPO_4, Acta Cryst. B 50, 538–543 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Furusawa, H. Hayasi, Y. Ishibashi, A. Miyamoto, T. Sasaki: Ionic conductivity of quasi-one-dimensional superionic conductor KTiOPO_4 (KTP) single crystal, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 183–195 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. J.D. Bierlein, C.B. Arweiler: Electro-optic and dielectric properties of KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 917–919 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. B. Mohamadou, G.E. Kugel, F. Brehat, B. Wyncke, G. Marnier, P. Simon: High-temperature vibrational spectra, relaxation and ionic conductivity effects in KTiOPO_4, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 3, 9489–9501 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Q. Jiang, A. Lovejoy, P.A. Thomas, K.B. Hutton, R.C.C. Ward: Ferroelectricity, conductivity, domain structure and poling conditions of rubidium titanyl phosphate, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 33, 2831–2836 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. P. Urenski, N. Gorbatov, G. Rosenman: Dielectric relaxation in flux grown KTiOPO_4 and isomorphic crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 1850–1855 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. J.C. Jacco, G.M. Loiacono, M. Jaso, G. Mizell, B. Greenberg: Flux growth and properties of KTiOPO_4, J. Cryst. Growth 70, 484–488 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. R.J. Bolt, P. Bennema: Potassium titanyl phosphate KTiOPO_4 (KTP): Relation between crystal structure and morphology, J. Cryst. Growth 102, 329–340 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. L.K. Cheng, J.D. Bierlein, A.A. Ballman: Crystal growth of KTiOPO_4 isomorphs from tungstate and molybdate fluxes, J. Cryst. Growth 110, 697–703 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. X. Wang, X. Yuan, W. Li, J. Qi, S. Wang, D. Shen: Flux growth of large potassium titanyl phophate crystals and their electro-optical applications, J. Cryst. Growth 237–239, 672–676 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. G.M. Loiacono, T.F. McGee, G. Kostecky: Solubility and crystal growth of KTiOPO_4 in polyphosphate solvents, J. Cryst. Growth 104, 389–391 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. J.D. Bierlein, T.E. Gier: Crystals of (K,Rb,Tl,NH_4)TiO(P,As)O_4 and their use in electrooptic devices, US Patent 3949323 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  48. T.E. Gier: Hydrithermal process for growing a single crystal with an aqueous mineralizer, US Patent 4305778 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  49. R.A. Laudise, R.J. Cava, A.J. Caporaso: Phase relations, solubility and growth of potassium titanyl phosphate, KTP, J. Cryst. Growth 74, 275–280 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. R.F. Belt, G. Gashurov, R.A. Laudise: Low temperature hydrothermal growth of KTiOPO_4 (KTP), Proc. SPIE 968, 100–106 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. R.A. Laudise, W.A. Sunder, R.F. Belt, G. Gashurov: Solubility and P-V-T relations and the growth of potassium titanyl phosphate, J. Cryst. Growth 102, 427–433 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. A. Ferretti, T.E. Gier: Hydrothermal process for growing optical-quality crystals, US Patent 5066356 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  53. S.Q. Jia, P.Z. Jiang, H.D. Niu, D.Z. Li, X.H. Fan: The solubility of KTiOPO_4 (KTP) in KF aqueous solution under high temperature and high pressure, J. Cryst. Growth 79, 970–973 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. S.Q. Jia, H.D. Niu, J.G. Tan, Y.P. Xu, Y. Tao: Hydrothermal growth of KTP crystals in the medium range of temperature and pressure, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 900–904 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. L.K. Cheng: Hydrothermal aqueous mineralizer for growing optical-quality single crystals, US Patent 5500145 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  56. C. Zhang, L. Huang, W. Zhou, G. Zhang, H. Hou, Q. Ruan, W. Lei, S. Qin, F. Lu, Y. Zuo, H. Shen, G. Wang: Growth of KTP crystals with high damage threshold by hydrothermal method, J. Cryst. Growth 292, 364–367 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. A.A. Ballman, H. Brown, D.H. Olson, C.E. Rice: Growth of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) from molten tungsten melts, J. Cryst. Growth 75, 390–394 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. K. Iliev, P. Peshev, V. Nikolov, I. Koseva: Physicochemical properties of high-temperature solutions of the K_2O-P_2O_5-TiO_2-WO_3 system, suitable for the growth of KTiOPO_4 (KTP) single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 100, 225–232 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. C.G. Chao, Z.Q. Qiang, T.G. Kui, S.W. Bao, T.H. Gao: Top seeded growth of KTiOPO_4 from molten tungsten solution, J. Cryst. Growth 112, 294–297 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Yokotani, A. Miyamoto, T. Sasaki, S. Nakai: Observation of optical inhomogeneities in flux grown KTP crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 110, 963–967 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. D.P. Shumov, M.P. Tarassov, V.S. Nikolov: Investigation of optical inhomogeneities in KTiOPO_4 (KTP) single crystals grown from high-temperature tungsten-containing solutions, J. Cryst. Growth 129, 635–639 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. D. Bravo, X. Ruiz, F. Díaz, F.J. López: EPR of tungsten impurities in KTiOPO_4 single crystals grown from molten tungstate solutions, Phys. Rev. B 52, 3159–3169 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. J.H. Kim, J.K. Kang, S.J. Chung: Effects of seed orientation on the top-seeded solution growth of KTiOPO_4 single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 147, 343–349 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. F.J. Kumar, S.G. Moorthy, C. Subramanian, G. Bocelli: Growth and characterization of KTiOPO_4 single crystals, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 49, 31–35 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. G. Marnier: Process for the flux synthesis of crystals of the KTiOPO_4 potassium titanyl monophosphate type, US Patent 4746396 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Y. Guillien, B. Ménart, J.P. Fève, P. Segonds, J. Douady, B. Boulanger, O. Pacaud: Crystal growth and refined Sellmeier equations over the complete transparency range of RbTiOPO_4, Opt. Mater. 22, 155–162 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. G.M. Loiacono, D.N. Loiacono, T. McGee, M. Babb: Laser damage formation in KTiOPO_4 and KTiOAsO_4 crystals: Grey tracks, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 2705–2712 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. T.E. Gier: Method for flux growth of KTiOPO_4 and its analogues, US Patent 4231838 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  69. D. Shen, C. Huang: A new nonlinear optical crystal KTP, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. 11, 269–274 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. K. Iliev, P. Peshev, V. Nikolov, I. Koseva: Physicochemical properties of high-temperature solutions of the K_2O-P_2O_5-TiO_2 system suitable for the growth of KTiOPO_4 (KTP) single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 100, 219–224 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. P.F. Bordui, J.C. Jacco: Viscosity and density of solutions used in high-temperature growth of KTiOPO_4 (KTP), J. Cryst. Growth 82, 351–355 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. N. Angert, M. Tseitlin, E. Yashchin, M. Roth: Ferroelectric phase transition temperatures of KTiOPO_4 crystals grown from self-fluxes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1941–1943 