Free Trade Agreements and the Effects of Existing Agreements on Malaysian Intellectual Property Laws

Lim, Heng Gee

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30888-8_14

Heng Gee Lim⁶

Part of the book series: MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law ((MSIP,volume 24))

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Abstract

This chapter explores the Intellectual Property chapters of the various Free Trade Agreements to which Malaysia is a party to, either through bilateral or plurilateral agreements. It also reviews the Intellectual Property chapters of the various on-going negotiations to which Malaysia is involved in. The implications and effects of the various agreements are analysed. The writer also analyses the various amendments to the Malaysian Intellectual Property law which have to be made if the provisions in the ongoing negotiation were to be accepted. It concludes that the existing agreements would have minimal impact on the Intellectual Property law of Malaysia. However, the ongoing negotiations may have adverse implications, especially in relation to access to affordable medicine and public health.

H.G. Lim: LL.B (Hons) (University of London), Certificate in Legal Practice (Hons) (Malaysian Qualifying Board), LL.M (University of London), Diploma in Intellectual Property Law (Distinction) (Queen Mary College, University of London), Ph.D. University of London, Professor of Law.

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Notes

1.
See Art. 112.1 Malaysia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (MJEPA). For the text of this and other Malaysian Agreements and associated documents, see MITI, FTA Pocket Talk 2012. Official Portal of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/index.jsp?whichSite=MITI. Accessed 30 July 2012. (FTA Pocket Talk 2012).
2.
Art. 122.3 MJEPA additionally provides that each party ‘shall take necessary measures to promote the development of the collective management organisations for copyright and related rights in that Country’.
3.
Ministry of Trade and Industry (Malaysia) Malaysia–Pakistan http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_54a786dc-c0a8156f-2af82af8-cc529ea7. Accessed 23 November 2012. For text of the Malaysia–Pakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (MPCEA), see FTA Pocket Talk 2012.
4.
Arts 104–108 MPCEPA.
5.
See Art. 104.1 MPCEPA.
6.
Ministry of Trade and Industry (Malaysia). Malaysia–New Zealand. http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_55b8f6ae-c0a8156f-2af82af8-4fed08f4. Accessed 19 November 2012.
7.
See New Zealand–Malaysia FTA enters into force (2010). Marco Trade News. 8 August 2010. http://www.marcotradenews.com/trade-relations/17067/New-Zealand---Malaysia-FTA-enters-into-force. Accessed 15 December 2011. For text of the Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (MNZFTA), see the FTA Pocket Talk 2012.
8.
Chapter 10, the Investment Chapter, deals with the exemption from the prohibition against nationalisation or expropriation in relation to compulsory licensing: Art. 10.8.5 MNZFTA.
9.
Art. 11.4(e) MNZFTA also provides that parties share information and cooperate on appropriate initiatives to promote measures to protect traditional knowledge.
10.
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Malaysia) Malaysia–Chile http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_55b49856-c0a8156f-2af82af8-e0d15984. Accessed 19 December 2012. For text of the Malaysia–Chile Free Trade Agreement (MCFTA), see FTA Pocket Talk 2012.
11.
Malaysia–Chile Free Trade Agreement (MCFTA). For text, see the FTA Pocket Talk 2012.
12.
See Art. 3.13.1 MCFTA.
13.
See Art. 3.13.2 MCFTA.
14.
See Art. 9.3(i) MCFTA.
15.
India, Malaysia sign FTA (2011) Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest 15: 6. 24 February 2011. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/101376/. Accessed 15 December 2011. For MICECA text, see the Official Portal of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI).
16.
India–Malaysia FTA to be effective from July 1. Moneycontrol.com. 30 June 2011. http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-malaysia-fta-to-be-effectivejuly-1_561569.html. Accessed 15 December 2011.
17.
See Swire (2012b). For text of the Malaysia–Australia Free Trade Agreement 30 March 2012 (expected date of entry into force I January 2013, see FTA Pocket Talk 2012.
18.
In relation to expropriation and compensation, there is the usual provision in Art. 12.8 of the Investment Chapter that the Article ‘does not apply to the issuance of compulsory licences granted in relation to intellectual property rights in accordance with the TRIPS Agreement’: Art. 12.6.5 MAFTA.
19.
See Art. 13.3 MAFTA.
20.
Note that for the purposes of this Article, charging of a nominal fee does not prevent the database being sufficiently publicly available and easily accessible.
21.
Art. 13.4.1 MAFTA.
22.
Art. 13.4.2 MAFTA.
23.
Art. 13.4.3 MAFTA.
24.
‘Graphically’ is here defined as ‘a written description, drawing of combination of these as prescribed by each Party’: Art. 13.9.2 n. 31 MAFTA.
25.
Art. 13.10.1 MAFTA. To protect trade mark rights where they predate other claimed rights including geographical indications, Art. 13.10.2 provides that such rights should be recognised and protected. Further, Arts 13.10.3 and 13.10.4 provide that in deciding whether to protect a geographical indication, the fact that a term is customary in common language as the common name for such goods or services in the territory of that party must be taken into account. Such a consideration can also be a ground for opposition.
26.
Art. 13.10.7 MAFTA.
27.
See Art. 13.11.2 MAFTA and s. 14(3)(a) and (b) of the Patents Act 1983. Note, however, the use of the phrase ‘in the territory of the Party’. It would appear that this wording may reduce the grace period presently applicable, as the present provision (under s. 14(3)(a) and (b) does not contain any words of limitation regarding where the disclosure was made. In other words, the present Act appears to allow reliance on the grace period regardless of where the disclosure is made, whereas the MAFTA seems to only exempt disclosure made in Malaysia.
28.
See Art. 13.14.2 MAFTA.
29.
Note: Subparagraph 1(a) refers to the act of knowingly removing or altering any rights management information.
30.
Art. 13.16.1 MAFTA.
31.
For patents, see Art. 13.11.3 MAFTA; for copyright, see Art 13.1 MAFTA. The same conditions are also found in the provisions relating to circumvention of effective Technological measures: See Art. 13.14 MAFTA. In relation to trade marks, Art. 13.9.4 provides that each party ‘may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trade mark such as fair use of descriptive terms, provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trade mark and of third parties’.
32.
See Art. 13.19.1(a) MAFTA.
33.
See Art. 13.19.1(b) MAFTA. A party may also provide civil remedies to the holder of the rights in the encrypted programme-carrying satellite signal or its content: Art. 13.19.2 MAFTA.
34.
For text of the ASEAN–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (AI Framework Agreement) and ASEAN agreements with Australia and New Zealand, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, see the relevant FTA area: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Free Trade Agreements with Dialogue Partners. http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community/category/free-trade-agreements-with-dialogue-partners. Accessed 19 November 2012.
35.
A protocol to amend the Framework Agreement was agreed the same day as was ‘Understanding Article 4’ of the Framework Agreement.
36.
Agreement on Trade in Goods under the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Republic of India. For background, see Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN–India Free Trade Area http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-india-free-trade-area-3. Accessed 19 November 2012; ASEAN–India Dialogue Relations, C[10]–[12]. Official website of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-india-dialogue-relations. Accessed 19 November 2012.
37.
As of 30 June 2012. See ASEAN–India Dialogue Relations, C[13].
38.
ASEAN–India Dialogue Relations, C[12]. Note: Tariffs on over 4000 product lines are to be eliminated ‘by 2016, at the earliest’: C[12].
39.
(Emphasis added). Art. 3.8.h ASEAN–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement. See also Art. 3.3.d.
40.
For background, see Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) [Malaysia], ASEAN–Japan. Official Portal of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_b61a7c53-c0a81573-aba0aba0-cfd2f858. Accessed 30 June 2012. For the text of the AJCEPA, see Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN–Japan Free Trade Area http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-japan-free-trade-area-2. Accessed 19 November 2012.
41.
Note that the ASEAN–Japan Heads of Intellectual Property Offices signed a Memorandum of Cooperation on Industrial Property between the ASEAN Member States Intellectual Property Offices and the Japan Patent Office on its second meeting on 11 July 2012. This meeting was part of the 38th meeting of the ASEAN Working Group on Intellectual Property Cooperation (AWGIPC): Philippine Information Agency. ASEAN–Japan signs Intellectual Property cooperation agreement. 20 July 2012. http://www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=2101342070564. Accessed 19 November 2012.
42.
For text of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation among the Governments of the Member Countries of ASEAN and the Republic of Korea, see Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Free Trade Agreements with Dialogue Partners.
http://www.asean.org/news/item/agreement-on-trade-in-goods-under-the-framework-agreement-on-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-among-the-governments-of-the-member-countries-of-the-association-of-southeast-asian-nations-and-the-republic-of-korea-2. Accessed 19 November 2012. Other materials include: the ASEAN–Korea Trade in Goods Agreement; the ASEAN–Korea Trade in Services Agreement, and the AKFTA Investment Agreement.
43.
See MITI, ASEAN–Korea: Background. Official Portal of Ministry of Trade and Industry. http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_b61fd109-c0a81573-aba0aba0-127b6e96. Accessed 30 July 2012. See also Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN–Republic of Korea (External Relations). http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-republic-of-korea-free-trade-area-2. Accessed 19 November 2012.
44.
Art. 23 ASEAN–China Trade in Goods Agreement.
45.
See MITI, ASEAN–China: Background. Official Portal of Ministry of Trade and Industry. http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_b609671a-c0a81573-aba0aba0-c94c2e0c. Accessed 30 June 2012.
46.
Note that a Memorandum of Understanding between ASEAN and the People’s Republic of China on Cooperation in the Field of Intellectual Property was signed on 21 December 2009. See No 43 of Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2012, Table of ASEAN Treaties/Agreement and Ratification, as of October 2012. http://www.asean.org/images/2012/resources/TABLE%20OF%20AGREEMENT%20%20RATIFICATION-SORT%20BY%20DATE-Web-October2012.pdf. Accessed 19 November 2012.
47.
For background, see MITI, ASEAN–Australia/New Zealand. Official Portal of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_b6060aa9-c0a81573-aba0aba0-4db48447. Accessed 11 June 2011.
48.
Note that Chapter 11, the Investment Chapter, contains a reference to intellectual property. Art. 9.5 of this Chapter, in relation to ‘Expropriation and Compensation’, provides that the provisions on expropriation and compensation do not apply to the issuance of compulsory licences granted in relation to intellectual property rights in accordance with the TRIPS Agreement.
49.
In relation to sound recording, the grant of this exclusive right is not mandatory, parties merely have to endeavour to provide such protection: see Art. 5.2(a) AANZFTA.
50.
Arts 5.1(b) and 5.2(c) AANZFTA.
51.
Art.5.1(c) AANZFTA.
52.
Art. 6 A ANZFTA.
53.
See Art. 7.3 MANZFTA.
54.
The treaties referred to are: (a) the Patent Cooperation Treaty 1970; (b) the Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification 1971; (c) the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 1977; (d) the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 1989; (e) the Patent Law Treaty 2000; (f) the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 1991; (g) the TRIPS Agreement; (h) the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks 2006; (i) the WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996; and (j) the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 1996.
55.
See Arts 8 and 9 MANZFTA.
56.
See Rundingan dengan AS ditangguh [Negotiations with the US put on hold], 13 January 2009, http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_03.htm#ixzz2CxOrhmQN.
57.
Statement of Ambassador of the European Commission to Malaysia, Vincent Piket. Bernama Report, Eastern Times, Sarawak, 20 November 2008, p. B1.
58.
See European Commission, EU to launch FTA negotiations with individual ASEAN countries, beginning with Singapore. Press Release, ASEAN Brussels, 22 December 2009. European Commission Trade website. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=504. Accessed 11 June 2011. See Swire (2012a).
59.
See MITI, ASEAN–EU, FTA Pocket Talk 2012. http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_56f96b15-c0a81573-12831283-5eef584e. Accessed 27 September 2012.
60.
European Commission. EU–ASEAN meeting in Phnom Penh set to strengthen trade and investment relations in South-East Asia, Press Release, ASEAN Brussels, 29 March 2012. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=791&serie=505&langId=en. Accessed 28 April 2012.
61.
See MITI, Malaysia–Turkey, Malaysia–Turkey Free Trade Agreement (MTFTA). http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_1a589d8a-c0a81573-430a430a-d98b0768. Accessed 27 September 2012.
62.
See Malaysia–Bangladesh FTA on the cards. Emerging Frontiers Blog. 4 June 2012. (reposted from Business Times, Malaysia). http://emergingfrontiersblog.com/2012/06/04/4149/#more-4149. Accessed 27 September 2012. Also Malaysia–Bangladesh FTA on the cards, Bernama. 4 June 2012. Bilaterals.org website. http://www.bilaterals.org/spip.php?article21597. Accessed 27 September 2012.
63.
MITI, Malaysia–European Union. Official Portal of Ministry of Trade and Industry. http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_c7fcc8ab-c0a8156f-6f346f34-46e35eb1. Accessed 27 September 2012.
64.
European Union–Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement, signed 6 October 2010 (entered into force 1 July 2011). Text: OJ L 127, 14 May 2011. Eur-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:127:0006:1343:EN:PDF.
65.
See, e.g. Art. 10.6 EU–Korea FTA.
66.
See, e.g. Art. 10.7 EU–Korea FTA.
67.
See, e.g. Art. 10.10 EU–Korea FTA.
68.
See Arts 10.12 and 10.13 EU–Korea FTA.
69.
See, e.g. Art. 6.1 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA.
70.
See, e.g. Art. 6.3 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA.
71.
See, e.g. Arts 10.18–10.21 EU–Korea FTA. See also Art. 7 proposed ASEAN–EU FTA.
72.
See, e.g. Art. 8 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA. See also Art. 10.27–10.32 EU–Korea FTA.
73.
See, e.g. Art. 9.1 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA.
74.
See, e.g. Arts 9.2 and 9.3 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA. See also Art. 10.34 EU–Korea FTA.
75.
See, e.g. Art. 10 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA. See also Art. 10.36 EU–Korea FTA.
76.
See Art. 11 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA. See also Art. 10.39 EU–Korea FTA.
77.
See Art. 27 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA. See also Arts 10.62–10.66, EU–Korea FTA.
78.
See Art. 28 proposed EU–ASEAN FTA. See also Art. 10.67 and n. 27 of the EU–Korea FTA.
79.
See MITI, Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP). Official Portal of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. http://www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_ccec2a77-c0a81573-f5a0f5a0-6f87fd6f&rootid=com.tms.cms.section.Section_8ab48a0a-7f000010-72f772f7-4dc62890. Accessed 25 June 2012.
80.
See USTR, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): 14th round of TPP negotiations set for Leesburg, Virginia—September 6. http://www.ustr.gov/tpp. Accessed 25 June 2012.
81.
For the copy of the text of the February 2011 draft TPP chapter on intellectual property rights, see Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) Intellectual Property Rights Chapter. keeptheweb#OPEN. http://keepthewebopen.com/tpp. Accessed 27 September 2012.
82.
See Art. 16.1(2) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.1(2) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.1(2) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.1(2) and (3) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.1(2) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 1.3 Draft TPP Chapter.
83.
See Art. 16.1(4)(a) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.1(3)(a) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.1(4)(a) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.1(3)(a) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 1.5 Draft TPP Chapter.
84.
Art. 1.4 Draft TPP Chapter.
85.
See Art. 16.2(1) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(1) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.2(1) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.2(1) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(1) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.1 Draft TPP Chapter.
86.
See Art. 16.2(2) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(4) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.2(4) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.2(4) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(4) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.4 Draft TPP Chapter.
87.
See Art. 16.2(4) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(6) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.2(6) and (7) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.2(6) and (7) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(6) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.6 Draft TPP Chapter.
88.
Art. 16.2(4) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(6) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.2(6) and (7) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.2(6) and (7) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(6) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.7 Draft TPP Chapter.
89.
Art. 16.2(4) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(6) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.2(6) and (7) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.2(6) and (7) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(6) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.8 Draft TPP Chapter.
90.
See Art. 16.3(2) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(6) US–Peru FTA; Art. 16.3(2) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.4(10) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(13) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.14 Draft TPP Chapter.
91.
See Art. 16.3(2) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.2(6) US–Peru FTA; Art. 16.3(2) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.4(10) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.2(13) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 2.15 Draft TPP Chapter.
92.
See Art. 16.3 US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.4 US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.4 US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.3 US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.3 US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 3 Draft TPP Chapter.
93.
See Art. 16.4(1) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.5(2) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.5(1) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.5(1) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.4(1) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 4.1 Draft TPP Chapter.
94.
See Art. 15.5(2) US–Morocco FTA; not included in US–Singapore FTA; US–Peru FTA; US–Chile FTA; US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 4.2 Draft TPP Chapter.
95.
See Art. 16.4(3) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.5(3) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.5(3) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.5(3) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.4(2) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 4.3 Draft TPP Chapter.
96.
See Art. 16.4(4) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.5(5) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.5(5) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.5(4) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.4(4) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 4.5 Draft TPP Chapter.
97.
See Art. 16.4(2) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.5(4) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.6 US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.5(2) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.5 US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 5 Draft TPP Chapter.
98.
See Art. 16.5 US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.6 US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.7 US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.6 US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.6 US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 6 Draft TPP Chapter.
99.
See Art. 16.4(7) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.7(4) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.5(8) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.5(5) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.4(7) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 4.9 Draft TPP Chapter.
100.
See Art. 16.4(8),US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.7(5) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.5(9) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.5(6) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.4(8) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 4.10 Draft TPP Chapter.
101.
See Art. 16.6 US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.8 US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.8 US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.8 US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.7 US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 7 Draft TPP Chapter.
102.
See Art. 8 Draft TPP Chapter. This is almost identical to Art. 15.9 US–Morocco FTA.
103.
See Art. 15.9 US–Morocco FTA. See also Arts 8.2 and 8.3 Draft TPP Chapter.
104.
See Art. 16.7(3) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.9(3) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.9(3) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.9(3) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.8(3) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 8.4 Draft TPP Chapter.
105.
See Art. 16.7(5) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.9(5) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.9(6) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.9(4) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.8(5) US–Bahrain FTA. Note placeholder, Art. 8.5 Draft TPP Chapter.
106.
See Arts 16.6 US–Singapore FTA. Not included in the US–Morocco FTA, US–Bahrain FTA, US–Peru FTA and US–Chile FTA.
107.
See Arts 16.7(7) and 16.8(4) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.9(6) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.9(7) and 15.10(3) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.9(5) and 17.10(2) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.8(6) US–Bahrain FTA. Note placeholder in Art. 8.6 Draft IP Chapter.
108.
See Art. 16.7(8) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 14.8(7) US–Bahrain FTA.
109.
See Arts 16.8(1) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.10(1)(a) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.10(1) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.9(5) and 17.10(1) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.9(1)(a) US–Bahrain FTA.
110.
See Art. 16.8(2) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.10(1)(b) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.10(2) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.9(5) and 17.10(1) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.9(1)(b) US–Bahrain FTA.
111.
See Arts 16.8(4)(b) and (c) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.10(3) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.10(4)(a) and (b) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.9(5) and 17.10(2)(b) and (c) US–Chile FTA; Arts 14.9(4)(a) and (b) US–Bahrain FTA. See Art. 9(1) Draft IP Chapter, and note place holder for pharmaceutical products Art. 8.2 Draft IP Chapter.
112.
See Art. 16.7(2) US–Singapore FTA. This provision is absent in the US–Chile, US–Peru and the US–Bahrain FTAs.
113.
See Art. 15.9(4) US–Morocco FTA. There is no mention of this provision in the Draft IP Chapter.
114.
See Arts 15.9.10 and 15.9.11 US–Morocco FTA. See also Arts 8.10, 8.11 and 8.12 Proposed IP Chapter.
115.
See Art. 16(9) US–Singapore FTA.
116.
See Art. 16.9(1) (preferably in writing) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(2) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(1) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(3) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(1) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 11.1 Draft IP Chapter.
117.
See Art. 16.9(2) US–Singapore FTA, Art. 16.11(2) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(1) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.11(3), 14.10(1) US–Bahrain FTA. See n. 16 Draft IP Chapter.
118.
See Art. 16.9(3) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(3) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(2) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(4) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(2) US–Bahrain FTA. See Art. 11.3 Draft IP Chapter.
119.
See Art. 16.9(6) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(5) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(4) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(6) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(4) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 10.2 Draft IP Chapter.
120.
See Art. 10.2 Draft IP Chapter.
121.
See Art. 16.9(8) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(7) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(6) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(8) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(6) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 12.3 Draft IP Chapter.
122.
See Art. 16.9(9) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(8) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(7) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(9) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(7) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 12.4 Draft IP Chapter.
123.
See Art. 15.11(7) US–Morocco FTA. A similar provision is found in Art. 12.4 Draft IP Chapter.
124.
See Art. 16.9(10) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(9) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(8) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(10) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(8) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 12.5 Draft IP Chapter.
125.
See Arts 16.9(11) and (12) US–Singapore FTA; Arts 16.11(10) and (11) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.11(9) and (10) US–Morocco FTA; Arts. 17.11(11) and (12) US–Chile FTA; Arts 14.10(9) and (10) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 12.7 Draft IP Chapter.
126.
See Arts 16.9(14) and (15) US–Singapore FTA; Arts 16.11(18) and (19) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.11(17) and (18) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.11(15) and (16) US–Chile FTA; Arts 14.10(17) and (18) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 12.8 Draft IP Chapter.
127.
See Arts 16.9(14) and (15) US–Singapore FTA; Arts 16.11(18) and (19) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.11(17) and (18) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.11(15) and (16) US–Chile FTA; Arts 14.10(17) and (18) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 13.1 Draft IP Chapter.
128.
See Art. 15.11(19) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 14.10(19) US–Bahrain FTA.
129.
See Arts 16.9(16)–16.9(20) US–Singapore FTA; Arts 16.11(20)–16.11(25) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.11(20)–15.11(25) US–Morocco FTA; Arts 17.11(17)–17.11(21) US–Chile FTA; Arts 14.10(20)–14.10(25) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 14 Draft IP Chapter.
130.
See Art. 16.9(21) US–Singapore FTA; Arts 16.11(26)–16.11(28) US–Peru FTA; Arts 15.11(26)–15.11(27) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(22) US–Chile FTA; Arts 14.10(26)–14.10(28) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 15 Draft IP Chapter.
131.
See Art. 16.9(22) US–Singapore FTA; Art. 16.11(29) US–Peru FTA; Art. 15.11(28) US–Morocco FTA; Art. 17.11(23) US–Chile FTA; Art. 14.10(29) US–Bahrain FTA. See also Art. 16 Draft IP Chapter.
132.
See generally, 17 USC § 512.
133.
See sections 25 and 26 of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012 (Malaysia).
134.
Copyright Act 1987 (Malaysia) s. 37, as amended by s. 27 of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012 (Malaysia).
135.
The Part was inserted by s. 32 of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012 (Malaysia). It is worth noting that partly in recognition of all the above mentioned amendments to the Copyright Act 1987, the United States has removed Malaysia from the Watch List of the 2012 Special 301 Report. See USTR. 2012 Special 3001 Report, p. 8. http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2012%20Special%20301%20Report.pdf. Accessed 3 June 2012.
136.
See earlier discussion: at 5.4.1.7.
137.
This is in contrast to the common law ‘experimental use’ exception as enunciated by the Federal Circuit in Madey v Duke University 307 F 3d 1351 (Fed Cir 2002), where the experimental use exception was limited to actions performed ‘for amusement, to satisfy idle curiosity, or for strictly philosophical inquiry’.
138.
Abbott (2006), pp. 7–9.
139.
Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences, Ltd (Sup Ct 2005) 545 US 193, at 207.
140.
Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences, Ltd (Sup Ct 2005) 545 US 193, at 207.
141.
See Art. 4.20(c) US–Jordan FTA.
142.
See Art. 14.8(6)(b)(ii) US–Bahrain FTA.
143.
See Abbott (2006), pp. 6–7.
144.
See Directive No. 2 of 2011 made under Regulation 29, Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations 1984.
145.
See s. 3 Trade Marks Act 1976 (Malaysia).
146.
Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
147.
The Industrial Designs Act 1996 is substantially based on the UK Registered Design Act 1949 before it was amended to ensure compliance with the EU Design Directive. Hence the case law of the UK courts on design law is heavily relied upon by the Malaysian courts.
148.
The TRIPS Agreement requires provisions on border measures which prohibits the importation of counterfeit trade mark goods. In line with this, the Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2000 (Malaysia) inserted a new Part XIVA which deals with border measures to prevent such goods from entering the country. Section 70C defines ‘counterfeit trade mark goods’ to mean ‘any goods, including packaging, bearing without authorisation a trade mark which is identical with or so nearly resembles the trade mark validly registered in respect of such goods, or which cannot be distinguished in its essential aspects from such a trade mark, and which infringes the rights of the proprietor of the trade mark under this Act’.
149.
Soon Li Tsin (2007).
150.
Dass (2006).
151.
See, e.g., Third World Network (2011).
152.
See Mohammed Idris (2011).
153.
IP chapter in TPPA criticised by Malaysian Minister 15 August 2012. http://www.ftamalaysia.org/article.php?aid=299. Accessed 19 November 2012.

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Treaties and Conventions

Agreement in Trade in Goods of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China, Vientiane, 29 November 2004 (entered into force 1 January 2005) (ASEAN–China Trade in Goods Agreement)
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Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China, Cebu, 14 January 2007 (entered into force 1 January 2007) (ASEAN–China Trade in Services Agreement)
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Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Partnership among Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Japan, Bandar, March–April 2008 (entered into force 1 February 2009) (ASEAN–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement)
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Agreement on Trade in Goods under the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Republic of India, Bangkok, 13 August 2009 (entered into force 1 January 2010) (ASEAN–India Trade in Goods Agreement)
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Agreement on Trade in Goods under the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation among the Governments of the Member Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Countries and the Republic of Korea, Singapore, 21 November 2007 (entered into force 1 June 2007) (ASEAN–Korea Trade in Goods Agreement)
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Agreement on Trade in Services under the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation among the Governments of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Republic of Korea (entered into force 1 May 2009) (ASEAN–Korea Trade in Services Agreement)
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European Union–Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement, Brussels, 6 October 2010 (entered into force 1 July 2011) Agreement on Trade in Services of the Framework
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Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation among the Governments of the Member Countries of ASEAN and the Republic of Korea (entered into force 1 July 2006) (ASEAN-Korea Framework Agreement)
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Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China, Phnom Penh, 4 November 2002 (entered into force 1 July 2003) (ASEAN–China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement)
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Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between the Republic of India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Bali, 8 October 2003 (entered into force 1 July 2004) (ASEAN–India Framework Agreement).
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Malaysia–Australia Free Trade Agreement (MAFTA) 22 May 2012 (to take effect 1 January 2013)
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Malaysia–Chile Free Trade Agreement (MCFTA) 13 November 2010 (entered into force 25 February 2012)
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Malaysia–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (MICECA) (entered into force 1 July 2011)
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Malaysia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (MJEPA) 13 December 2005 (entered into force 13 July 2006)
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Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (MNZFTA) 26 October 2009 (entered into force 1 August 2010)
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Malaysia–Pakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (MPCEPA) 8 November 2007 (entered into force 1 January 2008)
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European Union–Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement
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Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) Intellectual Property Rights Chapter – February 2011 Draft
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US–Bahrain Free Trade Agreement
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US–Chile Free Trade Agreement
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US–Morocco Free Trade Agreement
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US–Peru Free Trade Agreement
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US–Singapore Free Trade Agreement
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Legislation

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Including Trade in Counterfeit Goods, the TRIPS Agreement – MTN/FA II-AIC
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Copyright Act 1987 (Malaysia)
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Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012 (Malaysia)
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Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
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Industrial Design Act 1996 (Malaysia)
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Patents Act 1983 Act (Malaysia)
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Protection of New Plant Varieties Act 2004 (Malaysia)
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Title 35 USC – Patent Act 1952
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Trade Marks Act 1976 (Malaysia)
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Cases

Madey v. Duke University 307 F 3d 1351 (Fed Cir 2002)
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Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences, Ltd (Sup Ct 2005) 545 US
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Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Heng Gee Lim

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Christoph Antons
Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany
Reto M. Hilty

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Lim, H.G. (2015). Free Trade Agreements and the Effects of Existing Agreements on Malaysian Intellectual Property Laws. In: Antons, C., Hilty, R. (eds) Intellectual Property and Free Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, vol 24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30888-8_14

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