Skip to main content

Computer-assisted Cartoon Animation by Traditional Production Pipeline

  • Chapter
The Algorithms and Principles of Non-photorealistic Graphics

Part of the book series: Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China ((ATSTC))

  • 1165 Accesses

Abstract

The production of 2D cartoon animation is in essence a process of drawing a series of pictures that are smooth and temporally-coherent, and the production pipeline is traditionally decomposed into three major phases:

  1. (1)

    The extreme frames, in which the emotion, motion or color of the cartoon characters are changed rapidly, are first drawn by experienced animators in terms of the storyboard.

  2. (2)

    The key frames are then further drawn by the assistant animators on the basis of commonsense and his personal understanding of the episodes in the story.

  3. (3)

    At last all the in between frames are created in detail by the painters/inbetweeners in terms of the key frames.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bezerra H, Feijo B, Velho L (2006) A computer-assisted colorization algorithm based on topological difference. In: Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing 71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdev L (1998) Rendering non-photorealistic strokes with temporal and arclength coherence. Master’s Thesis, Brown University

    Google Scholar 

  • Catmull E (1978) The problems of computer-assisted animation. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 348–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Q, Tian F, Seah H, Wu Z, Qiu J, Konstantin M (2006) DBSC-based animation enhanced with feature and motion. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 17(3-4): 189–198

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore F, Van Reeth F (2003) Mimicing 3D transformations of emotional stylised animation with minimal 2D input. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australia and South East Asia 21–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore F, Schaeken P, Elens K, Van Reeth F (2001) Automatic inbetweening in computer-assisted animation by exploiting 2.5D modelling techniques. Computer Animation 2001 192–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand CX (1991) The “TOON” project: requirement for a computerized 2D animation systemComputers and Graphics 1991 15(2): 285–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete JD, Bizouarn E, Cournarie É, Galas T, Taillefer F (1995). TicTacToon: a paperless system for professional 2D animation. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 79–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu SC, Lee IHH (1994) Drawing and animation using skeletal strokes. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 109–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Kort A (2002) Computer aided inbetweening. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering 125–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunii TL, Maeda T (1996) On the silhouette cartoon animation. Computer Animation 1996 110–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurlander D, Skelly T, Salesin D (1996) Comic chat. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 225–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasseter J (1987) Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 1987 21(4):35–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litwinowicz PC (1991) Inkwell:A 2D animation system. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 1991 25(4):113–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madeira JS, Stork A, Groβ MH (1996) An approach to computer-supported cartooning. The Visual Computer 12(1):1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Melikhov K, Tian F, Seah HS, Chen Q, Qiu J (2004) Frame skeleton based auto-inbetweening in computer-assisted cel animation. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Cyberworlds 216–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson J, Willis P (1995) Computer assisted animation: 2D or not 2D? The Computer Journal 1994 37(10):829–839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu J, Seah HS, Tian F, Chen Q, Melikhov K (2003) Computer-assisted auto coloring by region matching. In: Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications 175–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu J, Seah HS, Tian F, Wu Z, Chen Q (2005a) Feature and region based auto painting for 2D animation. The Visual Computer 2005 21(11):928–944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu J, Seah HS, Tian F, Chen Q, Wu Z (2005a) Enhanced auto coloring with hierarchical region matching. Computer Animation and Virtual World 16(3-4), 463–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qu Y, Wong T, Heng P (2006) Manga colorization.ACM Transactions on Graphics 25(3), 1214–1220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruttkay Z, Noot H (2000) Animated CharToon faces. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering 91–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Seah HS, Tian F (2000) Computer assisted coloring by matching line drawings. The Visual Computer 16:289–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seah HS, Wu Z, Tian F, Xiao X, Xie B (2005) Artistic brushstroke representation and animation with Disk B-Spline curve. In: ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE 2005) 88–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern G (1979) SoftCel an application of raster scan graphics to conventional cel animation. SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 13(2): 284–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sýkora D, Buriánek J, Žára J (2004) Unsupervised colorization of black-and-white cartoons. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering 121–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Thórisson KR (1996) ToonFace:a system for creating and animating interactive cartoon faces. Learning and Common Sense Section Technical Report 96–01

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Reeth F, Lamotte W, E Flerackers (1994), ExTwAnPaSy: an extensible two-dimensional Animation/Paint System Computer Animation 1994

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh T, Ashikhmin M, Mueller K (2002) Transferring color to greyscale images. ACM Transactions on Graphics 21(3):277–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou JJ, Yan H (2001) Cartoon image vectorization based on shape subdivision. Computer Graphics International 2001 225–231

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Geng, W. (2010). Computer-assisted Cartoon Animation by Traditional Production Pipeline. In: The Algorithms and Principles of Non-photorealistic Graphics. Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04891-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04891-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-04890-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-04891-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics