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TNF-Alpha Blocking Agents

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Intraocular Inflammation

Abstract

TNF-alpha is a potent, pro-inflammatory cytokine that is synthesized by T helper cells and by activated monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and endothelial cells. TNF-alpha acts on two receptors, present on many types of cells: type 1 TNF receptor (also known as p55) which is expressed on all nucleated cells and type 2 TNF receptor (also known as p75), present on lymphocytes, endothelial cells and neurons. TNF-alpha activates other cytokines, upregulates adhesion molecules, induces nitric oxide synthase and increases cell-mediated immunity and granuloma formation. Furthermore, it activates neutrophils and renders them more adherent to vascular endothelium and more sensitive for IL-1 and IL-6.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Servizio di Immunovirologia Oculare, Dipartimento Testa-Collo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00167, Italy

    Massimo Accorinti MD, PhD

  2. Centre of Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Schleichstr. 12, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany

    Manfred Zierhut MD, PhD

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  1. Massimo Accorinti MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Massimo Accorinti MD, PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

    Manfred Zierhut

  2. Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eyes Hospital, Department of Medical Retina, UCL, London, United Kingdom

    Carlos Pavesio

  3. School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Shigeaki Ohno

  4. University of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Fernando Orefice

  5. USC Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Narsing A. Rao

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Accorinti, M., Zierhut, M. (2016). TNF-Alpha Blocking Agents. In: Zierhut, M., Pavesio, C., Ohno, S., Orefice, F., Rao, N. (eds) Intraocular Inflammation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_21

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_21

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