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Y.S. Oseledchik, S.P. Belokrys, V.V. Osadchuk, A.L. Prosvirin, A.F. Selevich, V.V. Starshenko, K.V. Kuzemchenko: Growth of RbTiOPO_4 single crystals from phosphate systems, J. Cryst. Growth 125, 639–643 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. C.V. Kannan, S. Ganesa Murthy, V. Kannan, C. Subramanian, P. Ramasamy: TSSG of RbTiOPO_4 single crystals from phosphate flux and their characterization, J. Cryst. Growth 245, 289–296 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. L.I. Isaenko, A.A. Merkulov, V.I. Tyurikov, V.V. Atuchin, L.V. Sokolov, E.M. Trukhanov: Growth and real structure of KTiOAsO_4 crystals from self-fluxes, J. Cryst. Growth 171, 146–153 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. M. Roth, N. Angert, M. Tseitlin, G. Schwarzman, A. Zharov: Ferroelectric phase transition temperatures of self-flux-grown RbTiOPO_4 crystals, Opt. Mater. 26, 465–470 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. M.E. Hagerman, K.R. Poeppelmeier: Review of the structure and processing-defect-property relationships of potassium titanyl phosphate: A strategy for novel thin-film photonic devices, Chem. Mater. 7, 602–621 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. M.N. Satyanarayan, A. Deepthy, H.L. Bhat: Potassium titanyl phosphate and its isomorphs: growth, properties and applications, Crit. Rev. Solid State 24, 103–189 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. J. Wang, J. Wei, Y. Liu, X. Yin, X. Hu, Z. Shao, M. Jiang: A survey of research on KTP and its analogue crystals, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. 40, 3–15 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. P.F. Bordui, J.C. Jacco, G.M. Loiacono, R.A. Stolzenberger, J.J. Zola: Growth of large single crystals of KTiOPO_4 (KTP) from high-temperature solution using heat pipe based furnace system, J. Cryst. Growth 84, 403–408 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. R.J. Bolt, M.H. van der Mooren, H. de Haas: Growth of KTiOPO_4 (KTP) single crystals by means of phosphate and phosphate/sulfate fluxes out of a three-zone furnace, J. Cryst. Growth 114, 141–152 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. T. Sasaki, A. Miyamoto, A. Yokotani, S. Nakai: Growth and optical characterization of large potassium titanyl phosphate crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 128, 950–955 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. N. Angert, L. Kaplun, M. Tseitlin, E. Yashchin, M. Roth: Growth and domain structure of potassium titanyl phosphate crystals pulled from high-temperature solutions, J. Cryst. Growth 137, 116–122 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. B. Vartak, J.J. Derby: On stable algorithms and accurate solutions for convection-dominated mass transfer in crystal growth modeling, J. Cryst. Growth 230, 202–209 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. P.F. Bordui, S. Motakef: Hydrodynamic control of solution inclusion during crystal growth of KTiOPO_4 (KTP) from high-temperature solution, J. Cryst. Growth 96, 405–412 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. B. Vartak, Y. Kwon, A. Yeckel, J.J. Derby: An analysis of flow and mass transfer during the solution growth of potassium titanyl phosphate, J. Cryst. Growth 210, 704–718 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. B. Vartak, A. Yeckel, J.J. Derby: On the validity of boundary layer analysis for flow and mass transfer caused by rotation during the solution growth of large single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 283, 479–489 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. E.G. Tsvetkov, V.N. Semenenko, G.G. Khranenko, V.I. Tyurikov: Growth peculiarities and polar structures formation in potassium titanyl phosphate crystals, J. Surf. Invest. X-Ray Synchrotron Neutron Tech. 5, 65–70 (2002), in Russian

    Google Scholar 

  89. M. Roth, N. Angert, M. Tseitlin, A. Alexandrovski: On the optical quality of KTP crystals for nonlinear optical and electro-optic applications, Opt. Mater. 16, 131–136 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. P.A. Morris, A. Ferretti, J.D. Bierlein, G.M. Loiacono: Reduction of the ionic conductivity of flux grown KTiOPO_4 crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 109, 367–375 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. M.G. Roelofs: Identification of Ti3+ in potassium titanyl phosphate and its possible role in laser damage, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 4976–4982 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. V.D. Kugel, G. Rosenman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, M. Roth: Domain inversion in KTiOPQ_4 crystal near the Curie point, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 4823–4826 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. M.E. Hagerman, V.L. Kozhevnikov, K.R. Poeppelmeier: High-temperature decomposition of KTiOPO_4, Chem. Mater. 5, 1211–1215 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. D.K.T. Chu, H. Hsiung: Ferroelectric phase transition study in KTiOPO_4 – An optical 2nd harmonic generation study, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 1766–1768 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. K. Zhang, X. Wang: Structure sensitive properties of KTP-type crystals, Chin. Sci. Bull. 46, 2028–2036 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. T.F. McGee, G.M. Blom, G. Kostecky: Growth and characterization of doped KTP crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 109, 361–366 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. D.K.T. Chu, H. Hsiung, L.K. Cheng, J.D. Bierlein: Curie temperatures and dielectric-properties of doped and undoped KTiOPO_4 and isomorphs, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Fraq. Control 40, 819–824 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. R.V. Pisarev, R. Farhi, P. Moch, V.I. Voronkova: Temperature-dependence of Raman-scattering and soft modes in TlTiOPO_4, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2, 1555–1568 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. G.M. Loiacono, R.A. Stolzenberger, D.N. Loiacono: Modified KTiOPO_4 crystals for noncritical phase matching applications, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 16–18 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. P.F. Bordui, R.G. Norwood, M.M. Fejer: Curie-temperature measurements on KTiOPO_4 single-crystals grown by flux and hydrothermal techniques, Ferroelectrics 115, 7–12 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. V.K. Yanovskii, V.I. Voronkova, A.P. Leonov, S.Y. Stefanovich: Ferroelectric properties of KTiOPO_4 type crystals, Sov. Phys. Solid State 27, 1506–1516 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  102. B.C. Choi, J.B. Kim, B.M. Jin, S.I. Yun, J.N. Kim: Dielectric properties of flux-grown KTiOPO_4 single crystals, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 25, 327–331 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Y.V. Shaldin, R. Poprawski: Spontaneous birefringence and pyroelectricity in KTiOPO_4 crystals, Ferroelectrics 106, 399–404 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. A. Miyamoto, Y. Mori, Y. Okada, T. Sasaki, S. Nakai: Refractive index and lattice constant variation in flux grown KTP crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 156, 303–306 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. M.N. Satyanarayan, H.L. Bhat: Influence of growth below and above TC on the morphology and domain structure in flux-grown KTP crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 181, 281–289 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. M. Roth, N. Angert, M. Tseitlin: Growth-dependent properties of KTP crystals and PPKTP structures, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 12, 429–436 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. N. Angert, M. Tseitlin, L. Kaplun, E. Yashchin, M. Roth: Ferroelectric domain reversal in KTP crystals by high-temperature treatment, Ferroelectrics 157, 117–122 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. M.J. Martín, D. Bravo, R. Solé, F. Díaz, F.J. López, C. Zaldo: Thermal reduction of KTiOPO_4 crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 7510–7518 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. P.A. Morris: Impurities in nonlinear optical oxide crystals, J. Cryst. Growth 106, 76–88 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. M. Roth, N. Angert, L. Weizman, A. Gachechiladze, M. Shachman, D. Remennikov, M. Tseitlin, A. Zharov: Development of KTP crystals for laser applications, Ann. Isr. Phys. Soc. 14, 89–92 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  111. L.T. Cheng, L.K. Cheng, R.L. Harlow, J.D. Bierlein: Blue light generation using bulk single crystals of niobium-doped KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 155–157 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. V.I. Chani, K. Shimamura, S. Endo, T. Fukuda: Growth of mixed crystals of the KTiOPO_4 (KTP) family, J. Cryst. Growth 171, 472–476 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. K.T. Stevens, L.E. Halliburton, M. Roth, N. Angert, M. Tseitlin: Identification of Pb-related Ti3+ center in flux-grown KTiOPO_4, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 6239–6244 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. E. Lebiush, R. Lavi, Y. Tsuk, N. Angert, A. Gachechiladze, M. Tseitlin, A. Zharov, M. Roth: RTP as a Q-switch for high repetition rate applications, Proc. Adv. Solid State Lasers, TOPS 34, 63–65 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Y. Stefanovich, L.A. Ivanova, A.V. Astafyev: Ionic and Superionic Conductivity in Ferroelectrics (Nitekhim, Moscow 1989) p. 37, in Russian

    Google Scholar 

  116. F.C. Zumsteg, J.D. Bierlein, T.E. Gier: K_xRb_1-xTiOPO_4: A new nonlinear optical material, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 4980–4985 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. W.P. Risk, G.M. Loiacono: Periodic poling and wavegude frequency doubling in RbTiOAsO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 311–313 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. M. Roth, M. Tseitlin, N. Angert: Composition-dependent electro-optic and nonlinear optical properties of KTP-family crystals, Opt. Mater. 28, 71–76 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. Y. Jiang, L.E. Halliburton, M. Roth, M. Tseitlin, N. Angert: Hyperfine structure associated with the dominant radiation-induced trapped hole center in RbTiOPO_4 crystals, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 242, 2489–2496 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. J.D. Bierlein, F. Ahmed: Observation and poling of ferroelectric domains in KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 1328–1330 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. G.M. Loiacono, R.A. Stolzenberger: Observation of complex domain walls in KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 1498–1500 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. L.P. Shi, J. Chrosch, J.Y. Wang, Y.G. Liu: Twinning in KTiOPO_4 crystals, Cryst. Res. Technol. 27, K76–K78 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. F. Laurell, M.G. Roelofs, W. Bindloss, H. Hsiung, A. Suna, J.D. Bierlein: Detection of ferroelectric domain reversal in KTiOPO_4 wave-guides, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 4664–4670 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. R.J. Bolt, W.J.P. Enckevort: Observation of growth steps and growth hillocks on the {100}, {210}, {011} and {101} faces of flux-grown KTiOPO_4 (KTP), J. Cryst. Growth 119, 329–338 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. A.A. Chernov: Stability of faceted shapes, J. Cryst. Growth 24/25, 11–31 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. N.R. Ivanov, N.A. Tikhomirova, A.V. Ginzberg, S.P. Chumakova, E.I. Eknadiosyants, V.Z. Borodin, A.N. Pinskaya, V.A. Babanskikh, V.A. Dʼyakov: Domain structure of KTiOPO_4 crystals, Crystallogr. Rep. 39, 593–599 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. W.P. Risk, R.N. Payne, W. Lenth, C. Harder, H. Meier: Noncritically phase-matched frequency doubling using 994 nm dye and diode laser radiation in KTiOPO_4, J. Appl. Phys. 55, 1179–1181 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  128. W.P. Risk, W.J. Kozlovsky: Efficient generation of blue-light by doubly resonant sum-frequency mixing in a monolithic KTP resonator, Opt. Lett. 17, 707–709 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. L.T. Cheng, L.K. Cheng, R.L. Harlow, J.D. Bierlein: Blue light generation using bulk single crystals of niobium-doped KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 155–157 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. H. Mabuchi, E.S. Polzik, H.J. Kimble: Blue-light-induced infrared-absorption in KNbO_3, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 2023–2029 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. J.A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, P.S. Pershan: Interaction between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric, Phys. Rev. 127, 1918–1939 (1962)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. J.D. Bierlein, D.B. Laubacher, J.B. Brown: Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO_4 waveguides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1725–1727 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. C.J. van der Poel, J.D. Bierlein, J.B. Brown: Efficient type I blue second harmonic generation in periodically segmented KTiOPO_4 waveguides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2074–2076 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. M.G. Roelofs, P.A. Morris, J.D. Bierlein: Ion exchange of Rb, Ba, and Sr in KTiOPO_4, J. Appl. Phys. 70, 720–728 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. M.C. Gupta, W.P. Risk, A.C.G. Nutt, S.D. Lau: Domain inversion in KTiOP0_4 using electron beam scanning, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1167–1169 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. G. Rosenman, P. Urenski, A. Agronin, A. Arie, Y. Rosenwaks: Nanodomain engineering in RbTiOPO_4 ferroelectric crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3934–3936 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, K. Watanabe: First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbO_3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second harmonic generation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 435–437 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. L.E. Myers, R.C. Eckardt, M.M. Fejer, R.L. Byer, W.R. Bosenberg, J.W. Pierce: Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO_3, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 2102–2116 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. Q. Chen, W.P. Risk: Periodic poling of KTiOPO_4 using an applied electric field, Electron. Lett. 30, 1516–1517 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. G.D. Boyd, D.A. Kleinman: Parametric interaction of focused Gaussian light beams, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 3597–3639 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. M.M. Fejer, G.A. Magel, D.H. Jundt, R.L. Byer: Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation: tuning and tolerances, J. Quantum Electron. QE-28, 2631–2654 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. A. Arie, G. Rosenman, V. Mahal, A. Skliar, M. Oron, M. Katz, D. Eger: Green and ultraviolet quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation in bulk periodically-poled KTiOPO_4, Opt. Commun. 142, 265–268 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. M. Peltz, U. Bäder, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallerstein, J. Hellström, H. Karlsson, V. Pasiskevicius, F. Laurell: Optical parametric oscillators for high pulse energy and high average power operation based on large aperture periodically poled KTP and RTA, Appl. Phys. B 73, 663–670 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. G. Rosenman, K. Garb, A. Skliar, D. Eger, M. Oron, M. Katz: Domain broadening in quasi-phase-matched nonlinear optical devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 865–867 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. H. Karlsson, F. Laurell: Electric field poling of flux grown KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 3474–3476 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. M. Pierrou, F. Laurell, H. Karlsson, T. Kellner, C. Czeranowsky, G. Huber: Generation of 740 mW of blue light by intracavity frequency doubling with a first-order quasi-phase-matched KTiOPO_4 crystal, Opt. Lett. 24, 205–207 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. G. Rosenman, A. Skliar, D. Eger, M. Oron, M. Katz: Low temperature periodic poling of flux-grown KTiOPO_4 and isomorphic crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3650–3652 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. A. Garashi, A. Arie, A. Skliar, G. Rosenman: Continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled KTiOPO_4, Opt. Lett. 23, 1739–1741 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. C. Canalias, J. Hirohashi, V. Pasiskevicius, F. Laurell: Polarization-switching characteristics of flux-grown KTiOPO_4 and RbTiOPO_4 at room temperature, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 124105 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. P. Urenski, M. Lesnykh, Y. Rosenwaks, G. Rosenman: Anisotropic domain structure of KTiOPO_4 crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 1950–1954 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. P. Urenski, M. Molotski, G. Rosenman: Bulk ferroelectric domain nucleation in KTiOPO_4 crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2964–2966 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  152. C. Canalias, S. Wang, V. Pasiskevicius, F. Laurell: Nucleation and growth of periodic domains during electric field poling in flux-grown KTiOPO_4 observed by atomic force microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 032905 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. J. Zhang, J. Wang, B. Ge, Y. Liu, X. Hu, G. Zhao, S. Zhu, R.I. Boughton: Growth, conductivity and periodic poled structure of doped KTiOPO_4 and its analogue crystals, Opt. Mater. 28, 355–359 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  154. G. Rosenman, P. Urenski, A. Arie, M. Roth, N. Angert, A. Skliar, M. Tseitlin: Polarization reversal and domain grating in flux-grown KTiOPO_4 crystals with variable potassium stoichiometry, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3798–3800 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  155. Q. Jiang, P.A. Thomas, D. Walker, K.B. Hutton, R.C.C. Ward, P. Pernot, J. Baruchel: High potassium KTiOPO_4 crystals for the fabrication of quasi-phase matched devices, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, 1236–1241 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  156. G. Rosenman, A. Skliar, Y. Findling, P. Urenski, A. Englander, P.A. Thomas, Z.W. Hu: Periodically poled KTiOAsO_4 crystals for optical parametric oscillation, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32, L49–L52 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. P. Pernot-Rejmánková, P.A. Thomas, P. Cloenets, F. Lorut, J. Baruchel, Z.W. Hu, P. Urenski, G. Rosenman: Periodically poled KTA crystal investigated using coherent X-ray beams, J. Appl. Cryst. 33, 1149–1153 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. H. Karlsson, F. Laurell, L.K. Cheng: Periodic poling of RbTiOPO_4 for quasi-phase matched blue light generation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1519–1521 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  159. A. Fragemann, V. Pasiskevicius, J. Nordborg, J. Hellström, H. Karlsson, F. Laurell: Frequency converters from visible to mid-infrared with periodically poled RbTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3090–3092 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  160. H. Karlsson, F. Laurell, P. Hendriksson, G. Arvidsson: Frequency doubling in periodically poled RbTiOAsO_4, Electron. Lett. 32, 556–557 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. H. Karlsson, M. Olson, G. Arvidsson, F. Laurell, U. Bäder, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, S. Wikström, M. Gustafsson: Nanosecond optical parametric oscillator based on large-aperture periodically poled RbTiOAsO_4, Opt. Lett. 24, 330–332 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. G.T. Kennedy, D.T. Reid, A. Miller, A. Ebrahimzadeh, H. Karlsson, G. Arvidsson, F. Laurell: Near- to mid-infrared picosecond optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled RbTiOAsO_4, Opt. Lett. 23, 503–505 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. P. Loza-Alvarez, D.T. Reid, M. Ebrahimzadeh, W. Sibbett, H. Karlsson, P. Hendriksson, G. Arvidsson, F. Laurell: Periodically poled RbTiOAsO_4 femtosecond optical parametric oscillator tunable from 1.38 to 1.58 μ m, Appl. Phys. B 68, 177–180 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. W. Chen, G. Mouret, D. Boucher, F.K. Tittel: Mid-infrared trace gas detection using continuous-wave difference frequency generation in periodically poled RbTiOAsO_4, Appl. Phys. B 72, 873–876 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  165. I. Yutsis, B. Kirshner, A. Arie: Temperature-dependent dispersion relations for RbTiOPO_4 and RbTiOAsO_4, Appl. Phys. B 79, 77–81 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. S. Moscovich, A. Arie, R. Urenski, A. Agronin, G. Rosenman, Y. Rosenwaks: Noncollinear second-harmonic generation in sub-micrometer-poled RbTiOPO_4, Opt. Exp. 12, 2242 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. C. Canalias, V. Pasiskevicius, R. Clemens, F. Laurell: Submicrion periodically poled flux-grown KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4233–4235 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. D. Feng, N. Ming, J. Hong, Y. Yang, J. Zhu, Z. Yang, Y. Wang: Enhancement of send-harmonic generation in LiNbO_3 crystals with periodic laminar ferroelectric domains, Appl. Phys. Lett. 37, 607–609 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. V. Bermudez, E. Callejo, E. Dieguez: Effect of temperature annealing on periodically poled rare-earth doped lithium niobate crystal, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 5, 55–59 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. C.E.M. de Oliveira, G. Orr, N. Axelrod, A.J. Agranat: Controlled composition modulation in potassium lithium tantalate niobate crystals grown by off-centered TSSG method, J. Cryst. Growth 273, 203–206 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. J.A. Burton, R.C. Prim, W.P. Slichter: The distribution of solute in crystals grown from the melt. Part I. Theoretical, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1987–1991 (1953)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. D. Elwell, H.J. Scheel: Crystal Growth from High-temperature Solutions (Academic, New York 1975) p. 294

    Google Scholar 

  173. F.J. Kumar, D. Jayaraman, C. Subramanian, P. Ramasamy: Nucleation kinetic study of KTiOPO_4 crystallizing from high temperature solution, J. Cryst. Growth 137, 535–537 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  174. A.V. Smith: SNLO nonlinear optics code, available from: www.sandia.gov/imrl/x1118/xxtab.htm

  175. J.C. Jacco, D.R. Rockafello, E.A. Teppo: Bulk-darkening threshold of flux-grown KTiOPO_4, Opt. Lett. 16, 1307–1309 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. R. Blachman, P.F. Bordui, M.M. Fejer: Laser-induced photochromic damage in potassium titanyl phosphate, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1318–1320 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. B. Boulanger, M.M. Fejer, R. Blachman, P.F. Bordui: Study of KTiOPO_4 gray-tracking at 1064, 532 and 355 nm, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 2401–2403 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  178. M.P. Scripsick, D.N. Loiacono, J. Rottenberg, S.H. Goellner, L.E. Halliburton, F.K. Hopkins: Defects responsible for gray tracks in flux-grown KTiOPO_4, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3428–3430 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  179. J.P. Feve, B. Boulanger, G. Marnier, H. Albrecht: Repetition rate dependence of gray-tracking in KTiOPO_4 during second-harmonic generation at 532 nm, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 1–3 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. W.R. Bosenberg, D.R. Guyer: Single-frequency optical parametric oscillator, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 387–389 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. A. Deepthy, M.N. Saryanarayan, K.S.R.K. Rao, H.L. Bhat: Photoluminescence studies on gray tracked KTiOPO_4 single crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 8332–8336 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  182. B.V. Andreev, V.A. Maslov, A.A. Mikhailov, S.K. Pak, O.P. Shaunin, I.A. Sherbakov: Exprtimental study of the laser-induced absorption effect and the nature of color centers in potassium titanyl phosphate crystals, Proc. SPIE 1839, 280–289 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. M.P. Scripsick, G.J. Edwards, L.E. Halliburton, R.F. Belt, G.M. Loiacono: Effect of crystal growth on Ti3+ centers in KTiOPO_4, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 773–776 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. S.D. Setzler, K.T. Stevens, N.C. Fernelius, M.P. Scripsick, G.J. Edwards, L.E. Halliburton: Electron paramagnetic resonance and electron-nuclear double-resonance study of Ti3+ centres in KTiOPO_4, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 15, 3969–3984 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  185. P.A. Morris, M.K. Crawford, M.G. Roelofs, J.D. Bierlein, P.K. Gallagher, G. Gashurov, G. Loiacano: Proton effects in KTiPO_5, MRS Proc. Opt. Fiber Mater. Process. 172, 283–289 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  186. R.G. Batchko, G.D. Miller, A. Alexandrovski, M.M. Fejer, R.L. Byer: Limitations of High-Power Visible Wavelength Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Devices due to Green-Induced Infrared Absorption and Thermal Lensing, OSA Technical Digest, Vol. 6 (OSA, Washington 1998) pp. 75–76

    Google Scholar 

  187. Y. Jiang, L.E. Halliburton, M. Roth, M. Tseitlin, N. Angert: EPR and ENDOR study of an oxygen-vacancy-associated Ti3+ center in RbTiOPO_4 crystals, Physica B 400, 190–197 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  188. J.J. Carvajal, R. Solé, J. Gavaldà, J. Massons, P. Segonds, B. Boulanger, A. Brenier, G. Boulon, J. Zaccaro, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz: Spectroscopic and second harmonic generation properties of a new crystal: Yb-doped RbTiOPO_4, Opt. Mater. 26, 313–317 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Bergman Bld., Rm 206, Givat Ram Campus, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel

    Michael Roth

Authors
  1. Michael Roth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Roth .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Renewable Energy Company, 18 Celina Avenue, 03063, Nashua, NH, USA

    Govindhan Dhanaraj Dr.

  2. Department of Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, 570 006, Mysore, India

    Kullaiah Byrappa Ph.D.

  3. University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 76203-5017, Denton, TX, USA

    Vishwanath Prasad Dr.

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, 11794-2275, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Michael Dudley Dr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roth, M. (2010). Stoichiometry and Domain Structure of KTP-Type Nonlinear Optical Crystals. In: Dhanaraj, G., Byrappa, K., Prasad, V., Dudley, M. (eds) Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation