Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mycotic infections and the liver

  • Chapter
Hepatology Textbook and Atlas

  • 3231 Accesses

Abstract

The clinical diagnosis of any mycosis requires proof of the pathogenic fungus and, as far as possible, additional differentiation by fungal culture. • Endogenous mycosis is a fungal infection caused by saprophytic fungi, i.e. normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, especially as secondary mycosis following other immunocompromising diseases. • Exogenous mycosis is caused by primary pathogenic fungi: it may be localized or generalized, and it may have a preference for certain tissues or systems. • Systemic mycosis shows widespread dissemination, predominantly affecting particular organs and tissues; it may originate from endogenous or exogenous mycosis. • Thus, a mycotic disease of the liver and biliary tract is always systemic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bartley, D.L., Hughes, W.T., Parvey, L.S., Parham, D.: Computed tomography of hepatic and splenic fungal abscesses in leukemic children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1982; 1: 317–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Berlow, M.E., Spirt, B.A., Weil, L.: CT follow-up of hepatic and splenic fungal microabscesses. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1984; 8: 42–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Castaldo, P., Stratta, R.J., Wood, R.P., Markin, R.S., Patil, K.D., Shaefer, M.S., Langnas, A.N., Reed, E.C., Li, S., Pillen, T.J., Shaw, B.W. jr.: Clinical spectrum of fungal infections after orthotopic liver transplantation. Arch. Surg. 1991; 126: 149–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Maxwell, A.J., Mamtora, H.: Fungal liver abscesses in acute leukaemia — a report of two cases. Clin. Radiol. 1988; 39: 197–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rolando, N., Harvey, F., Brahm, J., Philpott-Howard, J., Alexander, G., Casewell, M., Fagan, E., Williams, R.: Fungal infection: a common unrecognised complication of acute liver failure. J. Hepatol. 1991; 12: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rossetti, F., Brawner, D.L., Bowden, R., Meyer, W.G., Schoch, H.G., Fisher, L., Myerson, D., Hackman, R.C., Shulman, H.M., Sale, G.E., Meyers, J.D., McDonald, G.B.: Fungal liver infection in marrow transplant recipients: prevalence at autopsy, predisposing factors, and clinical features. Clin. Infect. dis. 1995; 20: 801–811

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Semelka, R.C., Kelekis, N.L., Sallah, S., Worawattanakul, S., Ascher, S.M.: Hepatosplenic fungal disease: diagnostic accuracy and spectrum of appearances on MR imaging. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1997; 169: 1311–1316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wade, J.J., Rolando, N., Hayllar, K., Philpott-Howard, J., Casewell, M.W., Williams, R.: Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: an analysis of 284 patients. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1328–1336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Candidosis

  1. Bondestam, S., Jansson, S.-E., Kivisaari, L., Elonen, E., Ruutu, T., Anttinen, I.: Liver and spleen candidiasis: imaging and verification by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Brit. Med. J. 1981; 282: 1514–1515

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carstensen, H., Nilsson, K.O., Nettleblad, S.-C., Cederlund, C.-G., Hildell, J.: Common bile duct obstruction due to an intraluminal mass of candidiasis in a previously healthy child. Pediatrics 1986; 77: 858–861

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Eiff, von, M., Essink, M., Roos, N., Hiddemann, W., Büchner, T., van de Loo, J.: Hepatosplenic candidiasis, a late manifestation of Candida septicaemia in neutropenic patients with haematologic malignancies. Blut 1990; 60: 242–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gordon, S.C., Watts, J.C., Veneri, R.J., Chandler, F.W.: Focal hepatic candidiasis with perihepatic adhesions: laparoscopic and immunhistologic diagnosis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 214–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Grünebaum, M., Ziv, N., Kaplinsky, C., Kornreich, L., Horev, G., Mor, C.: Liver candidiasis. The various sonographic patterns in the immunocompromised child. Pediatr. Radiol. 1991; 21: 497–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Haron, E., Feld, R., Tuffnell, F., Patterson, B., Hasselback, R., Matlow, A.: Hepatic candidiasis: an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. Amer. J. Med. 1987; 83: 17–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ho, B., Cooperberg, P.L., Li, D.K.B., Mack, L., Naiman, S.C., Grossman, L.: Ultrasonography and computer tomography of hepatic candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. J. Ultrasound Med. 1982; 1: 157–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Irani, M., Truong, L.D.: Candidiasis of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1986; 110: 1087–1090

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ito, M., Kato, T., Sano, K., Hotchi, M.: Disseminated Candida tropicalis infection following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. J. Infect. 1991; 23: 77–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Johnson, T.L., Barnett, J.L., Appelman, H.D., Nostrant, T.: Candida hepatitis. Histopathologic diagnosis. Amer. J. Surg. Pathol. 1988; 12: 716–720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nair, S., Kumar, K.S., Sachan, P., Corpuz, M.: Spontaneous fungal peritonitis (Candida glabrata) in a patient with cirrhosis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2001; 32: 362–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones, J.M.: Granulomatous hepatitis due to Candida albicans in patients with acute leukemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1981; 94: 475–477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lewis, J.H., Patel, H.R., Zimmerman, H.J.: The spectrum of hepatic candidiasis. Hepatology 1982; 2: 479–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Magnussen, C.R., Olson, J.P., Ona, F.V., Graziani, A.J.: Candida fungus balls in the common bile duct. Arch. Intern. Med. 1979; 139: 821–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Marcucci, R.A., Whitely, H., Armstrong, D.: Common bile duct obstruction secondary to infection with Candida. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1978; 7: 490–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Miller, J.H., Greenfield, L.D., Wald, B.R.: Candidiasis of the liver and spleen in childhood. Radiology 1982; 142: 375–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Müller, D., Kopka, L., Grabbe, E.: Imaging of hepatosplenic candidosis. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 1999; 170: 587–590

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pastakia, B., Shawker, T.H., Thaler, M., O’Leary, T., Pizzo, P.A.: Hepatosplenic Candidiasis: wheels within wheels. Radiology 1988; 166: 417–421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pines, E., Malbec, D., Lepennec, M.P., Hilpert, F., Boudon, P.: Candidose hépatique à Candida glabrata. Ann. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1994; 30: 208–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Schmidt, H., Fischedick, A.-R., Peters, P.E., Lengerke, H.-J.: Candida-Abszesse in Leber und Milz. Sonographische und computertomographische Morphologie. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1986; 111: 816–820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Shirkhoda, A.: CT findings in hepatosplenic and renal candidiasis. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1987; 11: 795–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tashjian, L.S., Abramson, J.S., Peacock, J.E.Jr.: Focal hepatic candidiasis: a distinct clinical variant of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1984; 6: 689–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Thaler, M., Pastakia, B., Shawker, T.H., O’Leary, T., Pizzo, P.A.: Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: the involving picture of the syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988; 108: 88–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Triger, D.R., Goepel, J.R., Slater, D.N.: Systemic candidiasis complicating acute hepatic failure in patients treated with cimetidine. Lancet 1981/II: 837–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

Aspergillosis

  1. Green, M., Wald, E.R., Tzakis, A., Todo, S., Starzl, T.E.: Aspergillosis of the CNS in a pediatric liver transplant recipient: case report and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991; 13: 653–657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lie, T.S., Höfer, M., Höhnke, C., Krizek, L., Kühnen, E., Iwantscheff, A., Köster, O., Overlack, A., Vogel, J., Rommelsheim, K.: Aspergillose nach Lebertransplantation als Hospitalismusinfektion. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1987; 112: 297–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ow, C., Maldjian, C., Shires, G.T., Markisz, J., Kazam, E.: CT, US and MR imaging of hepatic aspergilloma. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1991; 15: 852–854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. park, G.R., Drummond, G.B., Lamb, D., Durie, T.B.M., Milne, L.J.R., Lambie, A.T., Cameron, E.W.J.: Disseminated aspergillosis occurring in patients with respiratory, renal, and hepatic failure. Lancet 1982/I: 179–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Varkey, B.: Liver disease and aspergillosis. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1983; 249: 2020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Walsh, T.J., Hamilton, S.R.: Disseminated aspergillosis complicating hepatic failure. Arch. Intern. Med. 1983; 143: 1189–1191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blastomycosis

  1. Ryan, M.E., Kirchner, J.P., Sell, T., Swanson, M.: Cholangitis due to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 1346–1349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Witorsch, P., Utz, J.P.: North American blastomycosis: a study of 40 patients. Medicine 1968; 47: 169–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Trichosporosis

  1. Korinek, J.K., Guarda, L.A., Bolivar, R., Stroehlein, J.R.: Trichosporon hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1983; 85: 732–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rivera, R., Cangir, A.: Trichosporon sepsis and leukemia. Cancer 1975; 36: 1106–1110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cryptococcosis

  1. Bucuvalas, J.C., Bove, K.E., Kaufman, R.A., Gilchrist, M.J.R., Oldham, K.T., Balistreri, W.F.: Cholangitis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 1055–1059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cleophas, V., George, V., Mathew, M., Samal, S.C., Chandry, G.M.: Spontaneous fungal peritonitis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2000; 31: 77–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lefton, H.B., Farmer, R.G., Buchwald, R., Haselby, R.: Cryptococcal hepatitis mimicking primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1974; 67: 511–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lin, J.I., Kabir, M.A., Tseng, H.C., Hillman, N., Moezzi, J., Gopalswarmy, N.: Hepatobiliary dysfunction as the initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1999; 28: 273–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Procknow, J.J., Benfield, J.R., Rippon, J.W., Diener, C.R., Archer, F.L.: Cryptococcal hepatitis presenting as a surgical emergency. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1965; 191: 93–98

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sabesin, S.M., Fallon, H.J., Andriole, V.T.: Hepatic failure as a manifestation of cryptococcosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1963; 11: 661–669

    Google Scholar 

Coccidioidomycosis

  1. Bayer, A.S., Yoshikawa, T.T., Glabin, J.E., Guze, L.B.: Unusual syndromes of coccidioidomycosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. A report of 10 cases and a review of the English literature. Medicine 1976; 55: 131–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Coodley, E.L.: Disseminated coccidioidomycosis: diagnosis by liver biopsy. Gastroenterology 1967; 53: 947–952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dodd, L.G., Nelson, S.D.: Disseminated coccidioidomycosis detected by percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990; 93: 141–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Howard, P.F., Smith, J.W.: Diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis by liver biopsy. Arch. Intern. Med. 1983; 143: 1335–1338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ward, J.R., Hunter, R.C.: Disseminated coccidioidomycosis demonstrated by needle biopsy of the liver. Ann. Intern. Med. 1958; 48: 157–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zangerl, B., Edel, G., von Manitius, J., Schmidt-Wilcke, H.A.: Coccidioidomycosis causing granulomatous hepatitis. Med. Klinik 1998; 93: 170–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Histoplasmosis

  1. Jain, R., McLaren, B., Bejarano, P., Sherman, K.E.: Diagnostic problem in clinical hepatology. A 69-year-old man with cholestatic liver disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 1996; 16: 445–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lamps, L.W., Molina, C.P., West, A.B., Haggitt, R.C., Scott, M.A.: The pathologic spectrum of gastrointestinal and hepatic histoplasmosis. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 2000; 113: 64–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lanza, F.L., Nelson, R.S., Somayayi, B.N.: Acute granulomatous hepatitis due to histoplasmosis. Gastroenterology 1970; 58: 392–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Okudaira, M., Straub, M., Schwarz, J.: The etiology of discrete splenic und hepatic calcifications in an endemic area of histoplasmosis. Amer. J. Pathol. 1961; 39: 599–611

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Torulopsosis

  1. Friedman, E., Blahut, R.J., Bender, M.D.: Hepatic abscesses and fungemia from Torulopsis glabrata, Successful treatment with percutaneous drainage and amphotericin B. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1987; 9: 711–715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mucormycosis

  1. Borg, ter, F., Kuijper, E.J., van der Lelie, H.: Fatal mucormycosis presenting as an appendiceal mass with metastatic spread to the liver during chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1990; 22: 499–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Clark, R.M.: A case of mucormycosis of the duodenum, liver and cecum. Gastroenterology 1957; 33: 985–990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tsaousis, G., Koutsouri, A., Gatsiou, C., Paniara, O., Peppas, C., Chalevelakis, G.: Liver and brain mucormycosis in a diabetic patient type II successfully treated with liposomial amphotericin B. Scand. J. Inf. Dis. 2000; 32: 335–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Protothecosis

  1. Chan, J.C., Jeffers, L.J., Gould, E.W., Hutson, D., Martinez, O.V., Reddy, K.R., Hassan, F., Schiff, E.R.: Visceral protothecosis mimicking sclerosing cholangitis in an immunocompetent host: successful antifungal therapy. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1990; 12: 802–807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cox, G.E., Wilson, J.D., Brown, P.: Protothecosis: a case of disseminated algal infection. Lancet 1974/II: 379–382

    Google Scholar 

Coniothyrium

  1. Kiehn, T.E., Polsky, B., Punithalingam, E., Edwards, F.F., Brown, A.E., Armstrong, D.: Liver infection caused by Coniothyrium fuckelii in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 2410–2412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2008). Mycotic infections and the liver. In: Hepatology Textbook and Atlas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76839-5_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76839-5_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76838-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-76839-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation