Zusammenfassung
In 1893 the Paris correspondent of The Lancet referred to a presentation by M. Pavlow, as follows: “If (sic), by means of a ligature placed on the portal vein (sic), the blood is compelled to deviate from the liver and pass directly into the general circulation, poisonous symptoms appear, consisting of fever and nephritis, with albuminuria. That this nephritis is not due to hypertension of the blood in the renal vessels is proved by the fact that no such kidney trouble is caused by ligature of the inferior vena cava although this manoeuvre is productive of a greater tension in the renal vessels than the operation inquestion.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agarwal MK (1975) An integrative analysis of endotoxin reactions. Naturwissenschaften 62:
Ali MV, Nolan JP (1967) Alcohol induced depression of retieuloendothelial function in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 70: 295–301
Al-Tuwaijri A, Akdamar K, Godiwala T, DiLuzio N (1980) Inhibition of galactosamine (Galn) induced hepatitis by methyl palmitate induced macrophage suppression. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford
Andersson J, Melchers F, Galanos C, Lüderitz O (1973) the mitogenic effect of lipo- polysaccharides in bone marrow-derived mouse lymphocytes. Lipid A as the mito¬genic part of the molecule. J Exp Med 137: 943–953
Andersson J, Möller G, Sjöberg O (1972) Selective induetion of DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 4: 381
Ankel WE (1958) Begegnung mit Limulus. Natur und Volk 88: 101–111
Aron E (1977) L’activation küpfferienne — Application au traitment des hepatides virales. Med Chir Dig 6: 483–485
Apitz K (1934) Die Wirkung bakterieller Kulturfiltrate nach Umstimmung des gesamten Endothels beim Kaninchen. Virchows Arch (Path Anat) 293: 1–33
Arieff AJ, Dorner H, Zelig H, Massry SG (1974) Mechanism of seizure and coma in hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 54: 654–663
Atkins E (1960) Pathogenesis of fever. Physiol Rev 40: 580
Atkins E, Bodel P (1972) Fever. N Engl J Med 286: 27–34
Auer IO, Wechsler W, Ziemer E, Malchow H, Sommer H (1978) Immunstatus in Crohns’ disease. I. Leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in periferal blood. Scand J Gastroenterol 13: 561–571
Auer IO, Götz S, Ziemer E, Malchow H, Ehms H (1979) Immunstatusin Crohn’s disease. III Periferal blood B lymphocytes, enumerated by means of F(ab) 2 antibody fragments, Null and T Lymphocytes. Gut 261–268
Bailey ME (1976) Endotoxin, bile salts and renal function in obstructive jaundice. Br J Surg 63: 774–778
Baltzer G (1971) Ausmaß der pulmonalen und peripheren arterio-venösen Kurzschlu߬verbindungen bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose und deren Beeinflußbarkeit durch vasoaktive Substanzen (Histamin). Habilitationsschrift, Marburg
Bang FB (1956) A bacterial disease of Limulus polyphemus. Bull J Hop Hosp 98: 325–338
Bartsokas SK, Papadimitrio DG, Papacharalampous NX, Katapoti Z, Kaimas D (1974) Heparinoids — a new inhibitor of experimental liver necrosis in rats. Acta Hepato- gastroenterol (Stuttg) 21: 253–260
Beeson PB (1947) Tolerance to bacterial pyrogens. J Exp Med 86: 39–44
Beger HG, Stopik D, Bittner K, Kraas E, Roscher R (1975) Der Einfluß der Leber auf die Plasmahistaminkonzentration. Messungen im prä-und posthepatischen Blut vor und nach abdominellen Operationen. Z Gastroenterol 13: 474–478
Beger HG, Gögler H, Kraas E, Bittner R (1981) Endotoxin bei bakterieller Peritonitis. Chirurg 52: 81–88
Bennet IL, Beeson PB (1953) The effect of Cortisone upon reactions of rabbits to bacterial endotoxins with particular reference to acquired resistance. Bull J Hop Hosp 93: 290–308
Bennet IL, Cluff LE (1957) Bacterial pyrogens. Pharmacol Rev 9: 427
Berenyi MR, Straus B, Cruz D (1974) In vitro and in vivo studies of cellular immunity in alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Dis 19: 199–205
Berg G, Brichzy W, Braunhofer J, Schricker KT (1956) Vorläufige Erfahrungen mit pyrogenen Lipopoysacchariden. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 81: 1156–1160
Berry LJ (1977) Bacterial toxins. CRC Rev Toxicol
Berry LJ, Goodrum KJ, Resnick G, Ford CW (1980) Endotoxins, liver enzymes and liver disease. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 257–266
Biozzi G, Stiffel C (1965) The physiopathology of the reticulo-endothelial cells of the liver and spieen. In: Popper H, Schaffner F (eds) Progr Liver Dis, Vol I. Grüne & St ratton, New York London
Bjørneboe M (1971) Anti-salmonella aglutinins in chronic active liver diseases. Lancet 11: 484–485
Bjørneboe M, Prytz H, Orskov E (1972) Antibodies to intestinal microbes in serum of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Lancer 1: 58–60
Blaschke TF, Elin RJ, Berk PD, Song CS, Wolff SM (1973) Effect of induced fever on sulfobromophthalein kinetics in man. Ann Intern Med 78: 221–226
Blumenstock FA, Saba TM, Weber P (1978) Purification of alpha-2-opsonic protein from human serum and its measurement by immunoassay. J Reticuloendothel Soc 23: 119–134
Bode JC, Heidelbach R, Bode C, Mannheim W, Dürr KH, Martini GA (1979) Bakterien¬besiedlung des Dünndarmes bei chronischen Alkoholikern im Vergleich zu Niehtal- koholikern ( Abstr ). Z Gastroenterologie 17: 652–653
Bogendörfer L (1928) Über intestinale Autointoxikation. Berl Klinik 35: 1–24
Bog-Hansen TC, Krug HH, Back U (1978) Plasma lipoprotein-associated arylesterase is induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. FEBS Lett 93: 86–90
Bohle A, Sitte H, Miller F (1958) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Glomerulum des Kaninchens beim generalisierten Shwartzman-Phänomen. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 41: 326–332
Boler RK, Bibighaus AJ (1967) Ultrastructural alterations of dog livers during endo¬toxin shock. Lab Invest 17: 537–561
Bonameaux Y (1961) L’accolement des plaquettes aux fibres sous-endotheliales. Thromb Haemost (Stuttg) 6: 504–516
Bradfield JWB (1974) Control of spillover. The importance of Kupffer cell function in clinical medicine. Lancet 11: 883–886
Bradfield JWB (1980) Can we measure Kupffer cell function in man? In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 309–316
Bradfield JWB, Souhami RL (1980) Hepatoxyte damage seeondary to Kupffer cell phagocytosis. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 165–171
Bradley SE, Conan NJ (1947) Estimated hepatic blood flow and bromsulfalein extraction in normal man during the pyrogenic reaction. J Clin Invest 26: 1175
Braude AI, Carey FJ, Zalesky M (1955) Studies with radioactive endotoxin. II. Correlation of physiologic effects with distribution of radioactivity in rabbits injected with lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin labelled with radioactive sodium Chromate. J Clin Invest 34: 858–866
Brauer RW (1958) Blood flow distribution in the liver and circulatory control of liver function. In: Brauer RW (ed) Liver function. Waverly Press, Baltimore, p 113
Brauer RW, Leong GF, McElroy RF (1956) Circulatory pathways in the rat liver as revealed by P32 chromic phosphate colloid uptake in the isolated perfused liver preparation. Am J Physiol 184: 593
Brobmann GF, Ulano HB, Hinshaw L, Jacobson ED (1970) Mesenterie vascular response to endotoxin in the monkey and dog. Am J Physiol 219: 1464–1467
Broitman SA, Gottlieb LS, Zamcheck N (1964) Influence of neomyein and ingested endotoxin in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency cirrhosis in the adult rat. J Exp Med 119: 633–640
Brunning RA, Woolfrey BF, Schräder Wh (1964) Studies with tridiated endotoxin. II. Endotoxin localization in the formed elements of the blood. Am J Pathol 44: 401–409
Brunswig D (1980) The factor VIII related protein - An indicator of Kupffer cell dysfunction. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 295–300
Buchanan BJ, Filkins JP (1976) Insulin secretion and sensitization to endotoxin shock. Circ Shock 3: 223–230
Capps JA, Coleman GH (1923) Influence of alcohol on the prognosis of pneunomia in Cook County hospital. A Statistical report. JAMA 80: 750–752
Caridis DT, Woodruff PWH, Reinhold RB, Fine J (1972) Endotoxaemia in man. Lancet 1: 1381–1386
Caridis DT, Ishiyama M, Woodruff PW (1973) Role of the intestinal flora in clearance and detoxification of circulating endotoxin. J Reticuloendothel Soc 14: 513–521
Cavanagh D, Rao PS, Sutton DMC, Bhagat D, Bachmann F (1970) Pathophysiology of endotoxin shock in the primate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108: 705–719
Clemente C, Bosch J, Rodes J, Arroyo V, Mas A, Maragall S (1977) Functional renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis associated with endotoxaemia in cirrhosis. Gut 18: 556–560
Clowes GHA, O’Donnell TF, Tyan NT (1975) Abnormalities of energy metabolism in sepsis and endotoxaemia. In: Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) Gram negative bacterial infections. Springer Verlag, Wien New York, pp 248–253
Cluff LE (1956) A study of the effect of serum on the immunological reaction of a bacterial endotoxin. J Exp Med 103: 439–452
Cohen E (1979) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). Alan R Liss Inc, New York
Colin R, Graucher T, Lemeland JF, Hecketsweiler P, Galmiche JP, Le Grix A, Geffroy Y (1979) Recherche d’une endotoxinemie dans le entero-colites inflammatoires crytogenetiques. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 3: 15–19
Conn HO, Fessel JM (1971) Sponatneous bacterial Peritonitis in cirrhosis. Variations on a theme. Medicine 50: 161–197
Conn HO, Lieberthal MM (1979) The hepatic coma syndromes and lactulose. Williams and Wükins Co, Baltimore
Cook JA, DiLuzio NR (1973) Protective effect of cysteine of methylprednisolone in lead acetate-endotoxin induced shock. Exp Mol Pathol 19: 127–138
Cooksley WGE, Powell LW, Halliday JW (1973) Reticuloendothelial phagocytic function in human Hver diseases and its relationship to haemolysis. Br J Haematol 25: 147–164
Cooperstock MS, Tucher RP, Baublis JV (1975) Possible pathogenetic role of endotoxin in Reye’s Syndrome. Lancet 1: 1272
Correia JP, Conn HO (1975) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: Endemie or epidemic? Med Clin North Am 59: 963–981
Corrigan JJ, Bell BM (1971) Endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation: Prevention with Polymyxin B sulfate. J Lab Clin Med 77: 802–810
Cuevas P, Fine J (1972) Route of absorption of endotoxin from the intestine in non- septic shock. J Reticuloendothel Soc 11: 535–538
Cuevas P, Fine J (1973) Production of fatal endotoxic shock by vasoactive substances. Gastroenterology 64: 285–291
Cuevas P, Kuafman AE, Fine J (1973/74) A vasoactive agent in burns which produces fatal endotoxic shock. Surg Forum 24/25:39–41
Daniele R, Singh H, Appert HE, Pairent FW, Howard JM (1970) Lymphatic absorption of intraperitoneal endotoxin in the dog. Surgery 67: 484–487
Das J, Schwartz AA, Folkman J (1973) Clearance of endotoxin by platelets: Role in increasing the accuracy of the limulus gelation test in combating experimental endotoxemia. Surgery 74: 235–240
Di Luzio NR (1962) Triglyceride alterations in normal and reticuloendothelial stimulated rats following CC14. J Am Oil Chem Soc 39: 194–196
Di Luzio NR (1979) Lysozyme, Glucan-activated macrophages and neoplasia. J Reticuloendothel Soc 26: 67–81
Di Luzio NR, Williams DL (1980a) Macrophage-mediated modification of the inereased suceptibility of chronic ethanol-treated mice to S. aureus infection. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 137–148
Di Luzio NR, Williams DL (1980b) Modification of experimental viral hepatitis by glucan induced macrophage activation. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 363–368
Drivas G, James O, Wardle N (1976) Study of reticuloendothelial phagocytic capacity in patients with cholestasis. Br J Med 1: 1568–1569
Dubczak JA, Cotter R, Dastoli FR (1979) Quantitative detection of endotoxin by nephelometry. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crab (Limiüdae). Alan R Liss, New York, pp 403–414
Du Bose DA, Lemaire M, Basamania K, Rowlands J (1980) Comparison of plasma extraction of samples for endotoxin testing by the limulus amoebocyte lysate test. J Clin Microbiol 11: 68–72
El Mofty SK, Scrutton MC, Serroni A, Noeolini C, Farber JL (1975) Early, reversible plasma membrane injury in galactosamine-induced liver cell death. Am J Pathol 79: 579–595
Emerson TE Jr., Bryan WJ (1977) Regional cerebral blood flows in endotoxin shock with methylprednisolone treatment. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 156: 378–381
Erdös EG, Massion WH, Downs DR, Gecse A (1974) Effect of the inhibition of angiotensin I Converting enzyme in endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 145: 948–951
Farber JL, El Mofty S (1975) The biochemical pathology of liver cell necrosis. Am J Pathol 81: 237–250
Filkins JP (1970) Bioassay of endotoxin inactivation in the lead-sensitized rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 134: 610–612
Filkins JP (1977) Depression of RES function and sensitization to endotoxin shock and hypoglycemia. J Reticuloendothel Soc 22: 461–467
Filkins JP, Cornell RP (1974) Depression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and the hypoglycemia of endotoxin shock. Am J Physiol 227: 778–781
Filkins JP, Yehch MR (1980) RES function and glucoregulation in endotoxicosis. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 89–98
Fine J (1965) Current status of the problem of traumatic shock. Surg Gynecol Obstet 120: 537–544
Fine J (1975a) Acute pancreatitis. Lancet 1: 1092
Fine J (1975b) Reflections. Contemp Surgery 7: 48–56
Fine J (1980) Nutritional cirrhosis and intestinal flora. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 247: 255
Fink PC, Lehr L, Urbaschek RM, Kozak J (1981) Limulus amoebocyte lysate test for endotoxemia: Investigations with a fentogramm sensitiv spectophotometric assay. Klin Wochenschr 59: 213–218
Finkelstein RA (1964) Observations of mode of action of endotoxin in chick embryos. Proc Soc Exp Med 115: 702–707
Fischler F (1925) Physiologie und Pathologie der Leber. 2 Aufl. Springer, Berlin
Flenker H, Liehr H (1978) Schockmanifestationen in Magen, Darm, Pankreas und Leber. Verh Deutsch Ges Pathol 62: 127–146
Fossard DP, Kakkar VV (1974) The Limulus test in experimental and clinical endotoxemia. Br J Surg 61: 798–804
Franke WG, Johannsen B, Henning K, Woller P (1972) Funktionsdiagnostik der RES mit kurzlebigen Radionukliden. Z Inn Med 27: 1029–1034
French SW, Burbige EG (1979) Alcoholic hepatitis: clinical, morphologic, pathogenic, and therapeutic aspects. Liver Dis 5: 557–579
French JE, Macfarlane RG, Saunders AG (1964) The structure of haemostatic plugs and experimental thrombi in small arteries. Br J Exp Pathol 45: 467–474
Freudenberg MA, Bog-Hansen TC, Back U, Girillo E, Galanos C (1980) Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high density lipoprotein in rats. In: Eaker D, Wald- strøm T (eds) Natural Toxins. Pergamon Press, Oxford New York, pp 349–354
Freudenberg MA, Galanos C (1978) Interaction of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with complement in rats and its relation to endotoxicity. Infection and Immunity 19: 875–882
Fritz H (1973) A cytotoxic effect on monkey kidney cells, induced by sera from patients with acute renal failure and suggesting endotoxemia. Acta Med Scand 193: 79–88
Fritze E, Doering P (1959) Der Transport eines markierten Endotoxins im Blut. Z Exp Med 132: 334–336
Fulenwider JT, Sibley C, Stein SF, Evatt B, Nordlinger BM, Ivey GL (1980) Endotoxemia in cirrhosis: an Observation not substantiated. Gastroenterology 78: 1001–1004
Fumarola D, Jirillo E (1976) Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach. Giornale di Batteriologia, Virologia et Immunologia LXIX, N 1–6
Fumarola D, Jirillo E (1979) Endotoxin contamination of some commercial preparations used in experimental research. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crap (Limulidae). Alan R Liss, New York, pp 379–385
Gates GA, Henley KS, Pollard HM, Schmidt E, Arbor A (1961) The cell population of human liver. J Lab Clin Med 57: 182–184
Gäng V, Baldus M, Kadereit M (1976) Serum level changes of endogenous and post- heparin diamine oxidase (histaminase) in clinical and experimental hepatitis. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 23: 104–109
Gäng V. Brunswig D, Liehr H (1978) Aktivierung der Diaminooxydase (Histaminase) durch Heparin. Ein Hinweis auf den Einfluß von Heparin auf die Hämo Stagnation. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 84: 1388–1391
Galambos JT (1974) Alcoholic hepatitis. In: Schaffner F, Sherlock S, Leevy CM (eds) The liver and its diseases. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 255–267
Galanos C (1975) Physical State and biological activity of lipopolysaccharides. Toxicity and immunogeneicity of the lipid A component. Z Immunol Forsch 149: 214–229
Galanos C, Lüderitz O (1976) The role of the physical State of lipopolysaccharides in their interaction with complement. Eur J Biochem 65: 403–408
Galanos C, Freudenberg MA, Lüderitz O, Rietschel ET, Westphal O (1979) Chemical, physiochemical and biological properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshow crab (Limulidae). Alan R Liss, New York, pp 321–332
Gans H (1964) Study of fibrinogen turnover rates after total hepatocktomy in dogs. Surgery 55: 544–550
Gans H, Matsumoto K (1975) On the escape of endotoxin from the intestine. In: Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) Gram negative bacterial infections. Springer, Wien New York, pp 429–435
Gans H, Matsumoto K, Mori K (1972) Antibodies and intravascular clotting in liver cirrhosis. Lancet 1: 1181–1182
Gaynor E, Bouvier C, Spaet TH (1970) Vascular lesions: Possible pathogenetic basis of the generalized Shwartzmann reaction. Science 170: 986–988
Geller LJ, Kozlova ZP (1976) Some features in histamine metabolism of liver disease. VOP Med Klin 16: 122–128
Gendrault JL, Steffan AM, Bingen A, Kirn A (1980) Uptake of frog virus 3 by Kupffer cells in vivo and in vitro. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 221–228
Gendrault JL, Steffan AM, Elharrar M, Kirn A (1979) Wirkung eines wasserlöslichen Derivates von Silymarin auf die durch Frog-virus 3 an Mäusehepatozyten hervor-gerufenen morphologischen und funktionellen Veränderungen. Arzneim Forsch/ Drag Res 29: 786–791
Golbert VE, Braude AI (1962) Reduction of scram complement in rabbits after injection of endotoxin. J Exp Med 116: 477
Gillenwater GY, Dooley ES, Fröhlich ED (1963) Effects of endotoxin on renal function and hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 205: 293–297
Glass K, Palmerio C, Fine J (1969) Further evidence of the role of the retieuloendothelial system in the maintenance of vascular integrity. Surgery 66: 709–714
Goodale F, Snell ES, Wendt F, Cranston WI (1956) Inactivation of a bacterial pyrogen by human seram and plasma. Clin Sei 15: 491–495
Gormus BJ, Shands JW (1976) Endotoxin-stimulated spieen cells: dissociation between DNA synthesis and IgM produetion at the cellular level. Proc Soc Exp Biol 152: 489–492
Goodrum KJ, Moore RN, Berry LJ (1978) Effect of Indomethaein on the response of mice to endotoxin. J Reticuloendothel Soc 23: 213–221
Gorodischer R, Krasner J, Mc Devitt JJ, Nolan J, Yaffee SJ (1976) Short communications. Hepatic microsomal drug metabolism after administration of endotoxin in rats. Biochem Pharm 25: 351–353
Götze O, Müller-Eberhard HJ (1970) Lysis of erythrocytes by complement in the absence of antibody. J Exp Med 132: 898–915
Götze O, Müller-Eberhard HJ (1971) The C3-activator system: an alternative pathway of complement activation. J Exp Med 134: 90–108
Greisman SE, Hornick RB (1969) Comparative pyrogenic reactivity of rabbit and man to bacterial endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 131: 1154
Grün M, Brölsch E, Wolter J (1980) Influence of portal hepatic blood flow on RES function. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 149–158
Grün M, Liehr H, Rasenack U (1977) Significance of endotoxemia in experimental “galactosamine-hepatitis” in the rat. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 24: 64–81
Grün M, Brunswig D, Mersch-Baumert K, Conrath M, Hörder MH, Laun A, Liehr H, Richter E (1972) Gerinnungsstörungen bei der Galaktosamin-Hepatitis der Ratte. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 19: 103–108
Grün M, Liehr H, Brunswig D, Thiel H (1974a) Regulation of fibrinogen synthesis in portal hypertension. Thrombos Haemost 32: 292–305
Grün M, Liehr H, Grün W, Rasenack U, Brunswig D (1974b) Influence of liver RES on toxic liver damage due to galactosamine. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 21: 5–15
Grün M, Liehr H, Thiel H, Rasenack U (1976) Effekt einer Endotoxinämie auf die renale und intrarenale Hämodynamic bei Ratten mit und ohne portakavale Anastomose. Z Gastroenterol 14: 285–297
Gut JP, Steffan AM, Anton M, Kirn A (1980) Kupffer cell function and frog virus 3 hepatitis in mice and rats. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 211–219
György P (1954) Antibiotics and liver disease. Ann NY Acad Sei 57: 925–931
Hadbavney AM, Buchanan BJ, Filkins JP (1978) Insulin and the glucoregulatory alterations of RES depression. J Reticuloendothel Soc 24: 57–62
Hall RC, Hodge RL (1971) Vasoactive hormones in endotoxin shock: A comparative study in cats and dogs. J Physiol 213: 69–84
Hansson R (1973) Heparin-induced increase of diamine oxydase (histaminase) in blood and lymph. Scand J Clin Lab Invest (Suppl) 31: 7–21
Hegemann F (1954) Zur Bedeutung des Blutserums für die Entstehung und das Wirksamwerden bakterieller Reizstoffe beim Menschen. Z Immunitätsforsch 111: 213–225
Hegemann F (1956) Studien über die Natur des fieberst offneutralisierenden Faktors im normalen menschlichen Blut. Z Immunitätsforsch 113: 386–395
Hegglin R, Rutishauser W (1962) Kreislaufdiagnostik mit der Farbstoffverdünnungs¬methode. Thieme, Stuttgart
Heine WD, Liehr H, Grün M (1978) Intestinale Histaminfreisetzung und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung der sogenannten Galactosamin-Hepatitis. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 62: 252–255
Hicks MH, Holt HP, Guerrant JL (1948) The effect of spontaneous and artificially in¬duced fever on liver function. J Clin Invest 27: 580–587
Hinshaw LB (1971) Release of vasoactive agents and the vascular effects of endotoxin. In: Kadis S, Weinbaum G, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial toxins, vol V. Academic Press, New York London, pp 209–260
Hjort PF, Rapaport SI (1965) The Shwartzman reaction: Pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations. Annu Rev Med 16: 135–168
Ho M, Kass EH (1957) Protectiv effect of components of normal blood against the lethal action of endotoxin. J Lab Clin Med 51: 297–311
Hoffmann MK, Weiss O, Koenig S, Hirst JA, Oettgen HF (1975) Suppression and enhancement of the T cell-dependent production of antibody to SRBC in vitro by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 114: 738–741
Hörder MH, Kickhöfen B (1957) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Nachweis der Fibrinolyse nach Injektion eines bakteriellen Lipopolysaccharids ( Pyrexal ). Acta Haematol 17: 321–332
Huth K, Ruwisch H, Schmahl FW, Blümel G, Urbaschek B (1970) Histamin als Mediator der endotoxininduzierten und der posttraumatischen Hyperlipoproteinämie. Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch 36: 319
Huth K, Schmahl FW, Oehler G, Hassinger R, Heckers H, Blumenthal J (1975) Endotoxin-bedingte Stoffwechselstörungen. Fortschr Med 93: 1664–1668
Iwasaki M, Marugama J, Ikeziri N (1980) Endotoxin in severe liver disease. Jpn J Gastroenterol 77: 386–394
Jacob AI, Goldberg PK, Bloom N, Degenshein GA, Kozinn PJ (1977) Endotoxin and bacteria in portal blood. Gastroenterology 72: 1268–1270
Jedrychowski A, Hülenbrand P, Ajduklewicz AB (1973) Fibrinolysis in cholestatic jaundice. Br Med J 1: 640–642
Kadis S, Weinbaum G, Ajl SJ (1971) Microbial toxins. A comprehensive treatise, vol V. Bacterial endotoxins. Academic Press, New York London
Kagnoff MF, Billings P, Cohn M (1974) Functional characteristics of Peyer’s patch lymphoid cells. II. Lipopolysaccharide is thymus dependent. J Exp Med 139: 407–413
Kampschmidt RF, Upchurch HF (1970) A comparison of the effect of rabgit endogenous pyrogen on the body temperature of the rabbit and lowering of plasma iron in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 133: 128–130
Kaplan JE (1980) Physiological and pathophysiological factors determining phagocytosis. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 55–67
Kelly MG, Smith NH, Rall DP (1957) Effect of incubation with rabbit serum on toxicity and tumor-necrotizing action of Polysaccharide from S. marcescens. Am J Physiol 188: 563–567
Keraan M, Meyers OL, Engelbrecht GHC, Hickman R, Saunders SJ, Terblanche J (1974) Increased serum immunoglobulin levels following portacaval shunt in the normal rat. Gut 15: 468–472
Kocśar LT, Bertoc L, Varteresz V (1969) Effect of bile acids on the intestinal absorption of endotoxin in rats. J Bacteriol 100: 220–223
Kohno K, Suzuki N, Ohnishi K, Musha H, Kotoda K, Okuda K (1980) Mechanism for development of systemic endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis and portal endotoxemia. Acta Hepatol Jpn 21: 1322–1329
Korn KJ (1963) Hämorrhagisch-nekrotisierende Pankreatitis durch lokales Shwartz- man-Phänomen. Ihre Abgrenzung von der tryptischen Pankreatitis. Frankf Z f Pathol 73: 203–227
Kühn HA (1947) Die formale Pathogenese der Hepatitis epidemica nach Untersuchungen an Leberpunktaten. Beitr Pathol Anat Allg Pathol 109: 589–649
Kühn HA (1980) Implications of Kupffer cell activation in virus hepatitis in man. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 303–307
Kuida H, Gilbert RP, Hinshaw LB, Brunson JG, Visscher MB (1961) Species differences in effect of gram-negative endotoxin on circulation. Am J Physiol 200: 1197–1202
Kurahori T, Koda T, Ichikawa M, Watanabe Y (1979) Phagocytic activity of retieuloendothelial system of patients with chronic liver disease. Kanzo 20, 27: 249–38: 260
Lagrange PH, Mackaness GB (1975) Effect of bacterial lipopolysaceharide on the induction and expression of cell-mediated immunity. II. Stimulation of the efferent arc. J Immunol 114: 447–451
Lagrange PH, Mackaness GB, Miller TE, Pardon P (1975) Effects of bacterial lipopoly- saccharide on the induction and expression of cell-mediated immunity. I. Depression of the afferent arc. J Immunol 114: 442–446
Lambert PB, Si-Chun Ming, Palmerio C (1969) Vasomotor factors in the Shwartzman phenomenon. Am J Pathol 57: 559–580
The Lancet 1893, Paris correspondent: The antiendotoxic function of the liver. Lancet 11: 1092
Landy M, Skarnes RC, Rosen FS, Traponi RJ, Shear MG (1957) Inactivation of biologically active (“Endotoxic”) Polysaccharides by fresh human serum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 96: 744–747
Lathem W (1956) The urinary exeretion of sodium and potassium during the pyrogenic reaction in man. J Clin Invest 35: 947–953
Latour JG, Leger C (1975) Prevention by glucocorticoids of disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by endotoxin mechanisms. J Lab Clin Med 85: 934–949
Leevy CM, Chem T, Luisada-Opper A, Kanagasundaram N, Zetterman R (1976) Liver disease of the alcoholic-role of immunologic abnormalities in pathogenesis recognization and treatment. Liver 5: 516–530
Leibowitz AI, Nolan JP (1979) Immunoradiometric assay of endotoxin in serum. Clin Chem 25: 68–70
Lemperle G, Herdter F, Gospos F (1971) The stimulating or depressing effect of various drugs on the phagocytic function of the RES. In: Di Luzio NR (ed) The retieuloendothelial system and immune phenomena. Plenum Press, New York
Levin J (1979a) The reaction between bacterial endotoxin and amebocyte lysate. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crab (Limulidae). Alan R Liss, New York, pp 131–146
Levin J (1979b) The Limulus test: a status report. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crab (Limulidae). Alan R Liss, New York, pp 235–244
Levin J, Bang FB (1964) The role of endotoxin in the extracellular coagulation of Limulus blood. Bull J Hop Hosp 115: 265–274
Levin J, Bang FB (1968) Clottable protein in limulus: its localization and kinetics of its coagulation by endotoxin. Thromb Haemost 19: 186–197
Levin J, Tomasola PA, Oser RS (1970) Detection of endotoxin in human blood and demonstration of an inhibitor. J Lab Clin Med 25: 903–911
Levin J, Poore TE, Zauber NP, Oser RS (1970) Detection of endotoxin in the blood of patients with sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria. N Engl J Med 283: 1313–1316
Levin J, Poore TE, Young NS, Margolis S, Zauber NP, Townes AS, Bell WR (1972) Gram-negative sepsis: detection of endotoxemia with the Limulus test. Ann Intern Med 76: 1–7
Lévy VG, Büffet C, Conard J (1973) Troubles de la coagulation au cours de reinjections continues du liquide d’ascite. Fibrinolyse au coagulation intra-vasculaire. NouvPresse Med 2: 446
Levy E, Slusser RJ, Ruebner BH (1968) Hepatic changes produced by a Single dose of endotoxin in the mouse. Am J Pathol 52: 477–502
Liehr H (1979a) The Limulus assay for endotoxemia, as applied in gastroenterology. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crab (Limulidae). Alan R Liss, New York, pp 303–307
Liehr H (1979b) Endotoxine and Schock. In: Wiemann K (ed) Schock und Schockbe¬kämpfung. Medizinische Verlagsgesellschaft Marburg/Lahn, pp 81–101
Liehr H (1980a) Biological significance of RES function in galactosamine hepatitis. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 185–194
Liehr H (1980b) Endotoxemia in liver disease. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticulo¬endothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 325–336
Liehr H, Grün M (1978a) Ruolo delle endotossine nelle alterazioni renali in corso di epatopatia. Min Med 69: 3231–3242
Liehr H, Grün M (1978b) Endotoxinämie und Enzephalopathie — ein pathogenetischer Zusammenhang? In: Wewalka F, Dragosics B (eds) Aminosäuren, Ammoniak und hepatische Enzephalopathie. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, pp 22–32
Liehr H, Grün M (1979a) Endotoxins in liver disease. Progr Liver Dis 6: 313–326
