Skip to main content

Charcot Neuroarthropathy of the Foot and Ankle

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Foot and Ankle Disorders

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ahmad J, Raikin SM. Ankle arthrodesis: the simple and the complex. Foot Ankle Clin. 2008;13(3):381–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alexiadou K, Doupis J. Management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Ther. 2012;3(1):4.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Nammari SS, Timothy T, Afsie S. A Surgeon’s guide to advances in the pharmacological management of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy. Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;19(4):212–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barg A, Knupp M, Henninger HB, Zwicky L, Hintermann B. Total ankle replacement using HINTEGRA, an unconstrained, three-component system: surgical technique and pitfalls. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(4):607–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Besse JL, Leemrijse T, Deleu PA. Diabetic foot: the orthopedic surgery angle. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2011;97(3):314–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bevan WP, Tomlinson MP. Radiographic measures as a predictor of ulcer formation in diabetic Charcot midfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(6):568–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Botek G, Anderson MA, Taylor R. Charcot neuroarthropathy: an often overlooked complication of diabetes. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010;77(9):593–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Boulton AJ, Kubrusly DB, Bowker JH, Gadia MT, Quintero L, et al. Impaired vibratory perception and diabetic foot ulceration. Diabet Med. 1986;3(4):335–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brodsky JW, Chambers R, Kwons PK, Wagner FW. Patterns of disintegration in the Charcot tarsus of diabetes and relation to treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1986;6(6):323–4.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Brodsky JW, Rouse AM. Exostectomy for symptomatic bony prominences in diabetic charcot feet. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;296(1):21–6.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Brower AC, Allman RM. Pathogenesis of the neurotrophic joint: neurotraumatic vs. neurovascular. Radiology. 1981;139(2):349–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Busch K, Chantelau E. Effectiveness of a new brand of stock ‘diabetic’ shoes to protect against diabetic foot ulcer relapse. A prospective cohort study. Diabet Med. 2003;20(8):665–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Calhoun JH, Cantrell J, Cobos J, Lacy J, Valdez RR, et al. Treatment of diabetic foot infections: Wagner classification, therapy, and outcome. Foot Ankle. 1988;9(3):101–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Carrington AL, Shaw JE, Van Schie CH, Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, et al. Can motor nerve conduction velocity predict foot problems in diabetic subjects over a 6-year outcome period? Diabetes Care. 2002;25(11):2010–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chantelau EA, Grutzner G. Is the Eichenholtz classification still valid for the diabetic Charcot foot? Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13948.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chantelau E, Onvlee GJ. Charcot foot in diabetes: farewell to the neurotrophic theory. Horm Metab Res. 2006;38(6):361–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chantelau EA, Richter A. The acute diabetic Charcot foot managed on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging--a review of 71 cases. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143:w13831.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Charcot M. Demonstration of arthropathic affections of locomotor ataxy. Br Med J. 1881;2(1076):285.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Charcot JM. On arthropathies of cerebral or spinal origin. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;296(1):4–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Choi YR, Lee HS, Kim DE, Lee DH, Kim JM, et al. The diagnostic value of pedobarography. Orthopedics. 2014;37(12):e1063–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Craig JG, Amin MB, Wu K, Eyler WR, van Holsbeeck MT, et al. Osteomyelitis of the diabetic foot: MR imaging-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1997;203(3):849–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dahmen R, Haspels R, Koomen B, Hoeksma AF. Therapeutic footwear for the neuropathic foot: an algorithm. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):705–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Delhey P, Burklein D, Kessler S, Volkering C. Closed reposition of an acute midfoot luxation fracture in Charcot arthropathy with the ring fixator. Unfallchirurg. 2010;113(7):594–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dorresteijn JA, Kriegsman DM, Assendelft WJ, Valk GD. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD001488.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Eichenholtz SN. Charcot joints. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  26. El-Gafary KA, Mostafa KM, Al-Adly WY. The management of Charcot joint disease affecting the ankle and foot by arthrodesis controlled by an Ilizarov frame: early results. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91(10):1322–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hockenbury RT, Gruttadauria M, McKinley I. Use of implantable bone growth stimulation in Charcot ankle arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(9):971–6.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ertugrul BM, Lipsky BA, Savk O. Osteomyelitis or Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy? Differentiating these disorders in diabetic patients with a foot problem. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013;4.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fabrin J, Larsen K, Holstein PE. Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(6):796–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Floyd W, Lovell W, King RE. The neuropathic joint. South Med J. 1959;52(5):563–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Foltz KD, Fallat LM, Schwartz S. Usefulness of a brief assessment battery for early detection of Charcot foot deformity in patients with diabetes. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2004;43(2):87–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fragomen AT, Borst E, Schachter L, Lyman S, Rozbruch SR. Complex ankle arthrodesis using the Ilizarov method yields high rate of fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(10):2864–73.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Frigg A, Pagenstert G, Schafer D, Valderrabano V, Hintermann B. Recurrence and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers after total contact casting. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(1):64–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Frykberg RG, Mendeszoon E. Management of the diabetic Charcot foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000;16 Suppl 1:S59–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Garapati R, Weinfeld SB. Complex reconstruction of the diabetic foot and ankle. Am J Surg. 2004;187(5A):81S–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gelberman RH, Szabo RM, Williamson RV, Dimick MP. Sensibility testing in peripheral-nerve compression syndromes. An experimental study in humans. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65(5):632–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gouveri E, Papanas N. Charcot osteoarthropathy in diabetes: a brief review with an emphasis on clinical practice. World J Diabetes. 2011;2(5):59–65.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Grear BJ, Rabinovich A, Brodsky JW. Charcot arthropathy of the foot and ankle associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(11):1541–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gupta R. A short history of neuropathic arthropathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;296(1):43–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Harris JR, Brand PW. Patterns of disintegration of the tarsus in the anaesthetic foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1966;48(1):4–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hastings MK, Johnson JE, Strube MJ, Hildebolt CF, Bohnert KL, et al. Progression of foot deformity in Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(13):1206–13.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Heiba SI, Kolker D, Mocherla B, Kapoor K, Jiang M, et al. The optimized evaluation of diabetic foot infection by dual isotope SPECT/CT imaging protocol. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;49(6):529–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Heiba S, Kolker D, Ong L, Sharma S, Travis A, et al. Dual-isotope SPECT/CT impact on hospitalized patients with suspected diabetic foot infection: saving limbs, lives, and resources. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34(9):877–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hofstaetter SG, Trieb K. Diabetic foot syndrome and diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy (DNOAP): an update of conservative and surgical therapy methods. Z Orthop Unfall. 2014;152(5):517–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Holland HW. Charcot’s arthropathy of the spine with a note on a case. Br J Radiol. 1952;25(293):267–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Johnson JE, Klein SE, Brodsky JW. Diabetes. In: Coughlin MJ, Saltzman CL, Anderson RB, editors. Mann’s surgery of the foot and ankle. 9th ed. Mosby; Philadelphia, PA 2013. p. 1385–480.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kadambande S, Debnath U, Khurana A, Hemmady M, Hariharan K. Rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction: 1st metatarsophalangeal fusion and excision arthroplasty of lesser metatarsal heads. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73(1):88–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kelly M. John Kearsley Mitchel--1793-1858 and the neurogenic theory of arthritis. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 1965;20(2):151–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ku do Y, Park YS, Chang HJ, Kim SR, Ryu JW, et al. Depression and life quality in chronic renal failure patients with polyneuropathy on hemodialysis. Ann Rehabil Med. 2012;36(5):702–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. La Fontaine J, Shibuya N, Sampson HW, Valderrama P. Trabecular quality and cellular characteristics of normal, diabetic, and Charcot bone. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(6):648–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lamm BM, Siddiqui NA, Nair AK, LaPorta G. Intramedullary foot fixation for midfoot Charcot neuroarthropathy. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012;51(4):531–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. LaPorta GA, Nasser EM, Mulhern JL. Tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis in the high-risk foot. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;53(6):774–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB. Classification of diabetic foot wounds. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996;35(6):528–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Tredwell J, Boulton AJ. Diabetic foot syndrome: evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from a diabetes disease management cohort. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1435–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lawall H. The diabetic foot. MMW Fortschr Med. 2006;148(21):42–4, 6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lee KB, Cho SG, Seon JK. Cementless total ankle arthroplasty in diabetic neuropathic arthropathy. Diabet Med. 2008;25(11):1358–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Leung HB, Ho YC, Wong WC. Charcot foot in a Hong Kong Chinese diabetic population. Hong Kong Med J. 2009;15(3):191–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lin SS, Lee TH, Wapner KL. Plantar forefoot ulceration with equinus deformity of the ankle in diabetic patients: the effect of tendo-Achilles lengthening and total contact casting. Orthopedics. 1996;19(5):465–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lipsky BA. Medical treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39 Suppl 2:S104–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lobmann R, Kayser R, Kasten G, Kasten U, Kluge K, et al. Effects of preventative footwear on foot pressure as determined by pedobarography in diabetic patients: a prospective study. Diabet Med. 2001;18(4):314–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lowery NJ, Woods JB, Armstrong DG, Wukich DK. Surgical management of Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle: a systematic review. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(2):113–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marks RM, Parks BG, Schon LC. Midfoot fusion technique for neuroarthropathic feet: biomechanical analysis and rationale. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(8):507–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mendicino RW, Catanzariti AR, Saltrick KR, Dombek MF, Tullis BL, et al. Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with retrograde intramedullary nailing. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2004;43(2):82–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mittlmeier T, Eschler A. Corrective arthrodesis of midfoot Charcot neuroosteoarthropathy with internal fixation. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2015;27(2):139–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mittlmeier T, Klaue K, Haar P, Beck M. Charcot foot. Current situation and outlook. Unfallchirurg. 2008;111(4):218–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mostofi SB. Who’s who in orthopedics. London/New York: Springer; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Mueller MJ, Diamond JE, Sinacore DR, Delitto A, Blair 3rd VP, et al. Total contact casting in treatment of diabetic plantar ulcers. Controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(6):384–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mueller MJ, Sinacore DR, Hastings MK, Strube MJ, Johnson JE. Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on neuropathic plantar ulcers. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A(8):1436–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Najafi B, Crews RT, Armstrong DG, Rogers LC, Aminian K, et al. Can we predict outcome of surgical reconstruction of Charcot neuroarthropathy by dynamic plantar pressure assessment?--A proof of concept study. Gait Posture. 2010;31(1):87–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Paisley A, Abbott C, van Schie C, Boulton A. A comparison of the Neuropen against standard quantitative sensory-threshold measures for assessing peripheral nerve function. Diabet Med. 2002;19(5):400–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pakarinen TK, Laine HJ, Honkonen SE, Peltonen J, Oksala H, et al. Charcot arthropathy of the diabetic foot. Current concepts and review of 36 cases. Scand J Surg. 2002;91(2):195–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Palena LM, Brocco E, Ninkovic S, Volpe A, Manzi M. Ischemic Charcot foot: different disease with different treatment? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2013;54(5):561–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Palena LM, Brocco E, Manzi M. Critical limb ischemia in association with Charcot neuroarthropathy: complex endovascular therapy for limb salvage. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37(1):257–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Papa J, Myerson M, Girard P. Salvage, with arthrodesis, in intractable diabetic neuropathic arthropathy of the foot and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(7):1056–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Pearson RG, Shu KSS, Lowe J, Game FL, Jeffcoate WJ, et al. Histological features of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetes. Diabetologia. 2011;54(Suppl1):S11.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pell RF, Myerson MS, Schon LC. Clinical outcome after primary triple arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(1):47–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pelton K, Hofer JK, Thordarson DB. Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis using a dynamically locked retrograde intramedullary nail. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(10):759–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pinney SJ, Hansen Jr ST, Sangeorzan BJ. The effect on ankle dorsiflexion of gastrocnemius recession. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23(1):26–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Pinzur MS. Neutral ring fixation for high-risk nonplantigrade Charcot midfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28(9):961–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Pinzur MS, Sage R, Stuck R, Kaminsky S, Zmuda A. A treatment algorithm for neuropathic (Charcot) midfoot deformity. Foot Ankle. 1993;14(4):189–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Pinzur MS, Shields N, Trepman E, Dawson P, Evans A. Current practice patterns in the treatment of Charcot foot. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21(11):916–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pollard JD, Schuberth JM. Posterior bone block distraction arthrodesis of the subtalar joint: a review of 22 cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008;47(3):191–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pope EJ, Takemoto RC, Kummer FJ, Mroczek KJ. Midfoot fusion: a biomechanical comparison of plantar planting vs intramedullary screws. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(3):409–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Purewal TS, Goss DE, Watkins PJ, Edmonds ME. Lower limb venous pressure in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(3):377–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pyrc J, Fuchs A, Zwipp H, Rammelt S. Hindfoot fusion for Charcot osteoarthropathy with a curved retrograde nail. Orthopade. 2015;44(1):58–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rajbhandari SM, Jenkins RC, Davies C, Tesfaye S. Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2002;45(8):1085–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rammelt S, Pyrc J, Agren PH, Hartsock LA, Cronier P, et al. Tibiotalocalcaneal fusion using the hindfoot arthrodesis nail: a multicenter study. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(9):1245–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ranachowska C, Lass P, Korzon-Burakowska A, Dobosz M. Diagnostic imaging of the diabetic foot. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2010;13(1):18–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Renard D, Gauthier T, Venetz JP, Buclin T, Kuntzer T. Late onset tacrolimus-induced life-threatening polyneuropathy in a kidney transplant recipient patient. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(4):323–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Richter M, Evers J, Waehnert D, Deorio JK, Pinzur M, et al. Biomechanical comparison of stability of tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with two different intramedullary retrograde nails. Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;20(1):14–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Robinson C, Major MJ, Kuffel C, Hines K, Cole P. Orthotic management of the neuropathic foot: an interdisciplinary care perspective. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2015;39(1):73–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Robinson AH, Pasapula C, Brodsky JW. Surgical aspects of the diabetic foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91(1):1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rogers LC, Frykberg RG, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJ, Edmonds M, et al. The Charcot foot in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):2123–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Rosenbaum AJ, DiPreta JA. Classifications in brief: Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(3):1168–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rosenblum BI, Giurini JM, Miller LB, Chrzan JS, Habershaw GM. Neuropathic ulcerations plantar to the lateral column in patients with Charcot foot deformity: a flexible approach to limb salvage. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1997;36(5):360–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Saltzman CL, el-Khoury GY. The hindfoot alignment view. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(9):572–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Sammarco VJ. Superconstructs in the treatment of Charcot foot deformity: plantar plating, locked plating, and axial screw fixation. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009;14(3):393–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sammarco GJ, Conti SF. Surgical treatment of neuroarthropathic foot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(2):102–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sammarco VJ, Sammarco GJ, Walker Jr EW, Guiao RP. Midtarsal arthrodesis in the treatment of Charcot midfoot arthropathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(1):80–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Sammarco VJ, Sammarco GJ, Walker Jr EW, Guiao RP. Midtarsal arthrodesis in the treatment of Charcot midfoot arthropathy. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92 Suppl 1 Pt 1:1–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Schon LC, Easley ME, Weinfeld SB. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;349(1):116–31.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Schon LC, Weinfeld SB, Horton GA, Resch S. Radiographic and clinical classification of acquired midtarsus deformities. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(6):394–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Shapiro SA, Stansberry KB, Hill MA, Meyer MD, McNitt PM, et al. Normal blood flow response and vasomotion in the diabetic Charcot foot. J Diabetes Complications. 1998;12(3):147–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Shereff MJ, DiGiovanni L, Bejjani FJ, Hersh A, Kummer FJ. A comparison of nonweight-bearing and weight-bearing radiographs of the foot. Foot Ankle. 