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Retinoids

  • Chapter
Drug Toxicity in Embryonic Development II

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 124 / 2))

Abstract

Natural and synthetic compounds possessing a chemical structure and functional properties similar to vitamin A are called retinoids. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for humans because it is not synthesized de novo in the body. The normal diet provides it either as provitamin A (or carotenoids), found in plants and vegetables, or as preformed vitamin A, found in animal products (Bendich and Langseth 1989). Vitamin A was discovered almost 75 years ago by MCCOLLUM and DAVIS (1913) as a lipid-soluble growth factor present in certain foods. Further studies showed that vitamin A not only maintained growth, but also prevented xerophthalmia and night blindness. Vitamin A-deficient children are anemic and grow poorly, have more infections, and are more likely to die than their peers (Sommer 1989). There is overwhelming evidence that vitamin A, presumably through its metabolite retinoic acid (RA), participates in organogenesis at several stages and sites during normal embryonic development. The offspring of female rats fed vitamin A-deficient diets prior to and during gestation show numerous malformations in the eyes, the genitourinary system, the diaphragm, and, less frequently, the heart (Wilson and Warkany 1950).

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Kochhar, D.M. (1997). Retinoids. In: Kavlock, R.J., Daston, G.P. (eds) Drug Toxicity in Embryonic Development II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 124 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60447-8_1

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