Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cystoid Macular Edema

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Immune Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Ocular Disorders

  • 690 Accesses

Abstract

Macular edema is a frequent long-term complication of chronic uveitis, confirmed by a number of epidemiological studies. Its prevalence among uveitis patients is estimated between 20 and 30 % and is a major cause of permanent vision loss [1–3]. About 35 % of uveitis patients with a vision less than 0.1 (6/60) have macular edema, though its prevalence as a cause of poor vision varies with the duration of uveitis. It is reported in 17 % of cases at year 1 and increases to 30 % by year 5 [4].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rothova A, Suttorp- van Schulten MSA, Terffers WF, Kijlstra A. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:332–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lardenoye CWTA, van Kooij B, Rothova A. Impact of macular edema on visual acuity in uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(8):1446–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rothova A. Inflammatory cystoid macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18:487–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Smith JA, Mackensen F, Sen HN, Leigh JF, Watkins AS, Pyatetsky D, et al. Epidemiology and course of disease in childhood uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1544–51.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Monnet D, Levinson RD, Holland GN, Haddad L, Yu F, Brézin AP. Longitudinal cohort study of patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. III. Macular imaging at baseline. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(6):818–28.e2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson MW. Etiology and treatment of macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(1):11–21.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kiss CG, Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca S, Richter-Mueksch S, Radner W. Reading performance of patients with uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(4):620–4.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hazel A, Petre K, Armstrong RA. Visual function and subjective quality of life compared in subjects with acquired macular disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1309–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bringmann A, Wiedemann P. Muller glial cells in retinal disease. Ophthalmologica. 2012;227(1):1–19. Epub 17 Sept 2011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Marmor MF. Mechanisms of fluid accumulation in retinal edema. Doc Ophthalmol. 1999;97:239–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Verkman AS, Ruiz-Ederra J, Levin MH. Functions of aquaporins in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27(4):420–33. Epub 27 May 2008.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Antcliff RJ, Marshall J. The pathogenesis of edema in diabetic maculopathy. Semin Ophthalmol. 1999;14:223–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bringmann A, Uckermann O, Pannicke T, Iandiev I, Reichenbach A, Wiedemann P. Neuronal versus glial cell swelling in the ischaemic retina. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2005;83(5):528–38. Epub 29 Sept 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Chuang JZ, Chou SY, Sung CH. Chloride intracellular channel 4 is critical for the epithelial morphogenesis of RPE cells and retinal attachment. Mol Biol Cell. 2010;21(17):3017–28. Epub 9 Jul 2010.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Motulsky E, Koch P, Janssens S, Liénart M, Vanbellinghen AM, Bolaky N, et al. Aquaporin expression in blood-retinal barrier cells during experimental autoimmune uveitis. Mol Vis. 2010;16:602–10.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Eberhardt C, Amann B, Feuchtinger A, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Differential expression of inwardly rectifying K+ channels and aquaporins 4 and 5 in autoimmune uveitis indicates misbalance in Muller glial cell-dependent ion and water homeostasis. Glia. 2011;59(5):697–707. Epub 10 Feb 2011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. van Kooij B, Fijnheer R, Roest M, Rothova A. Trace microalbuminuria in inflammatory cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:1010–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. van Kooij B, Probst K, Fijnheer R, Roest M, de Loos W, Rothova A. Risk factors for cystoid macular oedema in patients with uveitis. Eye. 2008;22(2):256–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Forooghian F, Yeh S, Faia LJ, Nussenblatt RB. Uveitis foveal atrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:179–86.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lin P, Loh AR, Margolis TP, Acharya NR. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(3):585–90.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Thorne JE, Daniel E, Jabs DA, Kedhar SR, Peters GB, Dunn JP. Smoking as a risk factor for cystoid macular edema complicating intermediate uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:841–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kaercher Kramer C, de Azevedo MJ, da Costa Rodrigues T, Canani LH, Esteves J. Smoking habit is associated with diabetic macular edema in type I diabetes mellitus patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22:430.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Glossop JR, Dawes PT, Mattey DL. Association between cigarette smoking and release of tumor necrosis factor α and its soluble receptor by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2006;45:1223–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Edwards D. Immunological effects of tobacco smoking in “healthy” smokers. COPD. 2009;6(1):48–58. Epub 21 Feb 2009.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fisher MC, Hochberg MC, El-Taha M, Kremer JM, Peng C, Greenberg JD, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, and disease activity in large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:904–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Mandl LA, Karlson EW. Smoking intensity, duration, and cessation, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women. Am J Med. 2006;119:503–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Simmons-Rear A, Yeh S, Chan-Kai BT, Lauer AK, Flaxel CJ, Smith JR, et al. Characterization of serous retinal detachments in uveitis patients with optical coherence tomography. J Ophthal Inflamm Infect. 2012;2:191–7.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sreekantam S, Denniston AK, Murray PI. Survey of expert practice and perceptions of the supporting clinical evidence for the management of uveitis-related cataract and cystoid macular oedema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19(5):353–7. Epub 10 Aug 2011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sugar EA, Jabs DA, Altaweel MM, Lightman S, Acharya N, Vitale AT, et al. Identifying a clinically meaningful threshold for change in uveitic macular edema evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152:1044–52.e1045.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jittpoonkuson T, Garcia P, Rosen RB. Correlation between fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of cystoid macular edema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1197–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tran THC, de Smet MD, Bodaghi B, Fardeau C, Cassoux N, Lehoang P. Uveitic macular oedema: correlation between optical coherence tomography patterns with visual acuity and fluorescein angiography. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(7):922–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. de Smet MD, Okada AA. Cystoid macular edema in uveitis. Dev Ophthalmol. 2010;47:136–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pruett R, Brockhurst RJ, Letts N. Fluorescein angiography of peripheral uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;77:448–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pelitli Gürlü V, Alimgil ML, Esgin H. Fluorescein angiographic findings in cases with intermediate uveitis in the inactive phase. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42:107–9.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tugal-Tutkun I, Herbort CP, Kharairallah M, The Angiography Scoring for Uveitis Working Group (ASUWOG). Scoring of dual fluorescein and ICG inflammatory angiographic signs for the grading of posterior segment inflammation (dual fluorescein and ICG angiographic scoring system for uveitis). Int Ophthalmol. 2008;30:539–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gupta V, Gupta P, Singh R, Dogra MR, Gupta A. Spectral-domain Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography is better than time-domain stratus optical coherence tomography for evaluation of macular pathologic features in uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(6):1018–22.e2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Markomichelakis NN, Halkiadais I, Pantelia E, Peponis V, Patelis A, Theodossiadis P, et al. Patterns of macular edema in patients with uveitis. Qualitative and quantitative assessment using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2005;111:946–53.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Roesel M, Henschel A, Heinz C, Spital G, Heiligenhaus A. Time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in uveitic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(4):626–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ossewaarde-van Norel A, Berg EM, Sijssens KM, Rothova A. Subfoveal serous retinal detachment in patients with uveitis macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:158–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pilotto E, Vujosevic S, Grgic V, Sportiello P, Convento E, Secchi A, et al. Retinal function in patients with serpiginous choroiditis: a microperimetry study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(9):1331–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vujosevic S, Midena E, Pilotto E, Radin PP, Chiesa L, Cavarzeran F. Diabetic macular edema: correlation between microperimetry and optical coherence tomography findings. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(7):3044–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Payne JF, Bruce BB, Lee LBK, Yeh S. Logarithmic transformation for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography data in uveitis-associated macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:8939–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ferris 3rd FL, Miller KM, Glassman AR, Beck RW. A proposed method of logarithmic transformation of optical coherence tomography data for use in clinical research. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(8):1512–6. Epub 7 Apr 2010.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hajali M, Fishman GA, Anderson RJ. The prevalence of cystoid macular oedema in retinitis pigmentosa patients determined by optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(8):1065–8. Epub 26 Jul 2008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Samuel MA, Equi RA, Chang TS, Mieler WF, Jampol LM, Hay D, et al. Idiopathic retinitis, vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN): new observations and a proposed staging system. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1526–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rothova A. Fuchs’ heterochromic uveitis and Coat’s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1994;2:187–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wand M, Shields BM. Cystoid macular edema in the era of ocular hypotensive lipids. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:393–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Digiuni M, Fogagnolo P, Rossetti L. A review of the use of latanoprost for glaucoma since its launch. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13:723–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Idris I, Warren G, Donnelly R. Association between thiazolidinedione treatment and risk of macular edema among patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(13):1005–11. Epub 13 Jun 2012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gelfand JM, Nolan R, Schwartz DM, Graves J, Green AJ. Microcystic macular oedema in multiple sclerosis is associated with disease severity. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 6):1786–93. Epub 28 Apr 2012.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kloos P, Laube I, Thoelen A. Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(9):1225–8. Epub 12 Jun 2008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mason RH, West SD, Kiire CA, Groves DC, Lipinski HJ, Jaycock A, et al. High prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in patients with diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2012;32(9):1791–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pato E, Munoz-Fernandez S, Francisco F, Abad MA, Maese J, Ortiz A, et al. Systematic review on the effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biological therapies in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;40(4):314–23. Epub 27 Jul 2010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ossewaarde-van Norel A, Rothova A. Clinical review: update on treatment of inflammatory macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19(1):75–83. Epub 3 Nov 2010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC, Stevens G, Mellow SD, Green SB. Randomized, doubled-masked study of cyclosporine compared to prednisolone in the treatment of endogenous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:138–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tehrani NN, Saeed T, Murray PI. Deep intramuscular methylprednisolone for the treatment of cystoid macular oedema in uveitis. Eye. 2000;14:691–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jabs DA, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS, Holland GN, Jaffe GJ, Louie JS, et al. Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(4):492–513.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Leder HA, Jabs DA, Galor A, Dunn JP, Thorne JE. Periocular triamcinolone acetonide injections for cystoid macular edema complicating noninfectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(3):441–8 e2. Epub 10 Jun 2011.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bae JH, Lee CS, Lee SC. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab compared with intravitreal and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of uveitis cystoid macular edema. Retina. 2011;31:111–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Venkatesh P, Kumar CS, Abbas Z, Garg S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of different methods of posterior subtenon injection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2008;16(5):217–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Choudhry S, Ghosh S. Intravitreal and posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide in idiopathic bilateral uveitic macular oedema. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2007;35(8):713–8. Epub 14 Nov 2007.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Habot-Wilner Z, Sallam A, Roufas A, Kabasele PM, Grigg JR, McCluskey P, et al. Periocular corticosteroid injection in the management of uveitis in children. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88(8):e299–304. Epub 1 Dec 2010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tanner V, Kanski JJ, Frith PA. Posterior sub-Tenon’s triamcinolone injections in the treatment of uveitis. Eye. 1998;12:679–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Roesel M, Gutfleisch M, Heinz C, Heimes B, Zurek-Imhoff B, Heiligenhaus A. Intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide injections in noninfectious uveitis: a comparative study. Ophthalmic Res. 2009;42(2):81–6. Epub 30 May 2009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Roesel M, Gutfleisch M, Heinz C, Heimes B, Zurek-Imhoff B, Heiligenhaus A. Orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide injections for the management of active non-infectious uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(4):910–4. Epub 10 May 2008.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cunningham MA, Edelman JL, Kaushal S. Intravitreal steroids for macular edema: the past, the present, and the future. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53(2):139–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Atmaca L, Yalçindağ F, Özdemir Ö. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in the management of cystoid macular edema in Behçet’s disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(3):451–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Park CH, Jaffe GJ, Fekrat S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:419–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Martidis A, Duker JS, Puliafito CA. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractor cystoid macular edema secondary to birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1380–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sallam A, Comer RM, Chang JH, Grigg JR, Andrews R, McCluskey PJ, et al. Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for uveitic macular edema in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(2):200–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Choi YJ, Oh IK, Oh JR, Huh K. Intravitreal versus posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edema. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2006;20:205–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kok H, Lau C, Maycock N, McCluskey P, Lightman S. Outcome of intravitreal triamcinolone in uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(11):1916.e1-.e7.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Maca SM, Abela-Formanek C, Kiss CG, Sacu SG, Benesch T, Barisani-Asenbauer T. Intravitreal triamcinolone for persistent cystoid macular edema in eyes with quiescent uveitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;37(8):389–96.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Tao Y, Jonas JB. Intravitreal triamcinolone. Ophthalmologica. 2011;225(1):1–20. Epub 10 Aug 2010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Oueghlani E, Pavesio CE. Intravitreal triamcinolone injection for unresponsive cystoid macular oedema in probable Behçet’s disease as additional therapy. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2007;225:497–9.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial Research Group, Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT, Jabs DA, Louis TA, et al. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1916–26. Epub 16 Aug 2011.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pavesio C, Zierhut M, Bairi K, Comstock TL, Usner DW. Evaluation of an intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implant versus standard systemic therapy in noninfectious posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(3):567–75.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Callanan DG, Jaffe GJ, Martin DF, Pearson PA, Comstock TL. Treatment of posterior uveitis with a fluocinolone acetonide implant: three-year clinical trial results. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(9):1191–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D, Pearson PA, Levy B, Comstock T. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):1020–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lowder C, Belfort Jr R, Lightman S, Foster CS, Robinson MR, Schiffman RM, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(5):545–53. Epub 12 Jan 2011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Williams GA, Haller JA, Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Weinberg DV, Chou C, et al. Dexamethasone posterior-segment drug delivery system in the treatment of macular edema resulting from uveitis or Irvine–Gass syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(6):1048–54.e2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA, Williams GA, Weinberg DV, Chou C, et al. Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(3):309–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zierhut M, Thiel HJ, Schlote T. Treatment of uveitic macular edema with acetazolamide. Doc Ophthalmol. 1999;97:409–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Cox SN, Hay E, Bird AC. Treatment of chronic macular edema with acetazolamide. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:1190–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Farber MD, Lam S, Tessler HH, Jennings TJ, Cross A, Rusin MM. Reduction of macular oedema by acetazolamide in patients with chronic iridocyclitis: a randomised prospective crossover study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:4–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Whitcup SM, Csaky KG, Podgor MJ, Chew EY, Perry CH, Nussenblatt RB. A randomized, masked, cross-over trial of acetazolamide for cystoid macular edema in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1054–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lashay AR, Rahimi A, Chams H, Davatchi F, Shahram F, Hatmi ZN, et al. Evaluation of the effect of acetazolamide on cystoid macular oedema in patients with Behcet’s disease. Eye. 2003;17(6):762–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Butler NJ, Suhler EB, Rosenbaum JT. Interferon alpha 2b in the treatment of uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(2):86–90. Epub 14 Mar 2012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Deuter CM, Kotter I, Gunaydin I, Stubiger N, Doycheva DG, Zierhut M. Efficacy and tolerability of interferon alpha treatment in patients with chronic cystoid macular oedema due to non-infectious uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(7):906–13. Epub 27 Mar 2009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Paire V, Lebreton O, Weber M. Effectiveness of interferon alpha in the treatment of uveitis macular edema refractory to corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive treatment. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2010;33:152–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bodaghi B, Gendron G, Wechsler B, Terrada C, Cassoux N, Thi Huong DL, et al. Efficacy of interferon alpha in the treatment of refractory and sight threatening uveitis: a retrospective monocentric study of 45 patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(3):335–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Deuter CME, Koetter I, Ouenaydin I, Stuebiger N, Zierhut M. Interferon alfa-2A: a new treatment option for long lasting refractory cystoid macular edema in uveitis? Retina. 2006;26:786–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Plskova J, Greiner K, Forrester JV. Interferon-[alpha] as an effective treatment for noninfectious posterior uveitis and panuveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(1):55–61.e2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kötter I, Eckstein AK, Stübiger N, Zierhut M. Treatment of ocular symptoms of Behçet’s disease with interferon α2a: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:488–94.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Nussenblatt RB, de Smet MD, Rubin B, Freidlin V, Whitcup SM, Davis J, et al. A masked, randomized, dose-response study between cyclosporine A and G in the treatment of sight-threatening uveitis of noninfectious origin. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:583–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Whitcup SM, Salvo Jr EC, Nussenblatt RB. Combined cyclosporine and corticosteroid therapy for sight-threatening uveitis in Behçet’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:39–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Vitale AT, Rodriguez A, Foster CS. Low-dose cyclosporine therapy in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:822–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Neri P, Mariotti C, Cimino L, Mercanti L, Giovannini A. Long-term control of cystoid macular oedema in noninfectious uveitis with Mycophenolate Mofetil. Int Ophthalmol. 2009;29(3):127–33. Epub 26 Feb 2008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Doycheva D, Zierhut M, Blumenstock G, Stuebiger N, Deuter C. Mycophenolate mofetil in the therapy of uveitic macular edema – long-term results. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(3):203–11. Epub 12 Apr 2012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Abu El-Asrar AM, Abboud EB, Aldibhi H, Al-Arfaj A. Long-term safety and efficacy of infliximab therapy in refractory uveitis due to Behcet’s disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2005;26(3):83–92. Epub 13 Oct 2006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, Kaloudi O, Cassara E, Susini M, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in refractory Behcet’s disease-associated and idiopathic posterior segment uveitis: a prospective, follow-up study of 50 patients. Biologics. 2012;6:5–12. Epub 1 Feb 2012.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Markomichelakis NN, Theodossiadis PG, Pantalia E, Papaefthimiou S, Theodossiadis GP, Sfikakis PP. Infliximab for chronic cystoid macular edema associated with uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:648–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Erckens RJ, Mostard RL, Wijnen PA, Schouten JS, Drent M. Adalimumab successful in sarcoidosis patients with refractory chronic non-infectious uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250(5):713–20. Epub 29 Nov 2011.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Farvardin M, Afarid M, Mehryar M, Hosseini H. Intravitreal infliximab for the treatment of sight-threatening chronic noninfectious uveitis. Retina. 2010;30:1530–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Farvardin M, Afarid M, Shahrzad S. Long-term effects of intravitreal infliximab for treatment of sight-threatening chronic noninfectious uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2012;28:628–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Markomichelakis N, Delicha E, Masselos S, Sfikakis PP. Intravitreal infliximab for sight-threatening relapsing uveitis in Behcet disease: a pilot study in 15 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154:534–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Androudi S, Tsironi E, Kalogeropoulos C, Theodoridou A, Brazitikos P. Intravitreal adalimumab for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(8):1612–6. Epub 10 Apr 2010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kafkala C, Choi JY, Choopong P, Foster CS. Octreotide as a treatment for uveitic cystoid macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1353–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Missotten T, van Laar JAM, van der Loos TL, van Daele PLA, Kuijpers RWAM, Baarsma GS, et al. Octreotide long-acting repeatable for the treatment of chronic macular edema in uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(6):838–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Papadaki T, Zacharopoulos I, Iaccheri B, Fiore T, Foster CS. Somatostatin for uveitic cystoid macular edema (CME). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13(6):469–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Taylor SR, Habot-Wilner Z, Pacheco P, Lightman S. Intravitreal methotrexate in uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):878–9. Epub 5 Apr 2012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Taylor SRJ, Habot-Wilner Z, Pacheco P, Lightman SL. Intraocular methotrexate in the treatment of uveitis and uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(4):797–801.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Bae JH, Lee SC. Effect of intravitreal methotrexate and aqueous humor cytokine levels in refractory retinal vasculitis in Behcet disease. Retina. 2012; 32:1395–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hardwig PW, Pulido JS, Erie JC, Baratz KH, Buettner H. Intraocular methotrexate in ocular diseases other than primary central nervous system lymphoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:883–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Mirshahi A, Namavari A, Djalilian A, Moharamzad Y, Chams H. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for the treatment of cystoid macular edema in Behcet disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(1):59–64. Epub 19 Mar 2009.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Soheilian M, Rabbanikhah Z, Ramezani A, Kiavash V, Yaseri M, Peyman GA. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus triamcinolone acetonide for refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema: a randomized pilot study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010;26(2):199–206. Epub 24 Mar 2010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Lasave AF, Zeballos DG, El-Haig WM, Diaz-Llopis M, Salom D, Arevalo JF. Short-term results of a single intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) injection versus a single intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (kenacort) injection for the management of refractory noninfectious uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(6):423–30. Epub 17 Dec 2009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Giuliari GP, Gallagher MJ, Yilmaz T, MacDonell RE, Quinones K, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab in refractory uveitic macular edema: one-year follow-up. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009;19:622–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Weiss K, Steinbrugger I, Weger M, Ardjomand N, Maier R, Wegscheider BJ, et al. Intravitreal VEGF levels in uveitis patients and treatment of uveitic macular edema with intravitreal bevacizumab. Eye. 2009;23:1812–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Soheilian M, Karimi S, Ramezani A, Peyman GA. Pilot study of intravitreal injection of diclofenac for treatment of macular edema of various etiologies. Retina. 2010;30:509–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kim SJ, Doherty TJ, Cherney EF. Intravitreal ketorolac for chronic uveitis and macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:456–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Pleyer U, Roider J, Heiligenhaus A, Sauer S, Bertram B, Thurau S, et al. Stellungnahme der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des berufsverbandes der Augenärzte Deutschlands sur intravitrealen therapie des makual¨dems bei uveitis. Ophthalmologe. 2012;109:93–9.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Acharya NR, Hong KC, Lee SM. Ranibizumab for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(2):303–9.e2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MIOS sa, Av. Du Leman 32, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland

    Marc D. de Smet MDCM, PhD, FRCSC

Authors
  1. Marc D. de Smet MDCM, PhD, FRCSC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marc D. de Smet MDCM, PhD, FRCSC .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

    Uwe Pleyer

  2. Division of Ophthalmology, Miguel Hernandez University, Vissum-Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Jorge L. Alió

  3. Centre of Ocular Inflammation and Infection OCUVAC, Medical University of Vienna Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Vienna, Austria

    Talin Barisani-Asenbauer

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Pitié-Salpêtrière’s University Hospital, Paris, France

    Phuc Le Hoang

  5. Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Narsing A. Rao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Smet, M.D. (2014). Cystoid Macular Edema. In: Pleyer, U., Alió, J., Barisani-Asenbauer, T., Le Hoang, P., Rao, N. (eds) Immune Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Ocular Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54350-0_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54350-0_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-54349-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-54350-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation