Skip to main content

Abstract

Since time immemorial, the breast has been a primordial characteristic of female identity. The size, shape, consistency and occasionally the function of the breast have assumed great importance both for the patient herself and for her admirers. Attention has been focussed on this region of the anatomy by the entertainment, advertising and fashion media, which play a large part in determining the norms and dreams of modern society. In the western world, as recently as the late 1960s we witnessed a swing away from the voluptuous full figure to the smaller breasted figure led by models such as Twiggy. Throughout the world there are variations with regard to breast size and shape and these differences tend to be associated with the styles of dress commonly worn in different countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  1. Albright F, Scoville B, Sulkowitch HW (1938) Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas of pigmentation and gonadal dysfunction. Endocrinology 22: 411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ashley FL, Rees TD, Goulian O, Ballantyne DL Jr, Braley S (1967) The present status of silicone fluid in soft tissue augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 39: 411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Barnes HO (1948) Reduction of massive breast hypertrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg 3: 560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Biesenberger H (1931) Deformitäten und kosmetische Operationen der weiblichen Brust. Mandrich, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  5. Converse JM (1964) Reconstructive plastic surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  6. Conway H (1952) Mammaplasty: Analysis of 110 consecutive cases with end results. Plast Reconstr Surg 10: 303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Conway H (1962) Weight of the breasts as a handicap to respiration. Am J Surg 103: 674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Conway H, Smith J (1958) Breast surgery: Reduction mammaplasty, mastopexy, augmentation mamma-plasty and mammary construction. Plast Reconstr Surg 21: 8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Crikelair GF, Malton SD (1959) Mammaplasty and occult breast malignancy: Case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 23: 601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Deleted in production

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dartigues M (1935) Les anomalies du sein en dehors des hypertrophies et des prolapsus. Bull Mem Soc Chir Paris 139: 575

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dufourmental L (1939) Chirurgie ré-paratrice et correctrice des téguments et des formes. Masson Paris

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gillies H, Mclndoe AH (1939) The technique of mammaplasty in conditions of hypertrophy of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 68: 658

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gillies H, Millard DR (1957) The principles and art of plastic surgery. Little Brown, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  15. Goldwyn RM (1974) Pulmonary function and bilateral reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 53: 84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Goldwyn RM (1976) Plastic and re-constructive surgery of the breast. Little Brown, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gonzalez-Ulloa M (1960) Correction of hypotrophy of the breast by means of exogenous material. Plast Reconstr Surg 25: 15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kraske H (1923) Die Operation der atrophischen und hypertrophischen Hängebrust. MMW 70: 672

    Google Scholar 

  19. Marino H, Uriburu JV (1975) La mama. Cientificia, Argentina

    Google Scholar 

  20. May H (1956) Breast plasty in the female. Plast Reconstr Surg 17: 351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Nöel A (1928) Ästhetische Chirurgie der weiblichen Brust. Ein neues Verfahren zur Korrektur der Hängebrust. Med Welt 2: 51

    Google Scholar 

  22. Penn J (1954) Breast reduction. Br J Plast Surg 7: 357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Penn J (1959) Breast reduction. In: Transactions of the International Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2nd congress. London. Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pitanguy I (1960) Breast hypertrophy. In: Transactions of the International Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2nd congress, London. Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pitanguy I (1961) Aproximagäo eclética ao problema das mamaplastias. Rev Bras Cir 41: 179 - 196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Pitanguy I (1961) Mamaplastias. Es tudo de 245 casos consecutivos e apresentagäo de técnica pessoal. Rev Bras Cir 42: 201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pitanguy I (1962) Beitrag zur Technik der Hautüberpflanzung zwecks Verbesserung der Hypertrophie der Brüste. Aesthet Med 11: 65

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pitanguy I (1962) Une Nouvelle technique de plastie mammaire. Étude de 245 cas consécutifs et présentation d’une technique personelle. Ann Chir Plast 7: 199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pitanguy I (1963) Contribuido á técnica de enxerto livre para a corregäo das grandes hipertrofias mamárias. Rev Lat Am Cir Plast

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pitanguy I (1963) Mamaplastias. Contribuido ao seu tratamento. Rev Lat Am Cir Plast 7: 142

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pitanguy I (1964) Hipertrofias mamárias. Trib Med (Brazil) 6: 3

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pitanguy I (1966) Hipertrofias ma-márias. Estudo crítico de técnica pessoal. Rev Bras Cir 5: 263

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pitanguy I (1967) Surgical treatment of breast hypertrophy. Br J Plast Surg 20: 78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pitanguy I (1967) Hipertrofia mamária. Trib Med (Brazil) 331: 33

    Google Scholar 

  35. Pitanguy I (1969) Hipertrofias mamárias. Cuad Hosp Clin (Bolivia) 14

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pitanguy I (1971) Mamaplastias. Estudo comparativo da evolugao tecnica em torno de 1196 casos pessoais. Rev Bras Cir 61: 227

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pitanguy I (1976) Personal preferences for reduction mammaplasty. In: Goldwyn RM (ed) Plastic and re-constructive surgery of the breast. Little Brown, Boston, p 167

    Google Scholar 

  38. Pitanguy I (1978) Mammaplastia. Koogan, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pitanguy I, Garcia LC (1972) Aspectos importantes de tecnica pessoal em mammaplastia. Bol Soc Cir Plast Reconstr Cordoba 4: 7

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pitanguy I, Torres E (1962) Estudo histopatologico de tecido mamario retirado para fins de plastica. Rev. Bras Cir 43: 162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pitanguy I, Torres E (1964) Histopathological aspects of mammary gland tissue in cases of plastic surgery of breast. Br J Plast Surg 27: 297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Skoog T (1971) A technique of breast reduction transposition of the nipple on a cutaneous vascular pedicle. Acta Chir Scand 126: 126

    Google Scholar 

  43. Snyderman RK, Lizardo JG (1960) Statistical study of malignancies found before, during, or after routine breast plasty operations. Plast Reconstr Surg 25: 253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Stromberg JG (1960) Mammaplasty: Report of a new technique based on the two pedicle procedure. Br J Plast Surg 13: 79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Thorek M (1942) Plastic surgery of the breast and the abdominal wall. Thomas, Springfield, 111.

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Arion HG (1965) Retromammary prostheses. Center Hospital, Toulon

    Google Scholar 

  2. Arrillaga A, et al (1977) Method for the prevention of firm breasts from capsular contraction. Plast Reconstr Surg 60: 752 - 754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ashley FL (1970) A new type of breast prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 45: 421 - 424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ashley FL, et al (1967) The present status of silicone fluid in soft tissue augmentation. Plast Reconstr. Surg 39: 411 - 420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baker JL, et al. (1976) Closed compression technique for rupturing a contracted capsule around a breast implant. Plast Reconstr Surg 58: 137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Barnes HO (1953) Augmentation mammaplasty by lipo-transplant. Plast Reconstr Surg 11: 404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Barker DE, et al. (1978) “Bleeding” of silicone from baggel breast implants, and its clinical relation to fibrous capsule reaction. Plast Reconstr Surg 61:836-841

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barney SB (1974) Augmentation mammaplasty with two different kinds of prosthesis in same women. Plast Reconstr Surg 54: 266

    Google Scholar 

  9. Berson M (1945) Dermafat transplants used in building up the breast. Surgery 15: 451

    Google Scholar 

  10. Birnbaum L, Olsen JA (1978) Breast reconstruction following radical mastectomy, using custom designed implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 61:355- 363

    Google Scholar 

  11. Boo-Chai K (1969) The complication of augmentation mammaplasty by silicone injection. Br J Plast Surg 22: 281 - 285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Boswick J III, et al. (1978) Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 61:682- 693

    Google Scholar 

  13. Braley SA (1973) The use of silicones in plastic surgery A retrospective view. Plast Reconstr Surg 51: 280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Broadbent TR, Woolf RM (1967) Augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 40: 517 - 523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chaplin CM (1970) Loss of both breasts from injections of silicone (with additive). Plast Reconstr Surg 44: 447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cocke WM Jr (1977) Breast reconstruction following mastectomy for carcinoma. Little Brown, Boston, p. 91

    Google Scholar 

  17. Converse JM (1964) Reconstructive plastic surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia London

    Google Scholar 

  18. Conway H, Dietz GH (1962) Aug-mentation mammaplasty. Surg Gynecol Obstet 114: 573

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cronin TD, Gerow FJ (1963) Aug-mentation mammaplasty: A new “natural feel” prosthesis. 3rd Int Cong. Plast Surg Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 41

    Google Scholar 

  20. Cronin TD, Greenberg RL (1970) Our experiences with the silastic gel breast prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 46: 1 - 7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Davis HH (1949) Effects on the breast of removal of the nipple on severing of the ducts. Arch Surg 58: 790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Davis TE, Carbone PP (1977) Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Current status and promise for the future breast. Disorders of the Breast 3 /3: 20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Deleted in production

    Google Scholar 

  24. Drever JM (1977) Total breast re-construction with either of two abdominal flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 59: 195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dufourmentel L (1939) Chirurgie ré-paratrice et corrective des téguments et des formes. Masson, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  26. Edwards BF (1963) Teflon-silicone breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 32: 519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Eisenberg HV, Bartels RJ (1977) Rupture of a silicone bag-gel breast implant by closed compression capsulotomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 59: 849

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ellenberg AH (1977) Marked thinning of the breast skin flaps after the insertion of implants containing triamcinolone. Plast Reconstr. Surg 60: 755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Feliberti MD, et al. (1977) Rupture of inflated breast implants in closed compression capsulotomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 59: 848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Freeman BS (1955) Complications following subcutaneous insertion of plastic sponge. Plast Reconstr Surg 15: 149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Goldwyn RM (1978) Vincenz Czerny and the beginnings of breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 61: 673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Goulian D, Conway H (1969) Cor-rection of the moderately ptotic breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 43:478- 480

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gurdin M (1972) Augmentation mammaplasty-silicone injections for breast augmentation. In: Goldwyn RM (ed) The unfavorable results in plastic surgery. Little Brown, Boston, pp 365 - 367

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gurdin M, Carlin GA (1967) Complications of breast implantations. Plast Reconstr Surg 40: 531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Haagensen CD (1951) Mammary duct ectasia - A disease that may simulate carcinoma. Cancer 4: 749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haagensen CD (1971) Diseases of the breast, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 449

    Google Scholar 

  37. Halsted WS (1907) The results of radical operations for cure of cancer of the breast. Ann Surg 46: 1 - 19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hartwell SW Jr, et al. (1976) Recon-struction of the breast after mastectomy for cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg 57: 152 - 157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hipps CJ, et al. (1978) Influence of some operative and postoperative factors on capsular contracture around breast prostheses. Plast Reconstr Surg 61: 384 - 389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Huang TT, et al. (1978) Migration of silicone gel after the “squeeze technique” to rupture a contracted breast capsule. Plast Reconstr Surg 61: 277 - 280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hultborn A, Hulten B, Ross B, (1974) Effectiveness of axillary lymph node dissection in modified radical mastectomy with preservation of pectoral muscles. Ann Surg 179: 269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jenny H (1971) The areolar approach to augmentation mammaplasty. Fifth Int Congr Plast Reconstr Surg, Melbourne, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jones FR, Tamar AP (1973) A per-areolar incision for augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 51: 641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kopf EH, et al. (1976) Complication of silicone injections. Rocky Mt Med J 75: 77 - 80

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kraske H (1923) Die Operation der atrophischen und hypertrophischen Hängebrust. M M W 70: 672

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lassus C (1977) Calcification of the fibrous capsule about mammary implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 60: 618

    Google Scholar 

  47. Laughlin RA, et al (1977) Complica-tions of closed capsulotomies after augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 60: 362 - 363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lewis JR Jr (1965) The augmenta-tion mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 35: 51 - 59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Longacre J (1953) The use of local pedicle flaps for reconstruction of the breast after sub-total or total ex-tirpation of the mammary gland and for the correction of distortion and atrophy of the breast due to excessive scar. Plast Reconstr Surg 2: 380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Longacre JJ (1954) Correction of the hypoplastic breast with special reference to reconstruction of the “nipple type breast” with local dermafat pedicle flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 14: 431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Maliniac JW (1953) Use of pedicle derma-fat in mammoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 12: 110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Masters FW, Lewis JR Jr (1972) Symposium on aesthetic surgery of the face, eyelid and breast. Mosby, St Louis, pp 130 - 149

    Google Scholar 

  53. Mladick RA (1977) Treatment of the augmented breast by capsular stripping and inflatable implant exchange. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:720- 724

    Google Scholar 

  54. Montoro AF, Monteiro DM (1978) Comparative study of axillary involvement in surgical specimens: Halsted versus Patey techniques. Breast 4: 20

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nemoto T (1978) Changing treatment for breast cancer: A survey of surgeons. Breast 4: 16 - 19

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ortiz-Monasterio F, Trigus I (1972) Management of patients with com-plications from injections of foreign material into the breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 50: 42 - 47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Parson RW, Thering HR (1977) Management of the silicone-injected breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:534- 538

    Google Scholar 

  58. Peters MV (1975) Cutting the “Gordian Knob” in early breast cancer. Am Royal Coll Phys amp; Surg, Canada, pp 186 - 192

    Google Scholar 

  59. Peterson HD, Burt GB Jr (1974) The role of steroids in the prevention of circumferential capsular scarring in augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 54: 28 - 30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pitanguy I (1966) Transareolar incision for gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 38: 414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pitanguy I, Cavalcanti MA (1976) Incisäo transareolar para mamaplastia de aumento. Med Hoje 2: 632

    Google Scholar 

  62. Pitanguy I, Franco T (1967) As hipo- mastias e seu tratamento cirürgico. O Hosp (Brasil) 72: 1317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pitanguy I, Pontes R (1965) Importance of preservative surgery in burns of the mammary zone in childhood. Rev Lat Am Cir Plast 9: 246

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pitanguy I, Torres ET (1962) Estudo histopatologico do tecido mamärio retirado para fins de plastica. Rev Bras Cir 43: 162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Pitanguy I, Torres ET (1964) Histopathological aspects of mammary gland tissue in cases of plastic surgery of breast. Br J Plast Surg 17: 297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pitanguy I, Carreiräo SE, Garcia LC (1973) Incisäo transareolar para mamaplastias de aumento. Rev Bras Cir 63: 301

    Google Scholar 

  67. Rees TD, Ballantyne DC, Hawthorne GA (1970) Silicone fluid research. Plast Reconstr Surg 46: 51

    Google Scholar 

  68. Rees TD, et al. (1973) The use of inflatable breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 52: 609 - 615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Regnault PC (1964) Mammary reconstruction after mastectomy with emphasis on the use of plastic materials Report of 7 cases. J Am Med Worn Assoc 19: 659 - 662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Regnault PC (1967) Indications for breast augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 40: 523 - 529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Regnault PC, Baker TJ, Gleason MC, et al. (1972) Clinical trial and evaluation of a proposed new inflatable mammary prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 50: 220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Scales JT (1961) Biological and me-chanical factors in prosthetic surgery. Butterworths, London (Modern trends in surgical materials )

    Google Scholar 

  73. Silver HL (1972) Treating the com-plications of augmentation mammoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 49: 637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Testut L, Latarjet A (1931) Traité d’anatomie humaine, 8th edn, tome 4. Adin, Paris, p 466

    Google Scholar 

  75. Uriburu JV, Marino H (1957) La mamma (Editorial). Cientifica Argentina, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  76. Vinnik CA (1976) Spherical contracture of fibrous capsule around breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 58: 555 - 560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Weiner DL, et al. (1974) A new soft round silicone gel breast implant. Plast Reconstr Surg 53: 174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Williams JE (1972) Experiences with a large series of silastic breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 49:253- 258

    Google Scholar 

  79. Williams C, et al. (1975) The effect of hematoma on the thickness of pseudo-sheaths around silicone implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 56: 194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Cronin TD, Freeman BS (1974) Re-construction in cystic breast disease. In: Reviews in plastic surgery: General plastic and reconstructive surgery. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 301

    Google Scholar 

  2. Forrest APM (1976) Clin Oncol 2: 313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fredricks S (1966) Subcutaneous mastectomy - a prophylactic and cosmetic operation. Mexican Academy of Surgery, Mexico

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fredricks SA (1975) A 10-year experience with subcutaneous mastectomy. Clin Plast Surg 2: 347

    Google Scholar 

  5. Freedman BS (1969) A technique of subcutaneous mastectomy with replacement: immediate and delayed. Br J Plast Surg 22: 161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Freeman BS (1973) Subcutaneous mastectomy for central tumor of the breast with immediate reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 51: 263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Goldman LD, Goldwyn RM (1973) Some anatomical considerations of subcutaneous mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 51: 501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kelly AP, Jacobson HS, Fox JI, Jenny H (1966) Complications of subcutaneous mastectomy and re-placement by the Cronin silastic mammary prosthesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 37: 438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Letterman G, Schurter M (1975) In framammary based dermofat flaps in mammary reconstruction following a subcutaneous mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 55: 156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Macklin MT (1959) J Natl Cancer Inst 22: 927

