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Radioactive Particles Released into the Environment from Nuclear Events

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Actinide Nanoparticle Research

Abstract

A major fraction of refractory radionuclides, such as uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) that are released during severe nuclear events including nuclear weapon tests, reactor explosions or fires, and use of depleted uranium ammunition, is present as particles, often ranging from submicrons to fragments. Reprocessing facilities and civil reactors are also sources of radioactive particles and colloids via their authorized or accidental releases. Furthermore, radioactive particles are identified in sediments in the close vicinity of radioactive waste dumped at sea. Thus, whenever refractory radionuclides are released following severe nuclear events, radioactive particles should also be expected. Substantial amounts of refractory fission products, activation products and transuranics can be carried by radioactive particles that are heterogeneously distributed in the environment. In case of radioactive particle contamination, representative sampling is difficult, and complete digestion of inert particles is a challenge. Thus, the estimated inventories can be underestimated. When radioactive particles enter the environment, weathering processes occur and, subsequently, associated radionuclides are mobilized. Therefore, particle contaminated soils or sediments can act as diffuse sources for future ecosystem transfer. In cases where significant radioactive particle releases occur, environmental impact assessment should therefore include detailed studies dedicated to provide information on particle characteristics such as size distributions, crystallographic structures, oxidation states, these being variables influencing weathering, mobility, and biological uptake. The present paper provides a summary on sources reported to have contributed to radioactive particle contamination in the environment and the characteristics of observed particles.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by EU 5. and 6. FP (RAFF, ADVANCE), IAEA (CRP, “Characterization of radioactive particles”), The Norwegian Research Council, and The Norwegian Foreign Ministry. Furthermore, the authors are indebted to close collaborating scientists: V. Kashparov, UIAR (Chernobyl), P.R. Danesi, IAEA (Kosovo, Kuwait), M. García León, University of Seville (Palomares), P. Mitchell, Univ. Coll. Dublin/N. Priest, Univ. of Middlesex (Semipalatinsk), P. Dale, SEPA (Dounrey), (Sellafield), S. Lukashenko, Kazakhstan (Semipalatinsk), H. Dahlgaard, Risoe National Laboratory (Thule), Joint Russian- Norwegian Expert Group (Kara Sea, Mayak, Kola) and K. Janssens, Univ. of Antwerp (ESRF, HASYLAB).

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  1. Isotope Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway

    Brit Salbu & Ole Christian Lind

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  1. Dept. Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moskva, 119992, Russian Federation

    Stepan N. Kalmykov

  2. Inst. Nukleare Entsorgungstechnik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Melissa A. Denecke

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Salbu, B., Lind, O.C. (2011). Radioactive Particles Released into the Environment from Nuclear Events. In: Kalmykov, S., Denecke, M. (eds) Actinide Nanoparticle Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11432-8_12

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