Abstract
Climate change is occurring rapidly in the Arctic, bringing new economic opportunities alongside challenges for environmental governance in the region. Evaluating these changes, and options for effectively addressing them, requires an understanding of existing institutions and frameworks. This chapter provides a foundation for the book and an introduction to Arctic marine governance and transatlantic cooperation, setting the scene with sections on the spatial scope of the Arctic marine area, the law of the sea in the Arctic marine area, the Arctic Council, and the respective Arctic and marine policies of the European Union and the United States.
Based on Molenaa EJ., Corell R, Koivurova T, Cavalieri S. (2008) Introduction to the background papers. Arctic TRANSFORM. 8 Sept 2008.
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Notes
- 1.
In the domain of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, however, the US is subject to Part XV of the LOS Convention due to its being a party to the Fish Stocks Agreement. See also Reagan (1983).
- 2.
Terms such as the ‘Canadian Arctic Archipelago’ and the ‘Spitsbergen Archipelago’, even if used consistently by Canada and Norway, do not imply that these states qualify—or claim to qualify—as archipelagic states in the domain of the international law of the sea.
- 3.
See the Joint Statement by the then Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Pettigrew and then Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs Møller made in New York on 19 Sept 2005 and the short article by P.E.D. Kristensen, then Ambassador of Denmark to Canada, published in the Ottawa Citizen on 28 July 2005, which place the dispute in the proper perspective of the good and ongoing cooperation between the two states.
- 4.
To be more specific, AMSA’s recommendation was for “updating and mandatory application of relevant parts of the Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-covered Waters (Arctic Shipping Guidelines)”. Those were adopted in 2002, and since then the AMSA report was published in April 2009 and the ‘Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters’ were adopted by the 26th IMO Assembly in November–December 2009); the AMSA recommendation referred to the earlier 2002 Guidelines.
- 5.
Notable state initiatives include: Marine Life Protection Act (California), Territorial Sea Plan (Oregon), Puget Sound Partnership and Marine Waters Planning and Management Act (Washington), Ocean and Great Lakes Ecosystem Conservation Act (New York), Massachusetts Ocean Act (Massachusetts), and the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Rhode Island).
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Molenaar, E.J., Koivurova, T., Tedsen, E., Reid, A., Hossain, K. (2014). Introduction to the Arctic. In: Tedsen, E., Cavalieri, S., Kraemer, R. (eds) Arctic Marine Governance. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38595-7_1
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