Abstract
There are three well-known and indisputable risk factors for development of prostate cancer, namely heredity, ethnic origin, and increasing age. Geographic variations in incidence rates are considerable and, therefore, it has been suggested that environmental factors may also play a role. Data from migration studies clearly show that men with the same genetic background raised in different environments present the risk of the disease associated with their country of residency. Prostate cancer is a good candidate for studies on primary prevention due to several specific features such as high prevalence, long latency, hormonal dependency, serum markers for monitoring (prostate specific antigen), and histological precursor lesions (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia). Nutritional factors that may influence the disease include total energy intake (as reflected by body mass index), dietary fat, cooked meat, micronutrients and vitamins (carotenoids, retinoids, vitamins C, D and E), fruit and vegetable intake, minerals (calcium, selenium), and phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids, flavonoids, lignans). Most studies reported to date are case–control analysis. The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT), however, is a population-based, prospective, randomized clinical trial to examine the effect of selenium and vitamin E alone or in combination on prostate cancer risk reduction. The trial was discontinued recently as there was no evidence of a benefit from either agent. Nevertheless, lifestyle changes could be recommended to men at risk for developing clinical prostate cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adlercreutz H, Markkanen H, Watanabe S (1993) Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 342:1209–1210
Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko E, Carpenter D, Borosso C, Falk S, Rounder J (1998) Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br J Urol 81:730–734
Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE (2009) Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and toal cancer in men: the physicians’ health study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 301:52–62
Giovannucci E (1999) Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:317–331
Hanchette CL, Schwartz GG (1992) Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation Cancer 70:2861–2869
Hebert JR, Hurley TG, Olendzki BC, Teas J, Ma Y, Hampl JS (1998) Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 1637–1647
Heidenreich A, Aus G, Bolla M, Joniau S, Matveev VB, Schmid H-P, Zattoni F (2008) EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Eur Urol 53:68–80
Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Maenpaa H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK (1998) Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:440–446
Kasper JS, Giovannucci E (2006) A meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:2056–2062
Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, McTiernan A, Gansler T, Andrews KS (2006) Thun MJ; American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. CA Cancer J Clin 56:254–281
Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr (2009) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 302:39–51
Lipsky K, Zigeuner R, Zischka M, Schips L, Pummer K, Rehak P, Hubmer G (2004) Selenium levels of patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer compared with control group. Urology 62:912–916
Lucia MS, Epstein JI, Goodman PJ, Darke AK, Reuter VE, Civantos F, Tangen CM, Parnes HL, Lippman SM, La Rosa FG, Kattan MW, Crawford ED, Fort LG, Coltman CA Jr, Thompson IM (2007) Finasteride and high-grade prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1375–1383
Meyer F, Bairati I, Shadmani R, Fradet Y, Moore L (1999) Dietary fat and prostate cancer survival. Cancer Causes Control 10:245–251
Peehl DM, Skowronski RJ, Leung GK, Wong ST, Stamey TA, Feldman D (1994) Antiproliferative effects of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on primary cultures of human prostatic cells. Cancer Res 54:805–810
Schmid H-P, McNeal JE, Stamey TA (1993) Clinical observations on the doubling time of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 23(suppl 2):60–63
Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Eichholzer M, Beiche B, Ebert T (2001) Nutrition and prostate cancer. Urol Int 67:1–11
Schmitz-Dräger B, Fiebrandt H-J, Lümmen G. Prävention und Ernährung. In: Wirth M, Weißbach L, Ackermann R, Alberti W, Albrecht C, Göckel-Beining B, Fröhner M, Hinkelbein W, Miller K, Rübben H, Wiegel T, Wolff J, Wörmann B (Hrsg.): Interdisziplinäre Leitlinie der Qualität S3 zur Früherkennung, Diagnose und Therapie der verschiedenen Stadien des Prostatakarzinoms. DGU, Düsseldorf, 2009, S. 19–22
Wuermli L, Joerger M, Henz S, Schmid H-P, Riesen WF, Thomas G, Krek W, Cerny T, Gillessen S (2005) Hypertriglyceridemia as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 8:316–320
Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E (1998) Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1219–1224
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmid, HP., Fischer, C., Engeler, D.S., Bendhack, M.L., Schmitz-Dräger, B.J. (2010). Nutritional Aspects of Primary Prostate Cancer Prevention. In: Senn, HJ., Otto, F. (eds) Clinical Cancer Prevention. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 188. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10858-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10858-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10856-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10858-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)