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Peacock EE Jr (1975) Biological basis for management of benign disease of the breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 55: 14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pennisi VR, Capozzi A (1973) Treatment of chronic cystic disease of the breast by subcutaneous mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 52: 520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pitanguy I, Torres ER (1964) Histo-pathological aspects of mammary gland tissue in cases of plastic surgery of the breast. Br J Plast Surg 27: 297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Pitanguy I, et al. (1966) Transareolar incision for gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 38: 414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pitanguy I, et al. (1975) Mamilo in-vertido. Rev Bras Cir 64: 199

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pitanguy I, Torres EE (1976) Patologia em mamaplastia. Rev Bras Cir 66: 241

    Google Scholar 

  17. Snyderman RK, Guthrie R (1971) Reconstruction of the female breast following radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 47: 565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Watts GT (1976) Br J Surg 63: 823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Williams EM, Baum M, Hughes LE (1976) Clin Oncol 2: 327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Fischel A (1935) Compendio de em-briologia humana. Labor, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gray SW, Skandalakis JE (1972) Embriology for surgeons. Saunders Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  3. Haagensen CD (1973) Enfermedades de la mama. Beta, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jorstad LH (1964) Surgery of the breast. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  5. Langman J (1964) Embriologia mèdi-ca. Editorial Interamericana. Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  6. Larlardrie JP, Jouglard JP (1973) Chirurgie plastique de séin. Masson Paris

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lewis HP Jr (1970) Diagnosis and treatment of breast lesions. M E P C USA

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lobo BA (1966) Nogoes bàsicas de embriologia humana. Guanabara- Koogan, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  9. Maliniac JW (1950) Breast deformities and their repair. Waverly, Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  10. Marino H (1958) Plásticas mamárias. Ed. Cientifica Argentina Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  11. Orr TG (1946) Tática cirúrgica. Koogan, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pi-Figueras J (1970) Tactiva cirúrgica. Salvat, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  13. Southwick HW (1968) Surgery of the breast. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  14. Uriburu Julio V (1957) La mama. Editorial Cientifica Argentina, Buenos Aires, pp 101, 102, 855, 860, 861, 863

    Google Scholar 

  15. Witten DM (1969) The breast. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Burger RA, Marcuse PM (1959) Am J Clin Pathol 24: 465

    Google Scholar 

  2. Carreiráo SE, Lessa S (1975) Polimastia e mama axilar supranumerária. Rev Bras Cir 65 (3/4): 77

    Google Scholar 

  3. De Cholnoky T (1939) Supernumerary breast. Arch Surg 39: 926

    Google Scholar 

  4. Goldwyn RM (1975) Plastic recon-structive surgery of the breast 5th edn. Little Brown, Boston, p 349

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hassim AM (1969) Bilateral fibro-adenoma in supernumerary breast. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 76: 275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kaye BL (1974) Axillary breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 53 /1: 61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Maliniac JW (1952) Deformidades mamárias y su tratamiento. Labor, Barcelona

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mariano Castaño (1969) Dorsal scapular supernumerary breast in a woman Case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 43 /5: 536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Pitanguy I, Carreiráo SE, Garcia LC (1973) Amastia unilateral. Rev Bras Cir 63 (3/4): 85

    Google Scholar 

  10. Thorek M (1942) Plastic surgery of the breast and abdominal wall, 3rd edn. Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  11. Uriburu JV, Marino HY (1957) La mama. Editorial Científica, Buenos Aires, p 136

    Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Adams WM (1964) Free transplantation of the nipples and areola. Plast Reconstr Surg 15: 186

    Google Scholar 

  2. Berson MI (1946) Construction of pseudoareola. Surgery 20: 808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bunchman HH, et al. (1974) Nipple and areola reconstruction in the burned breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 5: 531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Dipirre E (1970) Reconstruction of nipple and areola after a burn. Plast Reconstr Surg 46: 299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Epstein E (1956) Therapeutic tattooing. In: Epstein E (ed) Skin surgery. Lee amp; Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  6. Holdsworth WG (1956) A method of reconstructing the breast. Br J Plast Surg 9: 161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Millard RD (1970) Nipple and areola reconstruction by split-skin graft from the normal side. Plast Reconstr Surg 50: 530

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rapin M (1955) Reconstruction of nipple. Br J Plast Surg 7: 372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Spina V (1950) Neo-areoloplasty with labial transplant; symmetrical correction of shape and volume of breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 6: 400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Thaïe HB (1959) Mammaplasty and its complications with special reference to nipple loss and its replacement. Plast Reconstr Surg 7: 296

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wexler R, O’Neal RM (1973) Areolar sharing to reconstruct the absent nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg 51: 176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Ackland TH, Hueston JT, Robbins TH (1979) Subcutaneous mastectomy: Indications and technique. Aust NZ J Surg 49 /5: 501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams WM (1949) Labial transplant for correction of loss of the nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg 4: 295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander JE, Bock LI (1967) Breast reconstruction following radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 40: 175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Baroudi R, Pinotti J, Keppke ME (1978) A transverse thoracoabdominal skin flap for closure after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 61: 547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Berson MI (1946) Construction of pseudoareola. Surgery 20: 808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bisaggio S (1972) Reconstrugäo total de mama apos mastectomia. Folha Med 65 /5: 909

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bostwick J III, Vasconez LO, Jurkiewicz MJ (1978) Breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 61 /5: 682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bowers DG, Radlanes CB (1969) Breast cancer after prophylactic sub-cutaneous mastectomies and reconstruction with silastic protheses. Plast Reconstr Surg 44: 541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Buchman HH, Larson DI, Huang TT (1974) Nipple and areola reconstruction in the burned breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 54: 531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cokle WM Jr (1977) Breast reconstruction following mastectomy for carcinoma, 1st edn. Little Brown, Boston, p 58

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cronin TD, Upton J, McDonough JM (1977) Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 59: 1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cronin TD, Cronin ED (1979) Reconstruction of the breast without additional skin or muscle flap. Clin Plast Surg 6: 47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Epstein E (1956) Skin surgery. Lea amp; Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  14. Freeman BS (1969) A technique for subcutaneous mastectomy with replacement: Immediate and delayed. Br J Plast Surg 22: 161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gibson EW (1979) Subcutaneous mastectomy using an inferior nipple pedicle. Aust NZ J Surg 49 /5: 501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gillies H, Millard DR (1957) The principles and art of plastic surgery, Vol. 1. Little Brown, Boston, p 413

    Google Scholar 

  17. Goes JCS (1979) Breast reconstruction following mastectomy: Who, when and how? Breast 1: 4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Goldwyn RM, Czerny V (1978) The beginnings of breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 61: 673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Guthrie RH (1976) Breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 57: 14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Handley RS (1976) The conservative radical mastectomy of Patey: 10 years results in 425 patients. Breast 2: 16

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hartwell WW, et al. Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy for cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg 57: 152

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hauschild WA (1970) Reconstruction of the female breast after bilateral simple mastectomy. Br J Plast Surg 23: 54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hermann RE (1976) Selective conser-vative treatment of early breast cancer. Breast 2: 41

    Google Scholar 

  24. Horton CE, Carraway JH (1976) Total mastectomy with immediate re-construction for premalignant disease. In: Goldwyn MD (ed) Plastic and reconstruction surgery of the breast. Little Brown, Boston, p 455

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hueston H (1979) Breast reconstruc-tion after mastectomy. Aust NZ J Surg 49 /5: 501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Longacre JJ, di Stefano GA, Holmstrand K (1959) Breast reconstruction with local derma and fat pedicle flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 24: 563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Maliniac JW (1953) Use of pedicle dermofat in mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 12: 110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. McGraw JB, Bostwick III J, Horton CE (1979) Methods of soft tissue coverage for the mastectomy defect. Clin Plast Surg 6: 57

    Google Scholar 

  29. Millard DR (1972) Nipple and areola reconstruction by split-skin graft from the normal side. Plast Reconstr Surg 50: 350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Orticochea M (1973) Use of the but-tock to reconstruct the breast. Br J Plast 26: 304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Phillips MC (1978) Reconstructive surgery after radical mastectomy using omental pedicle grafts and fascia lata. Breast 4 /2: 10

    Google Scholar 

  32. Picaud AJ (1972) Estce licite de reconstruire un sein l’aide de prothese après mastectomie pour cancer? Quand et comment? Ann Chir Plast 17: 278

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pitanguy I, et al. (1971) Reduçâo do mamilo. Rev Bras Cir 61: 73

    Google Scholar 

  34. Pitanguy I, et al. (1976) Patologia em mamaplastia. Rev Bras Cir 66: 239

    Google Scholar 

  35. Pitanguy I, et al. (1976) Mastectomia subcutanea pela tecnica transaeroma- milar de Pitanguy. Rev Bras Cir 66: 387

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pitanguy I, et al. (1977) Reconstrugäo de mama pós-mastectomia. Rev Bras Cir 67: 189

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pitanguy I, Cavalcanti MA (1976) Mastectomia subcutanea; indicagòes e tecnica. Med Hoje 2: 538

    Google Scholar 

  38. Pitanguy I, Cavalcanti MA (1976) Incisao transareolar para mamaplastia de aumento. Med Hoje 2: 632

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pitanguy I, Cavalcanti MA (1976) Reconstrugäo de mama. Med Hoje 2: 912

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pitanguy I, Macareño GA (1975) Re-construgäo de areola e mamilo. Rev Bras Cir 65: 237

    Google Scholar 

  41. Pitanguy I, Torres E (1964) Histo- pathological aspects of mammary gland tissue in cases of plastic surgery of the breast. Br J Plast Surg 17: 297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pitanguy I, Carreiräo SE, Garcia L (1973) Incisäo transareolar para mamaplastias de aumento. Rev Bras Cir 63: 301

    Google Scholar 

  43. Pontes R (1973) Single stage recon-struction of the missing breast. Br J Plast Surg 26: 377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Reinhard W (1932) Total mastone- oplasty following amputation of breast. Dtsch Chir 236: 309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Robbins TH (1979) Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for breast re-construction. Aust NZ J Surg 49/ 5: 501

    Google Scholar 

  46. Schwartz GF (1979) Breast recon-struction following mastectomy for malignant disease. Clin Plast Surg 6: 11

    Google Scholar 

  47. Serafín D, Georgiade GN, Given SK (1978) Transfer of free flaps to provide well vascularized, thick cover for breast reconstructions, after radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 62: 527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Singer R, et al. (1978) Fluorescence for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 61: 371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Snyderman R (1976) Reconstruction of the breast after surgery for malignancy. In: Goldwyn MD (ed) Plastic and reconstructive surgery of the breast. Little Brown, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  50. Snyderman R, Guthrie RH (1971) Reconstruction of the female breast following radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 47: 565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Spina V (1950) Neo-areoplasty with labial transplant. Symmetrical correction of shape and volume of the breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 6: 400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tai Y, Hasegawa H (1974) A transverse abdominal flap for reconstruction after radical operations for recurrent breast cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg 53: 52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wexler MR, Oneal RM (1973) Areolar sharing to reconstruct the absent nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg 51: 176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bibliography

  1. Conway H, Smith J (1958) Breast plastic surgery: reduction mammaplasty, mastopexy, augmentation mammaplasty, and mammary construction. Plast Reconstr Surg 21: 8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Crikelair GF, Malton SD (1959) Mammaplasty and occult breast malignancy: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 23: 601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gonzalez-Ulloa M (1960) Correction of hypotrophy of the breast by means of exogenous material. Plast Reconstr Surg 25: 15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kier LC, et al. (1952) Endocrine relationship in benign lesion of breast. Ann Surg 135: 782

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Longacre JJ (1956) Surgical reconstruction of the fat discoid breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 17: 358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Longacre J J, De Stefano GA (1957) Further observations of the behavior of autogenous split-rib grafts in re-construction of extensive defects of the cranium and face. Plast Reconstr Surg 20: 281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. May H (1956) Breast plasty in the female. Plast Reconstr Surg 17: 351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pitanguy I (1961) Mammaplastias. Rev Bras Cir 42: 201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pitanguy I, Torres ET (1962) Estudo histopatológico de tecido mamàrio retirado para fins de plàstica. Rev Bras Cir 43: 162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Pitanguy I, Torres ET (1964) Histo-pathological aspects of mammary gland tissue in cases of plastic surgery of breast. Br J Plast Surg 27: 297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pitanguy I, et al. (1976) Mastectomia subcutanea pela tècnica transareolo-mamilar de Pitanguy. Rev Bras Cir 66: 387

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pitanguy I, et al. (1976) Mastectomia subcutanea-indicagoes e tècnica. Med Hoje 18: 538

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pitanguy I, et al. (1977) Reconstru gao de mama pós-mastectomia. Rev Bras Cir 67: 187

    Google Scholar 

  14. Snyderman RK, Lizardo JG (1960) Statistical study of malignancies found before, during, or after routine breast plastic operations. Plast Reconstr Surg 25: 253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pitanguy, I. (1981). Breast. In: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery of Head and Body. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66910-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66910-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66912-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66910-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics