Abstract
Historians speak relatively little about systems. Using this word ‘system’ they describe a social system as a group of persons in which the individual has different functions and in which individuals are connected by something they have in common. What they have in common can be something biological, for example the persons can belong to one family. What they have in common can be based also on rules accepted by all of them or on customs or convictions. University for example is a social system of this sort as a community of scientists and teachers or the Christian church as a community of all Christians. Historians distinguish between two systems by calling the system of relationship the primary system and the system based on rules, customs or convictions the secondary system (1).
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© 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Nitschke, A. (1979). Systems and Changes of Systems in History. In: Haken, H. (eds) Pattern Formation by Dynamic Systems and Pattern Recognition. Springer Series in Synergetics, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67480-8_22
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67480-8_22
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