Liehr H, Grün M (1979b) Funktionsstörungen des retikulo-endothelialen Systems (RES). In: Kühn HA, Wernze H (eds) Klinische Hepatologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 3151–3162
Liehr H, Jacobs AJ (1981) Endotoxin and renal failure in liver disease. In: Epstein M (ed) The kindey in liver disease. Elsevier North Holland, New York
Liehr H, Grün M, Brunswig D (1976a) Endotoxaemia in acute hepatic failure. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 23: 235–240
Liehr H, Grün M, Thiel H (1976b) Systemische Zirkulation by portaler Hypertension. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 82: 159–169
Liehr H, Englisch G, Rasenack U (1979) The interference of lactulose with RES function and endotoxemia in galactosamine hepatitis. J Reticuloendothel Soc 25: 48a
Liehr H, Grün M, Brunswig D, Sautter T (1975a) Endotoxinaemia in liver cirrhosis: treatment with polymyxin B. Lancet 1: 810–811
Liehr H, Grün M, Thiel H, Brunswig D, Rasenack U (1975b) Endotoxin-induced liver necrosis and intravaseular coagulation in rats enhanced by porta caval collateral circulation. Gut 16: 429–436
Liehr H, Grün M, Brunswig D, Sautter T (1976) Endotoxinämie bei Leberzirrhose. Z Gastroenterologie 14: 14–23
Liehr H, Grün M, Seelig HP, Seelig R, Rasenack U (1978a) Synergistic action of hepatocyte membrane defect and activated complement system in liver cell death. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 25: 105–110
Liehr H, Grün M, Seelig HP, Seelig R, Reutter W, Heine WD (1978b) On the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis. Indications of extrahepatocellular mechanisms responsible for liver cell death. Virch Arch (CellPath) 26: 331–344
Liehr H, Rietbrock J, Seelig R, Seelig HP (1979) Endotoxinämie oder Endotoxikose bei intensivmedizinisch behandelten Patienten. 11. Tagung Dtsch Ges Internist In- tensivmed Berlin
Liehr H, Englisch G, Rasenack U (1980a) Lactulose — a drug with antiendotoxin effect. Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg) 27: 356–360
Liehr H, Grün M, Seelig R, Seelig HP (1980b) Endotoxinämie bei akuter Panreatitis. Leber, Magen, Darm 10: 259–264
Liu YK (1979) Phagocytic capacity of retieuloendothelial system in alcoholics. J Retieuloendothelial Soc 25: 605–613
Londe SP, Massie H, Monafo WW, Bernard HR (1967) Resistance of the isolated canine heart to endotoxin. Surgery 61: 466–470
Lopes J, Inniss WE (1969) Electron microscopy of effect of polymyxin on Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol 100: 1128–1130
Louis JA, Lambert PH (1979) Lipopolysaccharides from immunostimulation to auto-immunity. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2: 215–228
Lovejoy WP, Morris TQ, Preisig R (1965) Biliary exeretion of sulfobromophthalein ( BSP) by the unanesthetized dog during the pyrogen reaction. Fed Proc 24: 167
Luckey TD, Reyniers JA, György P, Forbes M (1954) Germ free animals and liver necrosis. Ann N Y Acad Sei 57: 932–935
Lüderitz O, Westphal O, Staub AM, Nikaido H (1971) Isolation and chemical and im- munological eharacterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In: Weinbaum G, Kadis S, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial toxins, vol IV. Academic Press, New York, pp 145–233
Lüscher EF (1975) Die Aktivierung des Gerinnungssystems im Verlauf gramnegativer Infektionen und Endotoxinämien. Fortschr Med 93: 1037–1082
Magliulo E, Dietz A, Torre D, Porteiii V, Scevola D (1979) Endotoxin spillover in viral hepatitis. Infection 7: 155–156
Majno G, Shea SH, Leventhal M (1969) Endothelial contraction induced by histamine-type mediators: An electron microscopic study. J Cell Biol 42: 647
Margaretten W, McKay DG (1971) Thrombotic ulcerations of the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Intern Med 127: 250–253
Martini GA, Baltzer G; Arndt H (1972) Some aspects of circulatory disturbances in cirrhosis of the liver. Progr Liver Dis 3: 231–250
Martini GA, Phear EA, Ruebner B, Sherlock S (1957) The bacterial content of the small intestine in normal and cirrhotic subjects: relation to methionine toxicity. Clin Science 16: 35–51
McDonald R, Weise V, Peterson R (1956) Effect of aspirin and reserpin on adrenocortical response to Piromen in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 93:343–348 McDougall BRD, Williams R (in press) Gut
McGrath JM, Stewart GJ (1969) The effects of endotoxin on vascular endothelium. J Exp Med 129: 833–848
McKay DG (1973) Vessel wall and thrombogenesis — Endotoxin. Thromb Haemost 29: 11–26
Mela L (1975) Mitochondrial metabolic alterations in experimental circulatory shock. In: Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) Gram-negative bacterial infections. Springer, Wien New York, pp 288–293
Mela L, Bacalzo LV, Miller LD (1971) Defective oxidation metabolism of rat liver mitochondria in hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. Am J Physiol 220: 571–577
Melby J, Egdahl R, Spink W (1960) Secretion and metabolism of cortisol after injection of endotoxin. J Lab Clin Med 56: 50–62
Mergenhagen SE, Wahl SM, Wahl LM (1980) Regulation of fibroblast function by soluble mediators from lymphoreticular cells. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 69–78
Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Hopf U, Manus M (1979) Experimentelle Modelle immunpathologischer Erkrankungen des Menschen- Lebererkrankungen. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 85: 1443–1447
Mitschke H (1980) Primäre und sekundäre Wundheilung. Symposium Saarbrücker Gespräche „Wundheilung“. Thieme, Stuttgart
Moberg GP (1971) Site of action of endotoxins on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am J Physiol 220: 397–400
Moore RN, Berry LJ (1976) Inhibited hormonal induction of hepatic phosphoenol- pyruvate carboxykinase in poly I. poly C treated mice, an endotoxin-like glucocorticoid antagonism. Experientia 32: 1566–1568
Moore RN, Goodrum KJ, Berry LJ, McGhee JR (1977) Correction of an abnormal response of nude mice to endotoxin with a cell-derived mediator. J Reticuloendothel Soc 21: 271–278
Morrison DC, Ulevitch RJ (1978) The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host meditions systems. Am J Pathol 93: 527–617
Müller-Berghaus G, Lasch HG (1963) Untersuchungen über Beziehungen zwischen Ge- fäß- und Gerinnungsfaktoren beim Sanarelli-Shwartzman-Phänomen. Thromb Haemost 9: 335–346
Müller-Berghaus G, Lasch HG (1975) Microcirculatory disturbances induced by generalized intravascular coagulation. In: Schmier J, Eichler O (eds) Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 429–514
Müller-Berghaus G, Reuter C (1972) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in galactosamine-indueed experimental hepatitis. Thromb Res 1: 473–486
Müller-Berghaus G, Schneberger R (1971) Hageman factor activation in the generalized Shwartzman reaction induced by endotoxin. Br J Haematol 21: 513–527
Nagler AL, Levenson SM (1971) Experimental hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock. In: Kadis S, Weinbaum G, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial toxins, vol V, Academic Press, New York London, pp 341–398
Neale G, Caughey DL, Mollin DL (1966) Effect of intrahepatic and extrahepatic infection on liver function. Br Med J 1: 382–387
Neter E, Gorzynski AE, Westphal O, Lüderitz O (1958) The effect of antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopoly-saccharides (endotoxins), hemagglutination and hemolysis. J Immunol 80: 66–72
Nikolow N, Jerew S, Koetschewa N, Ribarowa F (1979) Untersuchungen der Gallen¬sekretion bei weißen Ratten nach EndotoxineinWirkung. Z Med Lab Diagn 20: 63–67
Nolan JP (1965) Alcohol as a factor in the illness of university Service paitents. Am J Med Sc 249: 135–142
Nolan JP (1965) The role of endotoxin in liver injury. Gastroenterology 69: 1346–1356
Nolan JP, Ali MV (1968) Endotoxin and the liver. I. Toxicity in rats with choline deficient fatty livers. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 129: 29–31
Nolan JP, Ali MV (1972) Effect of cholestyramine on endotoxin toxicity and absorption. Am J Digest Dis 17: 161–166
Nolan JP, Ali MV (1973) Endotoxin and the liver. II. Effect of tolerance on carbon tetrachloride induced injury. J Med 4: 28–38
Nolan JP, Leibowitz AJ (1978) Endotoxin and the liver III. Modification of acute carbon tetrachloride injury by polymyxin B — an antiendotoxin. Gastroenterology 75: 445–449
Nolan JP, Leibowitz AI, Vladutiu O (1980) Influence of alcohol on Kupffer cell function and possible significance in liver injury. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 125–136
Nolan JP, O’Connell CJ (1965) Vascular response in the isolated rat liver. I. Endotoxin, firect effect. J Exp Med 122: 1063–1073
Nolan JP, Hare DK, MeDevitt JJ, Ali MV (1977) In vitro sutides of intestinal endotoxin absorption. I. Kinetics of absorption in the isolated everted gut sac. Gastroenterology 72: 434–439
Nowotny A (1966) Molecular biology of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Ann NY Acad Sei 133: 277–286
Oklahoma Shock Tour Symposium (1966) J Okla State Med Assoc 59: 407–410
Olcay J, Kitahama A, Miller RH, Drapanas RT, Trejo RA, Di Luzio NR (1974) Reti¬euloendothelial dysfunetion and endotoxemia following portal rein occlusion. Surgery 75: 64–70
Ollodart RM, Hawthone J, Attar S (1967) Studies in experimental endotoxemia in man. Am J Surg 113: 599–607
Palmer JD, Rifkind D (1974) Neutralization of the hemodynamic effects of endotoxin. by polymyxin B. Surg Gynecol Obstet 138: 755–759
Palmerio C (1963) Denervation of the abdominal viscera for the treatment of trauma¬tic shock. N Engl J Med 269: 709–716
Palmerio C, Fine J (1969) The nature of resistance to shock. Arch Surg 98: 679–684
Paumgartner G, Longueville J, Leevy CM (1967) Determination of phagocytosis in liver injury. In: De Groote J (ed) Liver research. St. Catherine Press Ltd, Brügge, pp 469–477
Piai G, Sollazo R, Giglio S, D’Argenio G, Sabbatini F, Mazzaca G (1980) Endotoxins in plasma and ascutic fluid: A correlation with peritoneoscopic evidence of intra¬abdominal vein abnormalities. In: Abstracts of the I V. Eur Cong Gastrointest Endoscopy. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Pillemer L, Schönberg M, Blum L, Würz L (1955) Properdin system and immunity. Science 122: 545
Proteil RL, Soloway RD, Martin WJ, Schoenefield LJ, Summerskill WHJ (1971) Anti- salmonella agglutinins in chronic active liver disease. Lancet 11: 330–331
Prytz H (1979) Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia ved Leversyndromme. FADL’s forlag, Københaven Arhus Odense
Prytz H, Bjørneboe M, Stoehr Johansen T, Ørskov F (1974) The influence of portosys- temic shunt Operation on immunoglobulins and Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Acta Med Scand 196: 109–112
Prytz H, Holst-Christenssen J, Korner B, Liehr H (1976) Portal venous and systemic endotoxaemia in patients without liver disease and systemic endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 11: 857–863
Rake MO, Flute PT, Pannell G, Williams R (1970) Intravascular coagulation in acute hepatic failure. Lancet 1: 533–537
Rake MO, Flute PT, Pannell G, Shilkin KB, Williams R (1973) Experimental hepatic necrosis: studies on coagulation abnormalities, plasma clearance, and organ dis- tribution of 125 J-labelled fibrinogen. Gut 14: 574–580
Ramadori G, Hopf U (1979) Die klinische Bedeutung von Endotoxin. Inn Med 6: 99–108
Rapp HJ, Borsos T (1970) Molecular basis of complement action. Appleton Century Crofts, Mededith Corp
Rappaport AM (1973) The microcirculatory hepatic unit. Microvasc Res 6: 212
Rasenack J, Koch KH, Nowack J, Lesch R, Decker K (1980) Hepatotoxicity of D-galactosamine in the isolated perfused rat liver. Exp Mol Pathol 32: 264–275
Ravin HA, Rowley D, Jenkins c, Fine J (1960) On the absorption of bacterial endo¬toxin from the gastro-intestinal tract of the normal and shocked animal. J Exp Med 112: 783–792
Reinhold RB, Rine J (1971) A technique for quantitative measurement of endotoxin in human plasma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 137: 334–340
Richardson RS, Norton LW, Sales JEL, Eisemann B (1973) Gastric blood flow in endotoxin-induced stress ulcer. Arch Surg 106: 191–195
Rifkind D (1967) Prevention by polymyxin B of endotoxin lethality in mice. J Bacteriol 93: 1463
Rifkind D, Palmer JD (1966) Neutralization of endotoxin toxicity in chick embryos by antibiotics. J Bacteriol 92: 815–819
Ring-Larsen H, Tomesen K, Hohn-Bentzen M, Christiansen LA (1979) Renal blood flow and cerebral blood flow in experimental liver failure. Scand J Gastroenterol 14: 91–96
Rodriguez-Erdmann F (19664a) Blood clotting system in the pathogenesis of the Sanarelli-Shwartzman reaction of the rabbit. Experientia (Basel) 20:223
Rodriguez-Erdmann F (1964b) Studies on the pathogenesis generalized Shwartzman reaction. I. Alterations in the coagulation system during the generalized Shwartz¬man reaction of the pregnant rabbit. Thromb Haemost 12: 452–461
Rodriguez-Erdmann F (1964c) Studies on the pathogenesis of the generalized Shwartz¬man reaction. II. Role played by experimentally induced fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 12: 462–470
Rodriguez-Erdmann F (1964d) Studies on the pathogenesis of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. III. Trigger mechanism for the activation of the Prothrombin molecule. Thromb Haemost 12: 471–483
Rodriguez-Erdmann F (1973) Intravascular coagulation as a clinical prob lern: consumption — coagulopathies. In: Wells R (ed) The microcirculation in clinical medicine. Academic Press, New York London, pp 253–274
Ruebner B (1980) The Kupffer cell and viral hepatitis in mice. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 229–244
Ruebner B, Miyai K (1962) The Kupffer cell reaction in murine and human viral hepa¬titis, with particular reference to the origin of acidophilic bodies. Am J Pathol 40: 425–435
Rutenberg A, Sonnenblick E, Koven I, Aprahamian HA, Reiner L, Fine J (1957) The role of intestinal bacteria in the development of dietary cirrhosis in rats. J Exp Med 106: 1–13
Rutenberg SH, Schweinburg FB, Fine J (1960) In vitro detoxification of bacterial endotoxin by macrophages. J Exp Med 112: 801–807
Rutenberg S, Skarnes R, Palmerio C, Fine J (1967) Detoxification of endotoxin by perfusion of liver and spieen. Proc Soc Exp Mol 125: 455–459
Rutherford RB, Balis JV, Trow RS, Graves GM (1976) Comparison of hemodynamic and regional blood flow changes at equivalent stages of endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 16: 886–897
Saba TM (1970) Physiology and physiopathology of the retieuloendothelial system. Arch Intern Med 126: 1031–1052
Saba TM, Blumenstock FA, Scovill WA, Bernard H (1978a) Opsonic α2-SB glycoprotein therapy by cryoprecipitate infusion to reverse host defense failure in septic surgical and trauma patients. Fed Proc 37: 551
Saba TM, Blumenstock FA, Weber P, Kaplan JE (1978b) Physiologic role of cold-insoluble globulin in systemic host defense. Implications of its characterization as the opsonic α2 -surface-binding glycoprotein. Ann NY Acad Sci 312: 43–55
Samson RJ, Trey C, Timme AH, Saunders SJ (1967) Fulminating hepatitis with recurrent hypoglycemia and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 53: 291–300
Sautter T (1979) Endotoxinämie bei Leberzirrhose. Behandlung mit Polymyxin B. Medical dissertation, Würzburg
Sautter T, Liehr H, Grün M, Brunswig D (1977) Die Behandlung der Endotoxinämie bei Leberzirrhose mit Polymyxin B. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 83: 1148–1150
Seelig HP, Rohnacher R, Seelig R (1977) Tissue lesions induced by antibody independent activation. In: Monogr Allergy 12: 111–114
Sevitt S (1967) Duodenal and gastric ulceration after burning. Br J Surgery 54: 32–41
Shute H (1977) Effect of intraluminal oxygen on endotoxin absorption in experimental occulsion of the superior mesenteric artery. Gut 18: 567–570
Siegert R, Philipp-Dormston WK, Radsak K, Menzel H (1976) Mechanism of fever induction in rabbits. Infect Immunol 14: 1130–1137
Siegel JH (1965) Modifying the myocardial response to endotoxin. Clin Res 13: 220
Skarnes RC, Rosen FS (1971) Host-dependent detoxifieation of bacterial endotoxin. In: Kadis S, Weinbaum G, Ajl SJ (eds) Microbial toxins, vol V. Academic Press, New York London, pp 151–164
Skidmore BJ, Chilier JM, Morrison DC, Weigle WO (1975) Immunologie properties of bacterial lipopolysaccahride (LPS): correlation between the mitogenic, adjuvant, and immunogenic activities. J Immunol 114: 770–775
Sleeman HK, Jennings PB, Hardaway RM (1967) Evaluation of biochemical changes associated with experimental endotoxemia. Surgery 61: 945–950
Smith JAR, Norman JN (1977) Glucocorticoids in refractory shock. Intensive Care Med 3: 3
Song M, Di Luzio NR (1979) Yeast glucan and immunotherapy of infections disease. In: Dingele JT, Jacques PJ, Shaw JH (eds) Lysosomes in biology and pathology, vol 48. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York, pp 533–547
Spitzer JJ, Wagner GG, Blackard WG (1976) The effect of glucose infusion on selected hemodynamic and metabolic variables and on plasma insulin concentration in dogs after E. coli endotoxin administration. Circ Shock 3: 31
Springer GF, Adye JC (1975) Endotoxin-binding substances from human leukocytes and platelets. Infect Immunol 12: 978
Springer GF, Adye JC, Bezkorovainy B, Jöigensons B (1974) Properties and activity of the lipopolysaecharide reeeptor from human erythrocytes. Biochemistry 13: 1379–1389
Springer GF, Huprikar SV, Neter E (1970) Specific inhibition of endotoxin eoating of red cells by a human erythrocyte membrane component. Infect Immunol 1: 98
Sullivan GD, Valois FW, Watson SW (1976) Endotoxins: The limulus amoebocyte lysate system. In: Bernheimer AW (ed) Mechanisms in bacterial toxinology.
Schauer A (1974) Initial liberation of biogenic amines and effect of further mediators following application of endotoxins. In: Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) Gram negative bacterial infections. Springer, Wien New York, pp 315–322
Schayer RW (1966) Catabolism of histamine in vivo. In: Handbook of experimental Pharmacology, vol 18. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 672
Schayer RW (1959) Catabolism of physiological quantities of histamine in vivo. Physiol Rev 39: 116
Schildt B, Gertz J, Wide L (1974) Differentiated reticuloendothelial system ( RES) function in some critical surgical conditions. Acta Chir Scand 140: 611–617
Schmahl FW (1975) Some aspects of the effects of endotoxin on the central nervous system. In: Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) Gram negative bacterial in- fections. Springer, Wien New York, pp 338–345
Schmahl FW, Schlote W, Reinhard U, Heckers H, Huth K, Schmid B, Betz E (1976) Experimental investigations on the role of the central nervous system in shock in¬duced by intravenous and intracisternal injection of endotoxin. Current topics in crtical care med. 3rd Int Symp Rio de Janeiro. Karger, Basel, pp 171–178
Schumer W, Das Gupta TK, Moss GS, Nyhus LM (1970) Effect of endotoxemia on liver cell mitochondria in man. Ann Surg 171: 875–882
Schüßler P, Kruis W, Marget W (1976) Lipoid-A-Antikörpertiter and O-Antikörpertiter bei Enterocolitis Crohn, Colitis ulcerosa und akuter Enteritis. Med Klin 71: 1898–1902
Schüßler P, Eisenburg J, Kruis W, Marget W (1978) Neuere Aspekte zur Bedeutung von Endotoxinen bei einigen gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen. Fortschr Med 96: 2059–2064
Schweinburg F, Heimberg F (1949) Effect of chemical irrigation of the Peritoneum on transmural migration of intestinal organisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 71: 146–150
Schweinburg F, Frank HA, Frank ED, Heimberg F, Fine J (1949) Transmural migra¬tion of intestinal bacteria during pritoneal irrigation in uremic dogs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 71: 150–153
Stauch JE, Johnson AG (1959) The alteration of bacterial endotoxins by human and rabbit serum. J Immunol 82: 252–563
Stenger RJ, Petrelli M, Seger A, Williamson JN, Johnson EA (1969) Modification of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by prior loading of the reticuloendothelial system with carbon particles. Am J Pathol 57: 689–706
Tai JY, Liu TY (1977) Studies on limulus amebocyte lysate. Isolation of pro-clotting enzyme. J Biol Med 252: 2178–2181
Tarao K, Endo O, Ikeudi T, So K, Moroi T, Fukushima K (1976) Endotoxin in ascetic fluid of liver cirrhosis in man. Jpn J Gastroenterol 37: 1366–1372
Tarao K, Moroi T, Ikeuchi T, Suyama T, Endo O, Fukushima K (1977) Detection of endotoxin in plasma and ascitic fluid of patients with cirrhosis its clinical significance. Gastroenterology 73: 539–542
Tarao K, Moroi T, Nagakura Y, Ikeuchi T, Suyama T, Endo O, Fukushima K (1979) Relationship between endotoxaemia and protein concentration of ascites in cirrhotic patients. Gut 20: 205–210
Thal A, Brackney E (1954) Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis produced by local Shwartzman-reaction. JAMA 155: 569–574
Thomas HC, McSween RNM, White RG (1973) Role of the liver in Controlling the immunogenicity of commensal bacteria in the gut. Lancet 1: 1286–1291
Thomas HC, Ryan CJ, Benjamin IS, Blumgart LH, McSween RNM (1976) The immune response of tolerance to orally administered protein antigens. Gastroenterology 71: 114–117
Thomas L, Good RA (1952) Studies on the generalized Shwartzman reaction. I. Gen¬eral observations concerning the phenomenon. J Exp Med 96: 605–623
Tomasola PA (1979) Correlation of Limulus amebocyte lysate assay with accepted endotoxin assays. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crap (Limulidae). Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 293–302
Tomasola PA, Levin J, Murphy JA, Winkelstein JA (1977) Biological activities of tri- tiated endotoxins: correlation of the Limulus lysate assay with rabbit pyrogen and complement-activation assays for endotoxin. J Lab Clin Med 89: 308–315
Triger DR (1976) The liver as an immunologieal organ. Gastroenterology 71: 162–168
Triger DR, Alp MH, Wright R (1972) Bacterial and dietary antibodies in liver disease. Lancet 1: 60–63
Triger DR, Boyer TD, Levin J (1978) Portal and systemic bacteraemia and endotoxa¬emia in liver disease. Gut 19: 935–939
Triger DR, Cynamon MH, Wright R (1973) Studies on hepatic uptake of antigen. I. Comparison of inferior vena cava and portal vein routes of immunization. Immunology 25: 941-950
Tsuji K, Harrison SJ (1979) Limulus amebocyte lysate — a means to monitor inactivation of lipopolysaccharide. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical application of the horse¬shoe crap (Limulidae). Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 367–378
Ulevitch RJ, Johnston AR, Weinstein DB (1979) New Function for high density lipo- proteine: Their participation in intravascular reactions of bacterial lipopolysaccha¬ride. J Clin Invest 64: 1516–1524
United States Pharmacopeia XIX (1975) United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. Rockville, Md
Urbaschek B (1967) Die Bedeutung der histaminsensibilisierenden Wirkung von Endo-toxinen aus gram-negativen Keimen auf die Zirkulation. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 72: 752–753
Urbaschek B (1971) The effects of endotoxin in the microcirculation. In: Kadis S, Weinbaum G, Ajil J (eds) Microbial toxins, vol V. Academic Press, New York, pp 261–275
Urbaschek B (1975) Zur pathophysiologischen Bedeutung der Endotoxine. Forschr Med 93: 1037–1082
Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R (1975) Some aspects of the effects of endotoxin, endotoxoid, and biogen amines. In: Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) Gram negative bacterial infections. Springer, Wien New York, pp 323–327
Urbaschek B, Urbaschek R, Neter E (eds) (1975) Gram-negative bacterial infections. Springer, Wien New York
Urbaschek B, Versteyl R (1965) Inerease of the effect of histamine by E. coli endo¬toxin on the smooth muscle. Nature 207: 763 — 764
Urbaschek B, Versteyl R, Götte D (1966) Die histamin-sensibilisierende Wirkung von Endotoxinen aus gramnegativen Keimen. Naturwissenschaften 53: 278–279
Utili R, Abernathy CO, Zimmerman HJ (1976) Cholestatic effects of escherichia coli endotoxin on the isolated perfused rat liver. Gastroenterology 70: 248–253
Utili R, Abernathy CO, Zimmermann HJ (1977) Studies on the effects of E. coli endo¬toxin on canalicular bile formation in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Lab Clin Med 89: 471–482
Valois FW (1979) Quantitative method for determining less than a PG/ML of LPS. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical applications of the horseshoe crab (Limulidae). Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 425–422
Vesin P (1962) Late functional renal failure in cirrhosis with ascites: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. In: Martini GA, Sherlock S (eds) Aktuelle Probleme der Hepatologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 98–109
Vick JA, Mehlman B, Heiffer MH (1971) Early histamine release and death due to endotoxin. Proc Soc Biol Med 137: 902–906
van Vhet ACM, Maas HCM, Wilson JHP (1980) The effect of portasystemic shunting and RES function on endotoxemia in human liver disease. In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The retieuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 159–164
Wahl SM, Wilton JMA, Rosenstreich DL, Oppenheim JJ (1975) The role of macrophages in the produetion of lymphokines by T and B lymphocytes. J Immunol 114: 1296–1301
Wapnick S, Grosberg SL, Evans MI (1979) Randomized prospective matched pair study comparing peritoneovenous shunt and conventional therapy in massiv ascites. BrJ Surg 66: 667–670
Wardle EN (1974) Fibrinogen in liver disease. Am J Surg 109: 741–746
Wardle NE (1975) Endotoxemia and the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. Q J Med 194: 389–398
Wardle EN (1975a) Renal failure in obstructive jaundice — pathogenetic factors. Postgr Med J 51: 512–514
Wardle EN (1975b) Endotoxin and acute renal failure. Nephron 14: 321–332
Wardle EN, Wright NA (1970) Endotoxin and acute renal failure in obstructive jaun¬dice. Br Med J 4: 472–474
Weil MH, Shubin H (1971) Hemodynamic mechanisms of septic shock. In: Hershey SG, del Guerico CRM, McConn R (eds) Septic shock in man. Little, Brown gt; Co, Boston, pp 219–230
Wernze H, Weiß H (1979) Plasma renin, renin substrate, and angiotensin II changes following experimental endotoxinaemia. Horm Metab Res 11: 372–375
Westphal O, Sommer T (1977) The history of pyrogen research. In: Schiessinger D (ed) Microbiology. Am Soc Microbiol DC
Wewalka F, Dragosics B, Ferenci P, Pamperl H, Pesendorfer F (1980) Stimulation of RES-function by aluminium hydroxide in hepatitis in man? In: Liehr H, Grün M (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 377–383
Wexler B, Dolgin A, Tryczynski E (1957) Effects of a bacterial Polysaccharide (Piro- men) on the pituitary-adrenal axis: further aspects of hypophyseal-mediated control of response. Endocrinology 61: 488–499
White FN, Gold EM, Vaughn DL (1966) Renin-aldosterone system in endotoxin shock in the dog. Am J Physiol 212: 1195–1198
Wilkinson SP (1977) Nierenversagen bei Lebererkrankungen — Die Bedeutung von Endotoxinen. Z Gastroenterol 15: 663–669
Wilkinson SP, Canalese J, Williams R (1980) Consequences of Kupffer cell failure in fulminant hepatic failure and cirrhosis: with particular reference to endotoxaemia. In: Liehr H, Grün G (eds) The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Ox¬ford, pp 337–340
Wilkinson SP, Williams R (1978) Renal failure in cirrhosis: current views and speculations. Adv Nephrol 7: 15–32
Wilkinson SP, Gazzard BG, Arroyo V, Moodie H, Williams R (1974) Relation of renal impairment and haemorrhagic diathesis to endotoxemia in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1: 521–524
Wilkinson SP, Henderson J, Davidson AR, Williams R (1975) Ascites reinfusion using the rhodiascit apparatus — clinical experience and coagulation abnormalities. Post¬grad Med J 51: 583–587
Wiznitzer T, Better N, Rachlin W, Atkins N, Frank ED, Fine J (1960a) In vivo detoxi¬fication of endotoxin by the reticuloendothelial system. J Exp Med 112: 1157–1166
Wiznitzer T, Schweinburg FB, Atkins N, Fine J (1960b) On the relation of the size of the intraintestinal pool of endotoxin to the development of irreversibility in hemor¬rhagic shock. J Exp Med 112: 1167–1171
Wolter J, Liehr H, Grün M (1978) Hepatic clearance of endotoxins: differences in ar¬ter ial and portal venous infusion. J Reticuloendothel Soc 23: 145–152
Woodruff P, Caridis D, Cuevas P, Hoizumi S, Fine J (1973) Corticosteroid treatment of major trauma. Arch Surg 107: 613–615
Yin ET (1975) Endotoxin, thrombin, and the Limulus amebocyte lysate. J Lab Clin Med 86: 430–434
Yoshino M (1980) Effect of Shigella flexneri endotoxin on ureagenesis and liver ultra structure in rabbits. Exp Mol Pathol 32: 253–263
Young NS, Levin J, Prendergast RA (1972) An intervertebrate coagulation system activated by endotoxin: evidence for enzymatic mediation. J Clin Invest 51: 1790–1797
Zeckwer IT, Goodell M (1925) Blood sugar studies. II. Blood sugar changes in fatal bacterial anaphylaxis in the rabbit. J Exp Med 42: 57–67
Zieve L (1958) Jaundice, hyperlipemia, and hemolytic anemia: a heretofore unrecognized Syndrome associated with alcoholie fatty liver and cirrhosis. Arch Intern Med 48: 471–496
Zucker MB, Borelü J (1962) Platelet clumping produced by connective tissue suspension and by collagen. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109: 779–787
Zweifach BW, Janoff A (1965) Bacterial endotoxemia. Annu Rev Med 16: 201–220
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Liehr, H. (1982). Endotoxins and the Pathogenesis of Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases. In: Frick, P., von Harnack, GA., Kochsiek, K., Martini, G.A., Prader, A. (eds) Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde/Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics. Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde/Advances in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, vol 48. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68307-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68307-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68308-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68307-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive