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The Ups and Downs of Neuropeptides

  • Conference paper
Neuroendocrinology

Abstract

Peptides are not only hormones in endocrine and in hypothalamic neurosecretory cells; they are also present in many neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Whereas their role in the two former systems seems to be well established, their function in the nervous system proper is more uncertain. Over the last 25 years or so, extensive studies using various methodologies have been carried out to improve our understanding of neuropeptides. Their distribution has been mapped, their intracellular localization has been defined, and results from functional experiments demonstrating pronounced effects in various models have been reported. More recently, at least one receptor of the seven transmembrane-spanning, G-protein-coupled type has been identified for almost every peptide, strongly supporting a role of neuropeptides in nervous system function. We have studied dorsal root ganglion neurons as a model system to probe peptide functions, with particular focus on their possible role in pain mechanisms. These neurons express robust levels of several peptides and peptide receptors. Moreover, peripheral nerve injury (axotomy) causes dramatic changes in peptide and peptide receptor expression, resulting in a virtually new phenotype with regard to these molecules. Some mechanisms which possibly underlie these phenotypic changes, as well as their functional significance are discussed in this article. Various growth factors as well as the neuroimmune molecule leukemia inhibitory factor may be important for the regulation of peptide synthesis in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Moreover, we have hypothesized that galanin can be an endogenous analgesic compound, which is recruited especially after nerve injury (neuropathic pain). In fact, our and others’ studies suggest the existence of two defense systems against pain, one localized at the level of the dorsal horn, where local neurons release inhibitory peptides including opioid peptides. This system responds to inflammatory pain. The second defense system is within the primary sensory neurons themselves and reacts towards neuropathic pain, for example by upregulating galanin. Another important aspect of peptide function is their involvement in trophic events, and there is now evidence that, for example, galanin and neuropeptide Y can influence regeneration and neurite out-growth. Thus, neuropeptides may exert manifold actions, but their roles in most cases still have to be defined and established as being physiologically and/or pathophysiological significant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden

    T. Hökfelt, X. Zhang, Z. Q. Xu, R. R. Ji, T. Shi, J. Corness, N. Kerekes, M. Landry, M. Rydh-Rinder, J. Kopp, K. Holmberg & C. Broberger

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  1. T. Hökfelt
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  2. X. Zhang
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  3. Z. Q. Xu
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  4. R. R. Ji
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  5. T. Shi
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  6. J. Corness
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  7. N. Kerekes
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  8. M. Landry
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  9. M. Rydh-Rinder
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  10. J. Kopp
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Horst-Werner Korf

  2. Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Klaus-Henning Usadel

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© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Hökfelt, T. et al. (1997). The Ups and Downs of Neuropeptides. In: Korf, HW., Usadel, KH. (eds) Neuroendocrinology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60915-2_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60915-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64605-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60915-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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