Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

β-Blockers

  • Chapter
Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 93 / 1))

Abstract

Over the past 20 years β-blockers have proved to be singularly effective in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and several other conditions. So enormous is the literature surrounding these agents that it is impossible to review it comprehensively or to do justice to the many β-blockers recently introduced. This article therefore highlights the major developments and attempts to illustrate principles. The choice of references has per force had to be selective. For a fuller account of β-blockers, readers are referred to the comprehensive book by Cruickshank and Prichard (1987), and we acknowledge the help that this work has been to us.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aarons RD, Molinoff PB (1982) Changes in the density of beta–adrenergic receptors in rat lymphocytes, heart and lung after chronic treatment with propranolol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 22: 439–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Abila B, Wilson JF, Marshall RW, Richens A (1985) Tremorolytic action of betaadrenoceptor blockers in essential, physiological and isoprenaline–induced tremor is mediated by beta–adrenoceptors located in a deep periphereal compartment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 20: 369–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ablad B, Borg KO, Carlsson E, Ed L, Johnsson J, Malmfors T, Regardh C–G (1975) A survey of the pharmacological properties of metoprolol in animals and man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 36 [Suppl 5]: 7–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlquist RP (1948) A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 153: 586–600

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amann FW, Bolli P, Kiowski W, Buhler FR (1981) Enhanced alpha–adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in essential hypertension. Hypertension 3: 1–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Amery A, Billiet L, Boel A, Fagard R, Reybrouck T, Williems J (1976a) Mechanism of hypotensive effect during beta–adrenergic blockade in hypertensive patients. Am Heart J 91: 634–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amery A, De Plaen JF, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Reybrouck T (1976b) The relationship between beta–blockade, hyporeninaemic and hypotensive effect of two beta–blocking agents. Postgrad Med J 52 [Suppl 4]: 102–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amery A, De Plaen JF, Lijnen P, McAinsh J, Reybrouck T (1977) Relationship between blood level of atenolol and pharmacologic effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21: 691–699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amos HE, Brigden WD, McKerron RA (1975) Untoward effects associated with practolol: demonstration of antibody binding to epithelial tissue. Br Med J 1 598–600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen GS (1982) Antihypertensive treatment of elderly patients in general practice (preliminary results). Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 676: 151–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Andren L, Hannson L (1982) Positive relationship between the dosage of pindalol and its antihypertensive effect. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: 32–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arch JRS, Ainsworth AT, Cawthorne MA et al. (1984) Atypical beta–adrenoceptor on brown adipocytes as target for anti–obesity drugs. Nature 309: 163–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armitstead JG, Lightman SL, Brown MJ, Causon RC, Vaughan NJA (1983) The effect of selective and non–selective beta–adrenoceptor blockade, and of naloxone infusion, on the hormonal mechanisms of recovery from insulin–induced hypoglycaemia in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16: 718–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JMO, Johnston GB, Harron DWG, Shanks RG, McDevitt DG (1983) The effect of ICI118551 on isoprenaline–induced beta–adrenoceptor responses in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15: 133–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrom H (1975) Comparison of the effects on airway conductance of a new selective beta–adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, and propranolol in asthmatic subjects. Scand J Respir Dis 56: 292–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atterhog J–H, Duner H, Pernow B (1977) Hemodynamic effect of long–term treatment with pindolol in essential hypertension with special reference to the resistance and capacitance vessels of th forearm. Acta Med Scand 202: 517–521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Band DM, Linton RA (1986) The effect of potassium on carotid body chemoreceptor discharge in the anaesthetised cat. J Physiol (Lond) 381: 39–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barcroft H, Basnayake V, Celander O, Cobbold AF, Cunningham DJC, Jukes MG, Young IM (1957) The effect of carbon dioxide on the respiratory response to noradrenaline in man. J Physiol (Lond) 137: 365–373

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett AM, Cullum VA (1968) The biological properties of the optical isomers of propranolol and their effects on cardiac arrhythmias. Br J Pharmacol 35: 43–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman DN, Dean CR, Mucklow JC, Bulpitt CJ, Dollery CT (1979) Atenolol and chlorthalidone in combination for hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7: 357–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer JH (1983) Effects of propranolol therapy on renal function and body fluid composition. Arch Intern Med 143: 927–931

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson MK, Graf PD (1977) Bronchial reactivity: interaction between vagal stimulation and inhaled histamine. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exercise Physiol 43: 643–647

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson MK, Berrill WG, Cruickshank JM, Sterling GS (1978) A comparison of four beta–adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5: 415–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein KN, O’Connor DT (1984) Antiadrenergic antihypertensive drugs: their effect on renal function. Annv Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 24: 105–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beta–Blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group (1982) A randomised trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 247: 1707–1713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betts TA, Alford C (1985) Beta–blockers and sleep: a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 28 [Suppl]: 65–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bilski A, Robertson HH, Wale JL (1979) A study of the relationship between cardiac beta–adrenoceptor blockade and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in rats depleted of catecholamines. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 6: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilski AJ, Hadfield SE, Wale JL (1988) The pharmacology of epanolol (ICI141292)—a new pi–selective adreneceptor partial agonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12: 227–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black JW (1976) Ahlquist and the development of beta–adrenoceptor antagonists. Postgrad Med J 52 [Suppl 4]: 11–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaes N, Boissel JP (1983) Growth–stimulating effect of catecholamines on rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. J Cell Physiol 116: 167–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum I, Rusecki Y, Doron M, Lahav M, Laron Z, Atsmon A (1983) Evidence for a therapeutic effect of dl–propranolol in benign and malignant insulinoma: report of three cases. J Endocrinol Invest 6: 41–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo EL, Tarazi RC, Dustan HP (1975) Beta–adrenergic blockade in diuretic treated patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 292: 66–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brick I, Glover E, Hutchison KJ, Roddie IC (1966) Effects of propranolol on peripheral vessels in man. Am J Cardiol 18: 329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown MJ, Brown DC, Murphy MB (1983) Beta2–receptor stimulation by circulating epinephine causes prolonged hypokalemia. N Engl J Med 309: 1414–1419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham RE, Hamilton TC (1980) Comparison of the antihypertensive response to beta–adrenoceptor blocking drugs in intact and adrenal demedullated spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 68: 667–676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buhler FR, Laragh JH, Baer L, Vaughan ED, Brunner HR (1972) Propranolol inhibition of renin secretion. A specific approach to diagnosis and treatment of renin dependent hypertensive diseases. N Engl J Med 287: 1209–1214

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhler FR, Laragh JH, Vaughan ED, Brunner HR, Gavras H, Baer L (1973) Antihypertensive action of propranolol. Am J Cardiol 32: 511–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess Record N (1981) Acebutolol–induced pleuropulmonary lupus syndrom. Ann Intern Med 95: 326–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Butland RJA, Pang JA, Geddes DM (1982) The selectivity of the beta–adrenoceptor for ventilation in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 14: 707–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne AJ, McNeil JJ, Harrison PM, Louis W, Tonkin AM, McLean AJ (1984) Stable oral availability of sustained release propranolol when coadministered with hydralazine or food: evidence implicating substrate delivery rate as a determinant of presystemic drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 17 [Suppl 1]: 45S–50S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB, Rosenblueth A (1933) Studies on conditions of activity in endocrine organs; Sympathin E and Sympathin I. Am J Physiol 104: 557–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB, Rosenblueth A (1949) The supersensitivity of denervated structures: a law of denervation. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstairs JR, Nimmo AJ, Barnes PJ (1985) Autoradiographic visualization of betaadrenoceptor subtypes in human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 132: 541–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carswell H, Nahorski SR (1983) Beta–adrenoceptor heterogeneity in guinea–pig airways: comparison of functional and receptor labelling studies. Br J Pharmacol 79: 965–971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiariello M, Volpe M, Rengo F, Trimarco B, Violini R, Ricciardello B, Condorelli M (1979) Effect of furosemid on plasma concentration and beta–blockade by propranolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 433–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen CC, Boye NP, Erikson H, Hansen G (1978) Influence of pindolol (Visken) on respiratory function in 20 asthmatic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13: 9–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Trap–Jensen J, Clausen MP, Noer I, Krogsgaard AR, Larsen OA (1975) Effect of beta–receptor blockade on heart rate, hepatic blood flow and circulating noradrenaline during exercise in man. Acta Physiol Scand 95 (2): 62A–63A

    Google Scholar 

  • Cody RJ, Calabrese LH, Clough JD, Tarazi RC, Bravo EL (1979) Development of antinuclear antibodies during acebutolol therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25: 800–805

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colfer HT, Cottier C, Sanchez R, Julius S (1984) Role of cardiac factors in the initial hypotensive action by beta–adrenoreceptor blocking agents. Hypertension 6: 145–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conolly ME, Briant RH, George CF, Dollery CT (1972) A crossover comparison of clonidine and methyldopa in hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 4: 222–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank JM (1980) The clinical importance of cardioselectivity and lipophilicity in beta–blockers. Am Heart J 100: 160–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank JM (1981) Beta–blockers, bradycardia and adverse effects. Acta Therapeutica 7: 309–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank JM, Prichard BNC (1987) Beta–blockers in clinical practice. Churchill Livingstone, Endinburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank JM, Pennert K, Sorman AE, Thorp JM, Zacharias FM, Zacharias FJ (1987) Low mortality from all causes, including myocardial infarction, in well–controlled hypertensives treated with a beta–blocker plus other antihypertensives. J Hypertens 5: 489–498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlof C (1981) Studies on β–adreneoceptor mediated facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission. Acta Physiol Scand [Suppl] 500: 1–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale HH (1906) On some physiological actions of ergot. J Physiol (Lond) 34: 160–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels AR, Opie LH (1986) Atenolol plus nifedipine for mild to moderate systemic hypertension after fixed doses of either agent along. Am J Cardiol 57: 965–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day JL, Metcalfe J, Simpson CN (1982) Adrenergic mechanisms in control of plasma lipid concentrations. Br Med J 284: 1145–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day MD, Roach AG (1974) Cardiovascular effects of beta–adrenoceptor blocking agents after intracerebroventricular administration in conscious normotensive cats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1: 333–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayer P, Kubli A, Kupfer A, Courvoisier F, Balant L, Fabre J (1982) Defective hydroxylation of bufuralol associated with side effects of the drug in poor metabolisers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 750–752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Decalmer PBS, Chatterjee SS, Cruickshank JM, Benson MK, Sterling GM (1978) Betablockers and asthma. Br Heart J 40: 184–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Champlain J, van Ameringen MR, Cousineau D, Marc–Aurele J, Yamaguchi N (1977) The role of the sympathetic system in experimental and human hypertension. Postgrad Med J 53 [Suppl 3]: 15–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Divitiis O, Petitto M, Di Somma S, Galderisi M, Villari B, Santomauro M, Fazio S (1985) Nitrendipine and atenolol: comparison and combination in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Arzneimittel forschung 35: 727–729

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Leeuw PW, Birkenhäger WH (1982) Renal response to propranolol treatment in hypertensive humans. Hypertension 4: 125–131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Leeuw PW, Birkenhäger WH (1983) Renal effects of beta–blockade in essential hypertension. Eur Heart J 4 [Suppl D]: 13–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derkx FHM, Schalekamp MADH (1985) Compound ICI 118551, a beta2–adrenoceptor antagonist lowers blood pressure. J Hypertens 3: S247–S249

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominiak P, Grobecker H (1982) Elevated plasma catecholamines in young hypertensive and hyperkinetic patients: effect of pindolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 381S–390S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorow P, Weiss T, Felix R, Schmutzler H (1984) The influence of propranolol, metoprolol, and mepindolol on mucociliary clearance in coronary heart disease patients without pulmonary disease. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 22: 108–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorward PK, Korner PI (1978) Effect of d,l–propranolol on renal sympathetic baroreflex properties and aortic baroreceptor activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol 52: 51–71

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Silva, JH (1934) The actions of adrenaline on serum potassium. J Physiol (Lond) 82: 393–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop D, Shanks RG (1968) Selective blockade of adrenoceptive beta–receptors in the heart. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 32: 201–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop D, Shanks RG (1969) Inhibition of the carotid sinus reflex by the chronic administration of propranolol. Br J Pharmacol 36: 132–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn FG, Ventura HO, Messerli FH, Kobrin I, Fröhlich ED (1987) Time course of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol. Circulation 76: 254–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont AG, Vanderniepen P, Bossuty AM, Jonckheer MH, Six RO (1985) Nadolol in essential hypertension: effect on ambulatory blood pressure, renal haemodynamics and cardiac function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 20: 93–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckberg DL, Abboud FM, Mark AL (1960) Modulation of carotid baroreflex responsiveness in man: effects of posture and propranolol. J Appl Physiol 41: 383–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkharrat D, Bismuth C (1982) Acute intoxication by beta–blocking agents: mortality in 40 cases. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 11: 207–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot TR (1905) The action of adrenalin. J Physiol (Lond) 32: 401–467

    Google Scholar 

  • England JDF, Hua ASP, Shaw J (1978) Beta–adrenoreceptor blocking agents and lipid metabolism. Clin Sei Mol Med 55 [Suppl 4]: 323s–324s

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Julius S, Randall O, DeQuattro V, Zweifler A (1976) High–renin essential hypertension: adrenergic cardiovascular correlates. Clin Sei Mol Med 51: 181s–184s

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler MD, Zweifler A, Randall O, DeQuattro V (1977) Pathophysiologic and pharmacokinetic determinants of the antihypertensive response to propranolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 299–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Esler M, Jackman G, Leonard P, Skews H, Bobik A, Jennings G (1981) Effect of propranolol on noradrenaline kinetics in patients with essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 12: 375–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feely J Isles TE, Ratcliffe WA, Crooks J (1979) Propranolol, trüodothyronine, reverse trüodothyronine and thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10: 431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felix RH, Ive FA (1974) Skin reactions to practolol. Br Med J 2: 333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald JD (1969) Perspectives in adrenergic beta–receptor blockade. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10: 292–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floras JS, Jones JV, Hassan MO, Sleight P (1982) Ambulatory blood pressure during once–daily randomised double–blind administration of atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and slow–release propranolol. Br Med J 285: 1387–1392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folgering H, Pointe J, Sadig T (1982) Adrenergic mechanisms and chemoreception in the carotid body of the cat and rabbit. J Physiol (Lond) 325: 1–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forfar JC, Brown GJ, Cull RE (1979) Proximal myopathy during beta–blockade. Br Med J 2: 1331–1332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco–Morselli R, Elghozi JL, Joly E, Di Giulio S, Meyer P (1977) Increased plasma adrenaline concentrations in benign essential hypertension. Br Med J 2: 1251–1254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garber AJ, Cryer PE, Santiago JV, Haymond MW, Pagliara AS, Kipnis DM (1976) The role of adrenergic mechanisms in the substrate and hormonal response to insulininduced hypoglycaemia in man. J Clin Invest 58: 7–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillam PMS, Prichard BNC (1966) Propranolol in the therapy of angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 18: 366–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore E, Weil J, Chidsey C (1970) Treatment of essential hypertension with a new vaso–dilator in combination with beta–adrenergic blockade. N Engl J Med 282: 521–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grobecker H, McCarty R, Saavedra JM, Chiueh CC, Kopin IJ (1977) Dopamine–betahydroxylase activity and catecholamine concentrations in plasma: experimental and essential hypertension. Postgrad Med J 53 [Suppl 3]: 43–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harms HH, Gooren L, Spoelstra AJG, Hesse C, Verschoor L (1978) Blockade of isoprenaline–induced changes in plasma free fatty acids, immunoreactive insulin levels and plasma renin activity in healthy human subjects, by propranolol, pindolol, practolol, atenolol, metoprolol and acebutolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5: 19–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harry JD, Knapp MF, Linden RJ, Stoker JB, Newcombe C (1979) Effects of four betaadrenoceptor blocking drugs on blood pressure and exercise heart rate in hypertension. Eur J Cardiol 10: 131–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartling OJ, Nower I, Svendsen TL, Clausen JP, Trap–Jensen J (1980) Selective and nonselective beta–adrenoceptor blockade in the human forearm. Clin Sci 58: 279–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth G, Betts T, Crowe A et al. (1984) Diazepam/beta–adrenoceptor antagonist interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 17 [Suppl 1]: 69S–76S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heagerty AM, Donovan MA, Castleden CM, Pohl JF, Patel L, Hedges A (1981) Influence of Cimetidine on pharmacokinetics of propranolol. Br Med J 282: 1917–1919

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollifield JW, Sherman K, Vander Zwaag R, Shand DG (1976) Proposed mechanisms of propranolol’s antihypertensive effect in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 295: 68–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hombach V, Braun V, Hopp H-W, Gil-Sanchez D, Behrenbeck DW, Tauchert, M, Hilger, HH: (1982) Electrophysiological effects of cardioselective and non-cardio selective betaα-adrenoceptor blockers with and without ISA at rest and during exercise. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 285S–293S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imataka K, Seki A, Takahashi N et al. (1981) Elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase during pindolol treatment. J Jpn Soc Int Med 70: 580–585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen LL (1977) Catecholamine–sensitive adenylate cyclase in nervous tissues. J Neurochem 29: 5–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson KE, Campbell WB (1981) A possible antihypertensive mechanism of propranolol: antagonism of angiotensin II enhancement of sympathetic nerve transmission through prostaglandins. Hypertension 3: 23–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsson G, Svedmyr N, Thiringer G (1975) Effects of intravenous propranolol and metoprolol and their interaction with isoprenaline on pulmonary function, heart rate and blood pressure in asthmatics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 8: 175–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaumann AJ, Blinks JR (1980) B–adrenoceptor blocking agents as partial agonists in isolated heart muscle: dissocation of stimulation and blockade. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 311: 237–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaumann AJ, Lemoine H (1987) B2–adrenoceptor–mediated positive inotropic effect of adrenaline in human ventricular myocardium. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 335: 403–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirch W, Schafer–Korting M, Axthelm T, Kohler H, Mutschler E (1981) Interaction of atenolol with furosemide and calcium and aluminium salts. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 429–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krediet RT, Dunning AJ (1979) Baroreflex sensitivity in hypertension during betaadrenergic blockade. Br Heart J 41: 106–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laakso M, Pentikainen PJ, Pyorala K, Neuvonen PJ (1981) Prolongation of the Q–T interval caused by sotalol—possible association with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Eur Heart J 2: 353–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert DMD (1977) Long–term effects of propranolol on morbidity and mortality in patients with angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Med 2: 253–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammers JWJ, Folgering HTM, van Herwaarden CLA (1985) Ventilatory effects of longterm treatment with pindolol and metoprolol in hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 20: 205–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG (1967) Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214: 597–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley JN (1905) On the reaction of cells and of nerve–endings to certain poisons, chiefly as regards the reaction of striated muscles to nicotine and to curare. J Physiol (Lond) 33: 374–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Lant A (1980) The influence of beta–blockade on intermediary metabolism. Topics Therapeutics 6: 53–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lees P (1968) The influence of beta–adrenoceptive blocking agents on urinary function in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 34: 429–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz RJ, Hoffman BB (1980a) New directions in adrenergic receptor research pt I. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1: 314–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz RJ, Hoffman BB (1980b) New directions in adrenergic receptor research pt II. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1: 369–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Mayer G, Morganti A et al. (1975) Hypotensive and renin suppressing activities of propranolol in hypertensive patients. Clin Sci Mol Med 48: 491–499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Terzoli L, Bianchini C, Sala C, Zanchett A (1980) Time course of the antihypertensive action of atenolol: comparison of response to first dose and to maintained oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18: 365–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti G, Sampieri L, Cuspidi C et al. (1985) Does betarselective agonistic activity interfere with the antihypertensive efficacy of betarselective blocking agents? J Hypertens 3 [Suppl 3]: S243–S245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis PJ, Haeusler G (1975) Reduction in sympathetic nervous activity as a mechanism for hypotensive effect of propranolol. Nature 256: 440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RV, Jackson PR, Ramsay LE (1984) Quantification of side–effects of betaadrenoceptor blockers using visual analogue scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18: 325–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RV, Toner JM, Jackson PR, Ramsay LE (1986) Effects of indomethacin and sulindac on blood pressure of hypertensive patients. Br Med J 292: 934–935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linton RAF, Lim N, Wolff CB, Wilmshurst P, Band DM (1984) Arterial plasma potassium measured continuously during exercise in man. Clin Sci 66: 427–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewi O (1921) Uber humorale Ubertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere 189: 239–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund–Johansen P (1974) Haemodynamic changes at rest and during exercise in long–term beta–blocker therapy of essential hypertension. Acta Med Scand 195: 117–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund–Johansen P (1979) Hemodynamic consequences of long–term beta–blocker therapy: a 5–year follow–up study of atenolol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1: 487–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maarek B, Simon AC, Levenson J, Merli I, Bouthier J (1986) Chronic effects of pindolol on the arterioles, large arteries, and veins of the forearm in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39: 403–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Main BG, Tucker H (1985) Recent advances in beta–adrenergic blocking agents. In: Ellis GP, West GB (eds) Progress in medicinal chemistry, vol 22. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 122–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Majcherczyk S, Mikulski A, Sjolander M, Thoren P (1987) Increase of renal sympathetic nerve activity of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 91: 711–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majewski H, McCulloch MW, Rand MJ, Story DF (1980) Adrenaline activation of prejunctional beta–adrenoceptors in guinea pig atria. Br J Pharmacol 71: 435–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Man in’t Veld AJ, Schalekamp MADH (1982) How intrinsic sympathomimetic activity modulates the haemodynamic responses to beta–adrenoceptor antagonists. A clue to the nature of their antihypertensive mechanism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 245S–257S

    Google Scholar 

  • Man in’t Veld AJ, Schalekamp MADH (1983) Hemodynamic consequences of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and cardioselectivity in beta blocker therapy for hypertension. Eur Heart J 4 [Suppl D]: 31–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Matunaga M, