Visual Law – The Law as Drama?

Boehme-Neßler, Volker

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11889-0_7

Volker Boehme-Neßler²

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1 Citations

Abstract

The stage-management of the law is desirable, if not necessary. At the same time it is ambiguous and highly problematic. There is always a risk of the law deteriorating into theatre which is devoid of content, fixated on entertainment and full of special effects. Is this a real danger? The example of politics can focus our attention. Stage-management and theatrification in politics are much further advanced and show us an example of the problems involved in visual performance-based communication.

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Notes

1.
Gerbner et al (2002), P. 192 ff.
2.
On the dominance of visual communication in television at length Altheide/Snow (2001), P. 29.
3.
Seminal on how television shapes world views, at least in frequent watchers Gerbner et al (2002), P. 202 ff. on a broad empirical basis.
4.
On the problems of researching effects of mass media Schenk (1997), P. 155 ff.
5.
Thus the simple but seminal recognition by McLuhan (1992), P. 17 f. Critical of this Türcke (2005), P. 141 f., but he probably misunderstands McLuhan.
6.
On this Dörner (2001), P. 47 ff. inter alia. Extremely critical on this Postman (1999), P. 108 ff.
7.
On the “all-pervasiveness of media entertainment” at length Dörner (2001), P. 40 ff., and Fritz/Klingler (2003), P. 12 ff. with copious empirical material.
8.
Luhmann (1996), P. 20 and Postman (1999), P. 99 f. Gerbner et al (2002), P. 195 ff. show, using a broad empirical basis, how television creates and encourages specific points of view and opinions among frequent watchers.
9.
Gerbner et al (2002), P. 203.
10.
A nice example of this is given by Gerbner et al (2002), P. 202 inter alia: frequent watchers in the USA think old people are a small, marginal group of the population. In the “real world” the group of over 65-year-olds is the fastest growing segment of society. Other striking examples are given by Gerbner et al (2002), P. 203 ff.
11.
Seminal Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 147 ff.
12.
Thomas (1998), P. 17 f., 516 ff. inter alia and pass. Critical and taking this approach further Schmidt (2000), P. 195 ff.
13.
Dörner (2001), P. 87; Meyer et al (2000), P. 71. Seminal and at length on this already Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 162 ff.
14.
Dörner (2001), P. 88 f. On the speed aspect of electronic media and their social consequences Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 226 ff.
15.
Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 233 ff. inter alia stresses, that the electronic media do potentially remove the link between social and physical locations.
16.
Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 176. That in turn has repercussions on the content of the electronic media: they become very homogenised. On this Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 336 f. That is – as Saxer (2007), P. 76 ff. stresses – reinforced by the balance which the media pursue. Media look for the “familiar in the foreign”. Content which is too surprising, too strange or disturbing is dropped, in order not to disappoint the expectations of the wider public.
17.
Meyer et al (2000), P. 71.
18.
Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 253 ff. inter alia. How these processes work in detail and what effects they have is shown by Meyrowitz (1990b), P. 43 ff., at length using the example of the mixing of female and male identifying features and role models.
19.
Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 289 ff. inter alia. At length on the role of television in the socialisation of children Meyrowitz (1990b), P. 103 ff. inter alia.
20.
Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 221, stresses correctly that every medium filters out some aspects of reality. Although the filters of different media are different and each time typical of the medium. At length on this Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 222 ff., who compares the filtering of written and electronic media.
21.
Bourdieu (1998), P. 25.
22.
Bourdieu (1998), P. 25.
23.
Luhmann (1996), P. 139; Dörner (2001), P. 91.
24.
Gerbner et al (2002), P. 203, describe television pointedly as a “significant source of general values, ideologies, and perspectives as well as specific assumptions, beliefs, and images”.
25.
At length and very critical on this Postman (1999), P. 100 ff.
26.
Meyer (2001), P. 46.
27.
Seminal on this Schulz (1976); Altheide/Snow (1979), P. 35 ff., who talk in this context of a “grammar of television”. Similarly also Meyer (2001), P. 46.
28.
Bourdieu (1998), P. 36.
29.
Meyer (2001), P. 47. Jarren (1998), P. 87. Saxer (2007), P. 73 even talks about “eventising”. Generally on the importance of events for the modern media images culture Perlmutter (2003), P. 11 ff.
30.
Luhmann (1996), P. 59 ff.; Meyer (2001), P. 47.
31.
At length on the reasons why conflicts are so attractive for the media, Hoffjann (2003), P. 217 ff. inter alia. On the importance of scandals in and for the media Kepplinger (2001), P. 62 ff. inter alia
32.
Thus pointedly Sauerländer (2004), P. 416.
33.
Winterhoff-Spurk (2001), P. 157 f.
34.
On this Perlmutter (2003), P. 12 ff.
35.
Luhmann (1996), P. 66; Meyer (2001), P. 50 with examples. In political reporting therefore a concentration on high status players is noticeable. On this Jarren (1998), P. 88 inter alia.
36.
Saxer (2007), P. 73 notes correctly that this strategy is also problematic and can become dysfunctional.
37.
Postman (1999), P. 110, criticises that the mass media make entertainment the natural setting for every presentation of experience of the real world. Similarly also Saxer (2007), P. 73 ff. inter alia, who notes eventising and euphorising as mechanisms of mass media editing.
38.
Saxer (2007), P. 163.
39.
On this early and at length Altheide/Snow (1979), P. 19 ff. inter alia. Very critical analysis of this from Postman (1999), P. 110 ff.
40.
On this already Altheide/Snow (1979), P. 35 f., 54 ff. and Altheide/Snow (2001), P. 46 ff. with many examples from American television. But the same trend can be discerned in German television. On this Winterhoff-Spurk (2005), P. 118 ff. inter alia
41.
At length on the newsworthiness factors Schulz (1997), P. 70 ff. and Saxer (2007), P. 112 ff.
42.
The entertainment viewpoint is characterised by unusual ways of behaving, unusual talents, with which people can indentify vicariously, and by the possibility of enjoying what is shown in a playful way. This includes a high level of emotion. On the concept of entertainment in the electronic media Altheide/Snow (1979), P. 20 f.; Altheide/Snow (2001), P. 16 f., although relating to the American electronic mass media. But it can also be applied to the German media.
43.
Altheide/Snow (1979), P. 20, summarise this in a typically American way: entertainment is “bigger than life”.
44.
On the decisive role of feelings in entertainment programmes Altheide/Snow (2001), P. 17.
45.
Winterhoff-Spurk (2001), P. 183 inter alia. On the details of how television reaches and affects viewers emotionally, at length Winterhoff-Spurk (2005), P. 128 ff. inter alia
46.
Thus very decisively Thomas Meyer (2001), P. 57. Sunstein (2001), P. 682, reduces it to the slogan: “Pairs of eyes as retail products”.
47.
Bourdieu (1998), P. 19 stresses critically, that in television at the end of the day it is economic pressures which rule.
48.
On the mechanisms behind this for the industrial production of information Franck (1998), P. 62 ff.
49.
Postman (1999), P. 110, criticises that the mass media make entertainment the natural setting for every presentation of experience of the real world.
50.
Bourdieu (1998), P. 62 f.
51.
In America the media scene, which had a private ownership economic structure from the start, has long been shaped by these circumstances.
52.
Critical on “Fast thinking” in television Bourdieu (1998), P. 37 ff.
53.
Altheide/Snow (2001), P. 27 f.
54.
Thus very decisively Postman (1999), P. 130. But Meyer (2001), P. 54. is less pessimistic. Dörner (2001), P. 97 ff., contradicts Postmann with the theory that public entertainment also has an important function for public communication.
55.
Thoroughly on this Brants (2004), P. 95 ff.
56.
On the characteristics of infotainment Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 26. Infotainment is not a modern invention. On the roots of infotainment in the 18^th century Pöttker (2002), P. 61 ff. inter alia. On the mixture of propaganda and entertainment under Nazism Socialism Bussemer (2002), P. 73 ff.
57.
Meyer et al (2000), P. 139 inter alia. Altheide/Snow (2001), P. 60 f. analyse the trend towards understanding and presenting news as entertainment.
58.
Tenscher (1998), P. 193.
59.
Westerbarkey (1995), P. 152. As Pöttker (2002), P. 62 ff., stresses, the mass educators of the 18^th century knew and practised this principle.
60.
This is the result of empirical studies, on which Schenk (1998), P. 387 ff. inter alia, reports.
61.
This is missed by Postman (1999) in his thorough criticism of the effects of the entertainment industry on politics and society. How infotainment works in detail on the viewer, has not yet been reliably established. Empirical studies have reached contradictory results. At length on this Brants (2004), P. 107 ff.
62.
On this Dörner (2001), P. 33.
63.
Dörner (2001), P. 140 inter alia; Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 29 f.
64.
Meyer et al (2000), P. 140 inter alia.
65.
Meyer (2001), P. 54. This is very heavily criticised using practical examples from the USA by Postman (1999), P. 99 f., P. 110 ff., P. 127 ff.
66.
How that works is shown by Zimmermann (2006), P. 225 ff. using an example of the fascist Mussolini regime in Italy
67.
On this only Meyer (2001), P. 56 and Gerbner (2002), P. 462.
68.
At length on this Meyer (2001), P. 57 ff. with many references. Jarren (1998), P. 87, refers in this context to the increased and still growing pressure of real-time that the electronic mass media face.
69.
Meyer (2001), P. 61. On the “product value” of images thoroughly Dorsch-Jungsberger (2003), P. 168 ff. inter alia
70.
On the reasons for this at length Meyer (2001), P. 61 f. Whether the content of private television and public radio is gradually getting more similar over time is controversial. On the discussion about the “theory of convergence“ Tenscher (1998), P. 193 inter alia
71.
An initial attempt at such a study is being done by Röhl/Ulbrich (2000), P. 355 ff., and Boehme-Neßler (2003), P. 125 ff.
72.
An overview of the state of research is given by Meyer et al (2000), P. 54 ff. inter alia.
73.
Postman (1999), P. 156 ff., investigates for example the effects of the entertainment industry on the economy.
74.
Of course the research results on the theatrification of politics cannot be applied without modification to a potential theatrification of the law. There are too many significant differences between politics and the law to do that.
75.
Thus quite explicitly Hitzler (1991), P. 204, who gives an example from Ancient Rome. Similarly Drechsel (2007), P. 115, who talks about the visual dimension of politics.
76.
Hitzler (1991), P. 204. Seminal on this point already Edelman (2005), who described “politics as rituals”. Therefore political science must also be viewed and carried out as a science of images. This is an obligatory consequence which Drechsel (2007), P. 107 ff., draws from the visual nature of politics.
77.
Similarly Hitzler (1991), P. 201, although he stresses the presentational effect too heavily. Without any competence in doing things, using only presentational competence it is not possible to gain or to exercise political power. There are many examples to support this.
78.
Diehl (2004), P. 196 inter alia.
79.
Very informative on this Hennig (1995), P. 27 ff. and Herz (1995), P. 51 ff., each with examples.
80.
At length on this Zimmermann (2006), P. 225 ff. inter alia and Spagnoletti (1995), P. 11 ff. with many examples.
81.
On body politics of American Presidents in the 20^th century Keller (1995), P. 135 ff. An extreme example of this is the Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello in the nineties of the last century. At length on this Diehl (2004), P. 195 ff. inter alia, with examples.
82.
In detail on this Wenger-Deilmann/Kämpfer (2006), P. 189 ff. with striking examples.
83.
Dörner (2001), P. 14.
84.
Kamps (2004), P. 57 f.
85.
Thus very clearly Münkler (2001), P. 160.
86.
Details on this from Saxer (2007), P. 96 ff. inter alia.
87.
Dörner (2001), P. 116. On the strategies which politicians use to exploit the massive reach of the electronic mass media, Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 31 ff. That this is not without risk is documented by Vogt (2002), P. 134 ff., with an informative case study. On the extreme forms of this strategiy using the example of the former Brazilian President Collor de Mello Diehl (2004), P. 203 ff.
88.
On the different entertainment approaches of viewers/voters Hasebrink (1998), P. 351 ff. inter alia.
89.
Dörner (2001), P. 112 ff., therefore talks pointedly about the entertainment-ising of politics. Talk-shows play a predominant role in this. On the reasons for this Holtz-Bacha (2000), P. 157 f. inter alia.
90.
Münkler (2001), P. 146.
91.
Postman (1999), P. 154, in this context quotes the former American president Ronald Reagan: “Politics is just like show business”. On this also Dörner (2001), P. 112 ff., who talks briefly about politainment. That has – as well as many other effects – the result that when recruiting and training political staff communications skills have gained in importance and win out at the cost of competence in political matters. On this critically Tenscher (1998), P. 205 inter alia
92.
A high point in this respect was the election campaign for the parliamentary elections in Germany in 1998. At length on this Dörner (2001), P. 116 ff. inter alia; Holtz-Bacha (2000), P. 162 f.
93.
At length on this concept and its different variants Nieland/Kamps (2004), P. 11 ff.
94.
Examples from German election campaigns can be found in Meyer et al (2000), P. 65 f. Kaschura (2006), P. 20 ff. looks in an initial qualitative study at the effect on the viewers of politicians’ appearances in popular programmes. Her results – though not representative – tend to find a limited effect from such appearances on voters. An American perspective on this from Postman (1999), P. 162 f.
95.
Kepplinger/Maurer (2001), P. 118 ff. Confirm the relevance of visual information for the outcome of the voting decisions of voters based on a detailed empirical analysis of the German parliamentary elections in 1998.
96.
Dörner (2001), P. 133 ff. inter alia. The American presidential election campaign has even gone down in history as a “talk show campaign”. At length on this Holtz-Bacha (2000), P. 156 f. inter alia. For an empirical view on this Schultz (2002), P. 182 ff.; Tenscher (1999), P. 317 ff. with empirical material. More sophisticated on this Tenscher/Geisler (2002), P. 175 ff. Generally on talk shows from a media studies perspective Cölffen (2003), P. 200 ff.
97.
On the risks which exist for politicians in relation to appearances on popular programmes, Tenscher/Geisler (2002), P. 176 ff. inter alia, and Vogt (2002), P. 134 ff.
98.
Tenscher (1998), P. 201 f. inter alia.
99.
At length on this using the example of Latin American neo-populism Diehl (2004), P. 203 ff.
100.
Meyer et al (2000), P. 166 ff. with many references in the research literature.
101.
At length on scandal in a media democracy Saxer (2007), P. 102 ff. inter alia. Mechanisms for creating scandals are revealed by Kepplinger (2001), P. 23 ff.
102.
Meyer et al (2000), P. 65 inter alia; de Maizière (2003), P. 41 ff.; Schulz (1998), P. 378 inter alia; Meyer/Schicha (2002), P. 58. An extreme example of this was the Brazilian president in the 1990’s. His body language in the various media to gain and to stabilise power shows very clearly the problems which arise if politics embraces too eagerly the entertainment logic of television. In a nutshell: with Collor de Mello fairly often the boundaries between serious politics and entertaining soap operas seem to disappear. At length on this Diehl (2004), P. 195 ff. inter alia, with examples.
103.
Sarcinelli (1987), P. 213, even talks about a “symbiosis” of political and media players. The patterns used to describe the relationship between politics and the media have – like the relationship itself - changed. In a few key words the developments can be characterised in summary as autonomy, interdependency and symbiosis. A critical overview of the theoretical model of the relationship between politics and the mass media is given by Jarren (1988), P. 619 ff.
104.
Sarcinelli (1987), P. 218.
105.
Thoroughly on the theatrification of politics Münkler (2001), P. 144 ff. inter alia. Informative on this are the comments from political life by de Maizière (2003), P. 40 ff.
106.
On the economic pressures which affect the mass media, Kamps (2004), P. 65.
107.
Meyer (2001), P. 119, talks very critically and very visually of a slippery slope of mediocrity and infantilism. Münkler (2001), P. 153 ff., is more reserved, relativising the theatrification of politics in a historic context and with international comparisons.
108.
Tenscher (1998), P. 187.
109.
Tenscher (1998), P. 187.
110.
At length on this Hitzler (1991), P. 201 ff., who outlines a “politician’s dramatology”. Informative on this is the typology of politicians in a media democracy presented by de Maizière (2003), P. 40 ff..
111.
On this Jarren (1998), P. 74 ff. with examples from practice.
112.
The strategic goal of impact on the viewer is a typical element of performance generally. At length on this performance concept in theatre and media studies Meyer et al (2000), P. 58 ff. inter alia
113.
Meyer (2001), P. 144. Meyer et al (2000), P. 38.
114.
In this context Nieland/Kamps (2004), P. 15, talk pointedly of “legitimacy by ratings”.
115.
At length on this Meyer (2001), P. 145 ff. inter alia. Other very critical examples are given by Nieland/Kamps (2004), P. 14 ff. inter alia.
116.
On the debate about the very controversial convergence of politics and media Meyer et al (2000), P. 39 ff. inter alia.
117.
At length on this Meyer (2001), P. 139 ff.
118.
Tenscher (1998), P. 189 inter alia. But this is also not totally new. The Nazi’s used to stage “events” for the “cult of the Fuehrer”. On this Schicha (2002), P. 96 ff. inter alia. Informative on this Schug (2007), P. 328 ff., who brings out how the NSDAP propaganda consciously built up Hitler as a “brand”.
119.
Bourdieu (1998), P. 29.
120.
Critical on this Tenscher (1998), P. 189 inter alia.
121.
At length and seminal on the importance of symbols in politics Kertzer (1988), P. 77 ff.
122.
Similarly Dombrowski (1997), P. 17.
123.
Similarly Dörner (2001), P. 93 ff.
124.
Similarly Meyer (2001), P. 195. That ignores the basic criticism from Postman (1999) about the influence of the entertainment industry on politics and society.
125.
Meyer (2001), P. 195.
126.
Not least politainment can also be a weapon against disenchantment with politics. On this Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 32. Very informative on this are the examples of the political content of TV series and soap operas (!) from Dörner (2001), P. 161 ff. with many references to empirical studies.
127.
At length on this Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 304 ff.
128.
Meyrowitz (1990a), P. 304 ff., on the challenge to authority due to the removal of the time-lag in sharing information.
129.
On the risks Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 33 ff.
130.
Meyer (2001), P. 195. Seminal for the importance of rituals in politics Kertzer (1988), P. 15 ff. and pass.
131.
Schmidt (1994), P. 17. That is partly even stated quite openly by the players. An example of this is the former Prime Minister of Sachsen-Anhalt, Reinhard Höppner, who did however criticise this development sharply: Höppner (1996), P. 6. This phenomenon is not however totally new. Politicians have always staged rituals, to gain, to legitimise and to keep power. On this Kertzer (1988), P. 104 ff. inter alia.
132.
On the de-politicising of political communication Kamps (2004), P. 70 f.
133.
In this direction Holtz-Bacha (2000), P. 165 f.
134.
On this at length Donges/Jarren (1999), P. 85 ff. inter alia.
135.
On these limits Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 33 f.
136.
Striking examples of this supplied by Holtz-Bacha (2004), P. 33 f.
137.
Sherwin (2000), P. 141. talks about this. The comparable question about the effects of the economic impart of the mass media on politics is studied by Thomas Meyer (2001), P. 119 ff. inter alia.
138.
Thus, exaggerated, Boehme-Neßler (2003), P. 127.
139.
At length on the idea of grassroots democracy – and its problems - Sartori (1997), P. 122 ff. On direct democracy in Germany Schmidt (2008), P. 336 ff. inter alia.
140.
On the parliamentary democracy of the constitution from a constitutional point of view Hesse (1999), P. 131 ff. inter alia and from a political science perspective Schmidt (2008), P. 298 inter alia.
141.
Sherwin (2000), P. 245 warns about this.
142.
Thomas Meyer (2001), P. 107, at length on the logic of “image entertainment”.
143.
Sherwin (2000), P. 143.
144.
Examples for breaking taboos using images are given by Frankenberg (2004), P. 34 ff.
145.
Kepplinger (2001.), P. 23 ff.
146.
See on this above Chap. 4.2.3.
147.
Sarcinelli (1987), P. 218.
148.
Sarcinelli (1987), P. 218. At length on this see above Chap. 7.2.1.
149.
On the federal constitutional court as a political player Boehme-Neßler (2001), P. 372 ff. Very critical on the practice of electing the judges to the constitutional court Landfried (2006), P. 200 ff.
150.
On the independence of judges and its central importance for a constitutional state Schütz (2005), P. 182 with many references. But very critical on this Schütz (2005), P. 113 ff., 214 ff. inter alia, who sees judges’ independence threatened on many individual points and who brings out weaknesses in the dogma of the independence of judges. On the personal and actual independence of judges in detail Voßkuhle/Sydow (2002), P. 677 f., 679 inter alia.
151.
On this Wagner (1987), P. 87 ff.; Hamm (1997), P. 67 f.
152.
In depth on this Holzinger/Wolff (2009), P. 80 ff. inter alia. Very informative on this is also the discussion with Judge Brigitte Koppenhöfer, which is reproduced by Holzinger/Wolff (2009), P. 89 ff.
153.
At length on this Holzinger/Wolff (2009), P. 84 ff. with examples.
154.
Haggerty (2003), P. 2 f.; Reber et al (2006), P. 24 f.
155.
Thoroughly on publicity work and the particular characteristics of litigation PR Reber et al (2006), P. 26 ff. inter alia.
156.
Generally on the possibilities and limits of empirical measurement of the effectiveness of legal settlements Raiser (2007), P. 240 ff. inter alia. Seminal for recognising that the effectiveness of law can be measured was Geiger (1964), P. 71 f., who calculates the “effectiveness quotient” of laws.
157.
At length on this Raiser (2007), P. 257 f.

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Boehme-Neßler, V. (2011). Visual Law – The Law as Drama?. In: Pictorial Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11889-0_7

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