1990;10(6):306–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Shibata T, Tada K, Hashizume C. The results of arthrodesis of the ankle for leprotic neuroarthropathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(5):749–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Siebachmeyer M, Boddu K, Bilal A, Hester TW, Hardwick T, et al. Outcome of one-stage correction of deformities of the ankle and hindfoot and fusion in Charcot neuroarthropathy using a retrograde intramedullary hindfoot arthrodesis nail. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B(1):76–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Sinha S, Munichoodappa CS, Kozak GP. Neuro-arthropathy (Charcot joints) in diabetes mellitus (clinical study of 101 cases). Medicine (Baltimore). 1972;51(3):191–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Smith DG, Barnes BC, Sands AK, Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH. Prevalence of radiographic foot abnormalities in patients with diabetes. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18(6):342–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sponer P, Kucera T, Brtkova J, Srot J. The management of Charcot midfoot deformities in diabetic patients. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2013;56(1):3–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Stuck RM, Sohn MW, Budiman-Mak E, Lee TA, Weiss KB. Charcot arthropathy risk elevation in the obese diabetic population. Am J Med. 2008;121(11):1008–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Theodorou SJ, Theodorou DJ, Kakitsubata Y. Sonography and venography of the lower extremities for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis in symptomatic patients. Clin Imaging. 2003;27(3):180–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Togari A. Adrenergic regulation of bone metabolism: possible involvement of sympathetic innervation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells. Microsc Res Tech. 2002;58(2):77–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. van der Ven A, Chapman CB, Bowker JH. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17(9):562–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Varma AK. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle: a review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;52(6):740–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Viswanathan V, Madhavan S, Gnanasundaram S, Gopalakrishna G, Das BN, et al. Effectiveness of different types of footwear insoles for the diabetic neuropathic foot: a follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(2):474–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Volkering C, Kriegelstein S, Kessler S, Walther M. Treatment of hindfoot instability in Charcot foot using a hybrid technique of internal and external fixation. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2015;27(2):101–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. von Recum J. Tibiotalocalcaneal corrective arthrodesis in Charcot arthropathy of the ankle with a retrograde nail. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2015;27(2):114–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Wagner F. A classification and treatment program for diabetic, neuropathic and dysvascular foot problems. Instr Course Lect. 1979;28(1):143–65.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wirth SH, Espinosa N, Berli M, Jankauskas L. Complex reconstruction in Charcot arthropathy using the Ilizarov ring fixator. Orthopade. 2015;44(1):50–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Wu T, Chen PY, Chen CH, Wang CL. Doppler spectrum analysis: a potentially useful diagnostic tool for planning the treatment of patients with Charcot arthropathy of the foot? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(3):344–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Wukich DK, Sung W. Charcot arthropathy of the foot and ankle: modern concepts and management review. J Diabetes Complications. 2009;23(6):409–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Wurm M, Schuh R, Wanivenhaus A, Windhager R, Trnka HJ. The Midfoot Fusion Bolt: a new perspective? Orthopade. 2015;44(1):65–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Yousry AH, Abdalhady AM. Management of diabetic neuropathic ankle arthropathy by arthrodesis using an Ilizarov frame. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010;76(6):821–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Zampa V, Bargellini I, Rizzo L, Turini F, Ortori S, et al. Role of dynamic MRI in the follow-up of acute Charcot foot in patients with diabetes mellitus. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40(8):991–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Zwipp H, Rammelt S, Dahlen C, Reichmann H. The Charcot joint. Orthopade. 1999;28(6):550–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure

The authors and their immediate families did not receive any financial payments or other benefits from any commercial entity related to the subject of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexej Barg MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wurm, M., Pagenstert, G., Hunt, M.M., Barg, A. (2016). Charcot Neuroarthropathy of the Foot and Ankle. In: JUNG, HG. (eds) Foot and Ankle Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54493-4_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54493-4_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-54492-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-54493-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics