Abstract
During the first decade of the twentieth century the Chinese encyclopaedias of new knowledge, which had developed since the 1880s, were joined by a new genre—the encyclopaedic dictionary. It addressed the problem that many of the new ideas coming from abroad—particularly from Japan, the main transmitter of Western modern culture—were expressed in a new and unfamiliar terminology. These new terms were formed through a combination of several Chinese characters. The lack of reference works that could provide short definitions and show the place of a term in a taxonomic order proved an obstacle to Chinese students and scholars who were eager to revitalize the country by absorbing these new ideas. In short, what was acutely needed was a modern Chinese encyclopaedic dictionary. In their 1911 preface to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Henry Watson and Francis George Fowler marked the difference between an encyclopaedia and what in fact was an encyclopaedic dictionary: “The book is designed as a dictionary, and not as an encyclopaedia; that is, the uses of words and phrases as such are its subject matter, and it is concerned with giving information about the things for which those words and phrases stand only so far as correct use of the words depends upon knowledge of the things.” This study will deal with the transition from traditional Chinese dictionaries, with their focus on the individual character, to the encyclopaedic dictionaries that explained the polysyllabic new terminology.
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Notes
- 1.
I wish to express my thanks to Rudolf Wagner for his generous information and data related to late Qing publications of encyclopaedic works of modern knowledge as well as for his ideas that were informally expressed during my compilation of this study and were important in forming its final shape.
- 2.
Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler, “Preface,” in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911), 1.
- 3.
Douglas Reynolds, CHINA, 1898–1912. The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1993), 41–64.
- 4.
Liang Qichao, Chongding fenlei Yinbingshi wenji quanbian 重訂分類飲冰室文集全編 [Newly arranged classified compilation of writings from the Ice-Drinker’s Studio] (Shanghai: Guangyi shuju, 1903). This edition was reprinted a year later in Japan as Yinbingshi wenji leibian 飲冰室文集類編 [Classified compilation of writings from the Ice-Drinker’s Studio] (Tokyo: Shimokōbe Hangorō, 1904).
- 5.
On this society see Zhu Lianbao 朱聯保, Jinxiandai Shanghai chubanye yinxiang ji 今現代上海出版業印象集 [Collection of illustrations of modern Shanghai publishing] (Shanghai: Xuelin, 1993), 234–245. Zou Zhenhuan 鄒鎮環, Ershi shiji fanyi chuban yu wenhua bianqian 二十世紀翻譯出版與文化變遷 [Twentieth century translation literature and cultural change] (Nanning: Guangxi jiaoyu, 2001), 75–76.
- 6.
On such trajectories, see Mary Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865–1911 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), 182.
- 7.
Tang Zhen 湯震, Zhong Xi shiwu weiyan 中西時務危言 [Warnings about Chinese-Western affairs] (1891; repr., Shanghai: Shanghai Shuju, 1898).
- 8.
Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Chapter 7 “Political Conflict.”
- 9.
Tang Zhen, “Xu” 序 [Preface] to Shiwu tongkao xubian 時務通攷續編 [Comprehensive examination of current affairs, sequel], by Qilu zhuren 杞盧主人 (Shanghai: Dianshizhai, 1901).
- 10.
Zou Zhenhuan, Ershi shiji fanyi chuban yu wenhua bianqian, 76.
- 11.
Fan Diji 笵迪吉, ed., Bian yi putong jiaoyu baike quanshu 編譯普通教育百科全書 [Compiled and translated encyclopaedia for general education] (Shanghai: Huiwen xueshe, 1903). The members of the team are named in the segment “Bian yi baike quanshu ti ming” 編譯百科全書提名 [A list of names in the Compiled and translated Encyclopaedia for general education]. It has separate pagination. I am grateful to Prof. Zhou Zhenhuan's help in accessing this source.
- 12.
See the study by Douglas Reynolds in this volume and Pan Jun 潘鈞, Riben cishu yanjiu 日本詞書研究 [Study of Japanese encyclopaedias works] (Shanghai: Renmin, 2008), 78–79, 350–51.
- 13.
Nishi, Amane 西 周, “Hyakugaku renkan” 百學連環 [Encyclopaedia] (1869), in Nishi Amane zenshū 西周全集 [Collected works of Nishi Amane], ed. Ōkubo Toshiaki 大久保利 (Tōkyō: Nihon Hyōronsha, 1945), 11–37.
- 14.
Hyakka zensho 百科全書 [Complete work of a hundred disciplines] (Tokyo: Mombusho 1875–1885), translation of William and Robert Chambers’ Information for the People: Being a series of treatises on those branches of human knowledge in which the greater part of the community are most interested, and designed to serve the chief uses of an encyclopedia at a price beyond example moderate, 4th ed. 1857. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/
- 15.
Kang Youwei 康有為, Riben shumu zhi 日本書目志 [A record of Japanese book publisher catalogues], in Kang Youwei quanji 康有為全集 [The complete writings of Kang Youwei], comps. Jiang Yihua姜義華 and Zhang Ronghua 張榮華 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1992), 2: 583–1129. Kang Youwei lists the separate volumes of the Hyakka Zensho under the relevant subject headings biology or education. A variety of other terms continued to be used in Chinese to render “encyclopaedia.” Examples include Dalei bianshu 大類編書 for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, see Zou Zhenhuan 鄒鎮環, “Jindai zuizao baike quanshu de bianyi yu Qing mo wenxian zhong de Dideluo” 近代最早百科全書的編譯與清末文獻中的狄德羅 [The compilation of the first modern encyclopaedia and Diderot in Late Qing writings], Fudan xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 3 (1998): 48; or Xueshu leidian 學術類典 for the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert, see Faguo geming shi 法國革命史 [History of the French Revolution] in Kaizhi lu 開智路 6 (1900): 10, based on Shibue Tamoshi 洷江保, Futsukoku kakumei senshisi 法囯革命戰史 [History of the French Revolutionary War] (Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1896).
- 16.
Nichiyō hyakka zensho 日用百科全書 [Encyclopaedia for everyday use] (Tokyo: Hakubunkan 1895–1900).
- 17.
Shōzoku hyakka zensho 通俗百科全書 [Popular encyclopaedia], 24 vols. (Tokyo: Hakubunkan 1893–1902).
- 18.
This dictionary could not be located. Its title indicates that it might have been intended for young readers.
- 19.
Tang Zhen 湯震, “Xu” 敍 [Preface], in Bian yi putong jiaoyu baike quanshu, ed. Fan Diji, 2b.
- 20.
Segment “Donghua yishe bianyi benshu zhi yuanyin” 東華譯社編譯本書之原因 [Reasons that made the Japanese-Chinese Society to compile and translate this book], in Bian yi putong jiaoyu baike quanshu, paginated separately.
- 21.
An example is the botanical dictionary by the renowned botanist Matsumura Jinzō 松村任三, Nihon shokubutsu meii 日本植物名彚 [Parallel title: Nomenclature of Japanese Terms in Latin, Japanese and Chinese] (Tokyo: Maruya, 1884). This dictionary played an important role in mapping the fauna and flora of East Asia. Other works used were for zoology, such as Murakami Eiko 村上瑛子, Dōbutsu jii 動物字彙 [Zoological terms] (Tokyo: Yūrindō, 1878), and for mineralogy, such as Kotō Bunjirō 小藤文次郎, Kōbutsu jii 鉱物字彙 [Parallel title: Vocabulary of Mineralogic Terms. The Three Languages English, German and Japanese] (Tokyo: Maruya, 1890).
- 22.
“Benshu zhi fanli” 本書之凡例 [Editorial principles of this work], in Fan Diji, ed., Bian yi putong jiaoyu baike quanshu, paginated separately, 1.
- 23.
Teikoku hyakka zensho 帝國百科全書 [Imperial encyclopaedia] (Tokyo: Hakubutsukan, 1898 to 1903).
- 24.
Futsūgaku mondō zensho 普通學問答全書 [Complete anthology of answers to questions on general knowledge] (Tokyo: Fuzanbō, 1894 to 1903).
- 25.
Zou Zhenhuan, “Jindai zuizao baike quanshu de bianyi,” 49.
- 26.
Charles Baker (1803–1874), Graduated reading; comprising a circle of knowledge in 200 lessons. Gradation 1 (London: T. Varty, n.d. [1840s]) (The “circle of knowledge” reproduces the etymology of the term “encyclopaedia”). This work, for which there also existed a Gradation 2 and 3, was translated into Chinese by James Legge as Zhihuan qimeng dunke chubu 智環啓蒙墪課初步 (Hong Kong: London Missionary Press, 1856). There were many later Chinese as well as Japanese prints. For a study, see Shin Kokui 沈國威, Uchida Keiichi 内田慶市, Kindai keimō no sokuseki : tōzai bunka kōryū to gengo sesshoku, "Chikan keimō jukuka shoho" no kenkyū 近代啓蒙の足跡: 東西文化交流と言語接触, 「智環啓蒙塾課初步」の硏究 [The traces of modern enlightenment: East–west cultural interaction and language contact. A Study of A Circle of Knowledge, Gradation 1](Suita-shi: Kansai Daigaku shuppanbu, 2002). The work came with a teacher’s handbook providing questions and answers on the topics. It may be said to prefigure a similar approach in East Asian works.
- 27.
Among them the National Library in Beijing and the library of Fudan University in Shanghai.
- 28.
Sanetō Keishū 實籐惠秀, Zhongguoren liuxue Riben shi 中國人留學日本史 [A history of Chinese students in Japan], trans. Tan Ruqian 譚汝謙 and Lin Qiyan 林啟彥 (Shanghai: Sanlian shudian, 1983), 226. Sanetō Keishū’s library, which had a copy of the Bian yi putong jiaoyu baike quanshu, has become part of the Tokyo Municipal Library.
- 29.
Ōtsuki Fumihiko 大槻文彦, Nihon jisho Genkai (Tokyo: Ōtsuki Fumihiko, 1891).
- 30.
Ōtsuki Fumihiko 大槻文彦, Nihon jisho Genkai, 1.
- 31.
Ōtsuki Fumihiko 大槻文彦, Nihon jisho Genkai, 2.
- 32.
Wang Jiarong 汪家熔, “Ciyuan, Cihai de kaichuangxing” 《辭源》《辭海》的開創性 [The pioneering nature of the Ciyuan and the Cihai], Cishu yanjiu 4 (2001): 132–133.
- 33.
Wang Rongbao and Ye Lan, eds., Xin Erya (Shanghai: Mingquanshe, 1903). It is reprinted in Shin Kokui (=Shen Guowei) 沈國威, Shinjiga to sono go-i: kenky¯, sakuin, eiinbon fu 新爾雅とその語彙 : 研究, 索引, 影印本付 [The New Erya and its terms: A study and index with a photographic reproduction attached] (Tokyo: Hakuteisha, 1995).
- 34.
For details on the background of Wang Rongbao and his connection to Japan, see Wang Rongbao 汪榮寶, Wang Rongbao riji 汪榮寶日記 [The diary of Wang Rongbao] (Tianjin: Tianjin guji, 1987) and the article by Li Hsiao-t’i in this volume.
- 35.
Huang Kan 黃侃, ed., Erya yinxun 爾雅音訓 [Explanations of the phonetics of the Erya] (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1984). The title word er 爾 of this work has been read as a loan for the character er 邇, “approach, get close to”, which would give a meaning of the title as “Paths to correct/refined [meaning].”
- 36.
Takayama Rinjirō 高山林次郎, Ronrigaku 論理學 [Logic] (Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1898). The earlier Jesuit translation of Aristotle’s Logic had little impact and had been utterly forgotten by the end of the Qing.
- 37.
Wang Rongbao 汪榮寳, trans., Lunlixue 論理學 [Logic], Yishu huibian 譯書匯編 2.7 (1902), separate pagination 1–59.
- 38.
As mentioned above, the earlier Jesuit translation of Aristotle’s Logic had little impact and had been utterly forgotten by the end of the Qing. For the entire process, see Joachim Kurtz, The Discovery of Chinese Logic (Leiden: Brill, 2011).
- 39.
Shen Guowei, Shinjiga to sono go-i, 1.
- 40.
Shen Guowei, Shinjiga to sono go-i, 75.
- 41.
See the advertisements for these other volumes on the last pages of the Terminological Dictionary of Natural History.
- 42.
Bao Tianxiao 包天笑, Chuanyinglou huiyilu 釧影樓回憶錄 [Memoirs from the Chuanying loft] (Hong Kong: Dahua, 1971).
- 43.
Zeng Pu and Xu Nianci, “Xu” 敍 [Preface] to Zeng Pu and Xu Nianci, eds., Bowu da cidian (Shanghai: Hongwen, 1907), 1.
- 44.
Advertisement for the Bowu da cidian printed in the last before the last page of the book.
- 45.
Yan Fu 嚴復, Hexuli Tianyan lun 赫胥黎天演論 [Huxley on evolution] (n.p. 1898).
- 46.
Bowu dacidian, Entries of 12 strokes, 158.
- 47.
Zeng Pu 曾樸, Niehai hua (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1980), chap.1. The first chapter, in which this dream sequence occurs belongs to the parts actually written by Jin Songcen 金松岑, who then asked Zeng Pu to take over and finish the novel. For a study of this chapter, see Catherine Vance Yeh, “Zeng Pu’s Niehai hua as a Political Novel—a World Genre in a Chinese Form” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1990), chap. 1.
- 48.
For details on this topic see the article by Douglas Reynolds in this volume.
- 49.
Bao Tianxiao, Chuanyinglou huiyilu, 327.
- 50.
Webster’s International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, MA.: G.&C. Merriam & Co., 1891).
- 51.
Nuttall’s Standard Dictionary of the English Language based on the labours of the most eminent lexicographers (New York: F. Warne, 1898).
- 52.
W.W. Yen (=Yan Huiqing 顏惠慶), ed., Ying Hua da cidian 英華大辭典 (Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1908). The statement is in the preface on page 1 of the unpaginated editors’ preface in English. A similar statement will be found in Sect. 4 of the “Eight Editorial Principles,” Lie yan ba ze 例言八則. The information on the earlier plans is from the preface.
- 53.
Huang Ren, Putong baike xin dacidian 普通百科新大詞典 [New encyclopaedic dictionary of general knowledge] (Shanghai: Zhonguo cidian gongsi, 1911). Published on commission for the Guoxue fulun she 國學扶輪社.
- 54.
In 1900, Huang, together with his friend Long Shubo 龍樹伯, founded an anti-Qing revolutionary society in Suzhou called the Society of Three Thousand Swords, San qian jian qi wen she 三千劍氣文社. It was viewed as a forerunner of the militant Southern Society, Nan she 南社, established in 1909.
- 55.
Huang Ren, Zhongguo wenxue shi, in Huang Ren ji 黃人集 [The writings of Huang Ren], eds. Jiang Qingbo 江慶柏 and Cao Peigen 曹培根 (Shanghai: Shanghai wenhua, 2001), 323–358. Tang Zhesheng 湯哲聲 and Tu Xiaoma 凃小馬, eds., Huang Ren: pingzhuan, zuopin xuan 黃人: 評傳, 作品選 [Huang Ren: Critical biography and selection of his works] (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi, 1998). See also Milena Doleželová-Velingerová and M Henri Day, “Huang Moxi 黃摩西 (1866–1913): His discovery of British aesthetics and his concept of Chinese fiction as aesthetic system” in A Passion for China. Essays in Honour of Paolo Santangelo for his 60th birthday, ed. Chiu Ling-yeong and Donatella Guida (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), 93–141. On Huang Ren’s History of Chinese Literature, see also Chen Pingyuan 陳平原, Zuowei xueke de wenxueshi 作爲學科的文學史 [History of literature as an academic field] (Beijing: Peking University Press, 2011), 250–254 and the article by Chen Pingyuan in the present volume.
- 56.
Guoxue fulun she, comp., Wenke da cidian. Xiuci zhi bu 文科大辭典. 修詞之部, 12 vols. (Shanghai: Zhongguo cidian gongsi, 1911). The publisher was tireless in its efforts to promote sales of both works. The copy of the Putong baike xin da cidian held at the Harvard Yenching Institute has two slips from the publisher in the beginning. Dated to the first month of the third year of the Xuantong reign (Feb. 1911), these offered both works at a special discount of 50 percent for 4 yuan instead of 8 for a limited time period (one month for the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge, and four months for the Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies). These slips were inserted into the initial prints. They would entitle the buyer of either encyclopaedic work to get the second one at half price and to get another copy of the one in his hands as a gift for someone else. The efforts to promote the sales were remarkably successful for the Putong baike xin dacidian, since a fourth printing of 3,000 copies was already planned in 1911. This information can be found in the advertisement for this work in the front matter of the first edition of the Wenke dacidian. On this work, see also the study by Chen Pingyuan in this volume.
- 57.
For background on this society, see Zhu Lianbao, Jinxiandai Shanghai chubanye yinxiang ji, 277. Sun Qing 孫青, “Guoxue fulun she ‘Wenke dacidian’ yu Qing mo bentu jingdian de ‘zhishi ciyuan’ zhuanxing” 國學扶輪社“文科大辭典”與清末本土經典的‘知識詞原‘轉型 [The Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies of the Society for the Support of National Studies and the shift in Chinese classical ‘knowledge resources’ during the late Qing], Wakumon 15 (2008): 86, note 8. More background on this society will be found in the study by Chen Pingyuan in this volume.
- 58.
The quotation is from “Wenke dacidian yuyue” 文科大辭典預約 [Subscription for the Wenke da cidian] in the front matter of the Wenke dacidian. It advertises a special printing of 3,000 copies of this work and offers subscriptions to this set at half price.
- 59.
Sun Qing, “Guoxue fulun she ‘Wenke dacidian’”, 86, note 7.
- 60.
Robert Hunter, ed, The American Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 4 vols. (Chicago: Ogilvie Co, 1894).
- 61.
See Sun Qing, “Guoxue fulun she ‘Wenke dacidian,’” 91.
- 62.
Yan Fu 嚴復, “Putong baike xin da cidian xu” 普通百科新大詞典序 [Preface to the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge] in Yan Fu ji (Beijing: Zhonghua, 1986), 2: 276–277. The version in the original work is in cursive script, in this edition of Yan Fu’s works it has been transcribed.
- 63.
See Li Zhimin 李智敏 and Lu Lili 魯麗麗, “Huang Moxi yu Zhongguo baike quanshu” 黃摩西與中國百科全書 [Huang Moxi and the Chinese encyclopaedia], Dangdai tushuguan 4 (2007): 13.
- 64.
Huang Ren, “Putong baike xin da cidian xu” 普通百科新大詞典序 (Preface to the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge), in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin dacidian. The following excerpts are all from this Preface.
- 65.
See Zou Zhenhuan 鄒振環, “‘Geming biaomu’ yu wan Qing yingxiong xipu de chongjian. Huashengdun yu Napolun chuanji wenxian de yikan ji qi yinxiang” ‘革命表木’ 與晚晴英雄希普的重建. 華盛頓與拿破侖傳記文獻的譯刊及其影響 [The revolutionary model and the reconstruction of the genealogy of the late Qing hero. Publications of translations of documents on Washington and Napoleon and their impact], Lishi wenxian 9 (2005): 393. Shen Songqiao 沈松僑, “Zhenda Han de tiansheng. Minzu yingxiong xipu yu wan Qing guozu sixiang” 真大漢之天聲。民族英雄希譜與晚晴的國族想像 [The true call of the great Han. The genealogy of national heroes and late Qing national thought], Xueshu sixiang pinglun 學術思想評論 [Intellectual Inquiry] 10 (2003): 248–327. Chen served as reference to a Chinese heroic past in Huai Ren懷仁, Shehui xiaoshuo: Luosuo hun 社會小説: 羅梭魂 [Social novel: The spirit of Rousseau] ((1905) Repr. Nanchang: Beihuazhou wenyi chubanshe, 1991), Chapter 1.
- 66.
“Fanli”凡例 [Editorial principles], in Putong baike xin da cidian, 2a.
- 67.
“Benshu zhi tese,” in Putong baike xin da cidian, 1a.
- 68.
Lu Erkui 陸爾奎, comp., Ci yuan 辭源 (Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1915). For a detailed study of Huang Ren’s entries on ‘literature’ and their relationship to his History of Chinese Literature, see Chen Pingyuan 陳平原, Zuowei xueke de wenxue shi 作爲學科的文學史 [History of literature as a field of scholarship] (Beijing: Beijing daxue, 2011), chap. 5.
- 69.
Huang Moxi, Putong baike xin da cidian, 13 strokes, entry #360.
- 70.
Huang Moxi, Putong baike xin da cidian, 24 strokes, entry # 1.
- 71.
The first edition came out in the 5th month of the Xuantong era (1911), the second already in the 6th month; by the 1st month of winter, the third edition was nearly sold out and subscriptions were offered for a fourth edition in an advertisement inserted into the Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies. It is not clear whether this fourth edition was ever printed.
- 72.
Xin wenhua cishu [Parallel title: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of New Knowledge] (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1923). Entries from this dictionary are studied in the contribution by Barbara Mittler in this volume.
- 73.
For a critical analysis of the genesis of this master narrative, see Milena Doleželová-Velingerová and Oldřich Král, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China’s May Fourth Project (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001).
References
Baker, Charles. Graduated reading; comprising a circle of knowledge in 200 lessons. Graduation 1. London: T. Varty, n. d. [1840s].
Bao Tianxiao 包天笑. Chuanyinglou huiyilu 釧影樓回憶錄 [Memoirs from the Chuanying loft]. Hong Kong: Dahua, 1971.
Chambers, William, Robert Chambers, and W.S. Orr. Information for the People. Edinburgh: 1848.
Chen Pingyuan 陳平原. Zuowei xueke de wenxue shi 作爲學科的文學史 [History of literature as a field of scholarship]. Beijing: Beijing daxue, 2011.
Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena and M. Henri Day. “Huang Moxi 黃摩西 (1866–1913): His Discovery of British Aesthetics and his Concept of Chinese Fiction as Aesthetic System.” In A Passion for China. Essays in Honour of Paolo Santangelo for his 60th Birthday, edited by Chiu Ling-yeong and Donatella Guida, 93–141. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006.
Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena and Oldřich Král, eds. The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001.
Faguo geming shi 法國革命史 [History of the French Revolution]. Kaizhi lu 開智路 6 (1900). Based on Shibue Tamoshi 洷江保, Futsukoku kakumei senshisi 法囯革命戰史 [History of the French Revolutionary War]. Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1896.
Fan Diji 笵迪吉, ed. Bian yi putong jiaoyu baike quanshu 編譯普通教育百科全書 [Compiled and translated encyclopaedia for general education]. Shanghai: Huiwen xueshe, 1903.
Fowler, Henry Watson and Francis George Fowler. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911.
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Guoxue fulun she 國學扶輪社, comp. Wenke da cidian. Xiuci zhi bu 文科大辭典, 修詞之部 [Terminological dictionary for classical studies. Section rhetoric]. 12 vols. Shanghai: Zhongguo cidian gongsi, 1911.
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Huang Ren 黃人 (Moxi 摩西), ed. Putong baike xin da cidian 普通百科新大詞典 [New encyclopaedic dictionary of general knowledge]. Shanghai: Zhongguo cidian gongsi, 1911.
———. Zhongguo wenxue shi 中國文學史 [History of Chinese literature]. In Huang Ren ji 黃人集 [The writings of Huang Ren], edited by Jiang Qingbo 江慶柏 and Cao Peigen 曹培根. Shanghai: Shanghai wenhua, 2001.
Hunter, Robert, ed. The American Encyclopaedic Dictionary. 4 vols. Chicago: Ogilvie Co, 1894.
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Appendix: Advertising the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge and the Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies
Appendix: Advertising the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge and the Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies
The copy of the Putong baike xin da cidian that is held at the Harvard Yenching Institute has two slips from the publisher inserted in the beginning. Dated to the 1st month of the 3rd year of the Xuantong reign (February 1911), these offered both works at a special discount of 50 % for four yuan instead of eight for a limited time period (1 month for the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge, and 4 months for the Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies). They would entitle the buyer of either encyclopaedic work to receive the second one at half price and to get another copy of the one in his hands as a gift for someone else (Illustrations 4, 5, 6, and 7). The efforts to promote the sales resulted in remarkable initial success for the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge, as a fourth printing of 3,000 copies was already planned (and might have come about) by 1911 (Illustrations 8 and 9). Even the Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies might have gone through several printings (Illustrations 10 and 11). While the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge went through three and possibly four printings in its 1st year, the climate change coming with the Republic was such that it was soon forgotten. As the inserts advertising these two works are rare, they are included here for reference.
Offer of second copy of New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge at half price (4 yuan instead of 8 yuan) for buyers of first edition at full price. Note the perforations that allow it to be torn out of the volume. Inserted into Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she, second edition, 1911, 6th month, front matter
Special stipulations of the offer of second copy of Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge at half price dated 1st month of Xuantong 3 (1911). To be used before the end of the 3rd month. Inserted into Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she, second edition, 1911, 6th month. Back side of offer in Illustration 4. Note the inconsistency between the handwritten dates and the month of publication
Offer of copy of Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies at half price (4 yuan instead of 8 yuan) to buyers of copy of Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge at full price. Inserted into Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she, second edition, 1911, 6th month, front matter
Special stipulations of the offer of copy of Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies at half price dated 1st month of Xuantong 3 (1911). Has to be used before the end of the 5th month. Inserted into Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she, second edition, 1911, 6th month. Back side of offer in Illustration 6
Slip with offer of subscription of copy of New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge, forth printing at half price (4 yuan instead of 8) to buyers of Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies at original price. The third printing is already sold out. The fourth printing will run at 3,000 copies. Inserted into Huang Ren, Wenke xin da cidian, Xiuci zhi bu, Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she 1911, front matter
Advertisement text for subscription of copy of 4th edition of the New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge. Inserted into Huang Ren, Wenke xin da cidian, Xiuci zhi bu, Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she 1911, front matter
Slip with offer of subscription of copy of the first edition of Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies at half price (4 yuan instead of 8) to buyers of this work at original price. Inserted into Huang Ren, Wenke xin da cidian, Xiuci zhi bu, Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she 1911 (1st month of winter Xuantong 3), back side of Illustration 9
Advertisement text by the head of the Guoxue fulun she for offer of copy of Terminological Dictionary for Classical Studies at half price to buyers of this work at original price. As this page claims the work would be published “in the next month,” and offers a subscription for this, it must be for the second or third printing. The print in the 1st month of winter of Xuantong 3 (1911) did not carry this insert. Inserted into Huang Ren, Wenke xin da cidian, Xiuci zhi bu, Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she 1911, later than 1st month of winter, Xuantong 3
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Doleželová-Velingerová, M. (2014). Modern Chinese Encyclopaedic Dictionaries: Novel Concepts and New Terminology (1903–1911). In: Doleželová-Velingerová, M., Wagner, R. (eds) Chinese Encyclopaedias of New Global Knowledge (1870-1930). Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35916-3_9
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