Abstract
Many measures of human verbal behavior deal primarily with semantics (e.g., associative priming, semantic priming). Other measures are tied more closely to orthography (e.g., lexical decision time, visual word-form priming). Semantics and orthography are thus often studied and modeled separately. However, given that concepts must be built upon a foundation of percepts, it seems desirable that models of the human lexicon should mirror this structure. Using a holographic, distributed representation of visual word-forms in BEAGLE [12], a corpus-trained model of semantics and word order, we show that free association data is better explained with the addition of orthographic information. However, we find that orthography plays a minor role in accounting for cue-target strengths in free association data. Thus, it seems that free association is primarily conceptual, relying more on semantic context and word order than word form information.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Clark, J.J., O’Regan, J.K.: Word ambiguity and the optimal viewing position in reading. Vision Res. 39, 843–857 (1998)
Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., Ziegler, J.: The DRC model: A model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychol. Rev. 108, 204–258 (2001)
Cox, G.E., Kachergis, G., Recchia, G., Jones, M.N.: Towards a scalable holographic word-form representation. Behav. Res. Methods (in press)
Nelson, D.L., McEvoy, C.L., Schreiber, T.A.: The university of south florida word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms (1998), http://www.usf.edu/FreeAssociation/
Davis, C.J.: The spatial coding model of visual word identification. Psychol. Rev. 117(3), 713–758 (2010)
Davis, C.J.: The self-organising lexical acquisition and recognition (SOLAR) model of visual word recognition. Ph.D. thesis. University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (1999)
Davis, C.J., Bowers, J.S.: Contrasting five different theories of letter position coding: Evidence from orthographic similarity effects. J. Exp. Psychol. Human 32(3), 535–557 (2006)
Eliasmith, C.: Learning context sensitive logical inference in a neurobiological simulation. In: Levy, S., Gayler, R. (eds.) Compositional Connectionism in Cognitive Science. AAAI Press, Menlo Park (2004)
Hannagan, T., Dupoux, E., Christophe, A.: Holographic string encoding. Cognitive Sci. 35(1), 79–118 (2011)
Hannagan, T., Dandurand, F., Grainger, J.: Broken symmetries in a location invariant word recognition network. Neural Comput. (in press)
Humphreys, M.S., Bain, J.D., Pike, R.: Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A Theory for episodic, semantic, and procedural tasks. Psychol. Rev. 96(2), 208–233 (1989)
Jones, M.N., Mewhort, D.J.K.: Representing word meaning and order information in a composite holographic lexicon. Psychol. Rev. 114(1), 1–37 (2007)
Kanerva, P.: The spatter code for encoding concepts at many levels. In: P. Int. Conf. Artif. Neural Networ., vol. 1, pp. 226–229. Springer-Verlag, London (1994)
Murdock, B.B.: A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychol. Rev. 89(3), 609–626 (1982)
Plate, T.A.: Holographic Reduced Representations. CSLI Publications, Stanford (2003)
Whitney, C.: How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: The SERIOL model and selective literature review. Psychon. B. Rev. 8(2), 221–243 (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kachergis, G., Cox, G.E., Jones, M.N. (2011). OrBEAGLE: Integrating Orthography into a Holographic Model of the Lexicon. In: Honkela, T., Duch, W., Girolami, M., Kaski, S. (eds) Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2011. ICANN 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6791. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7_38
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7_38
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-21734-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-21735-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)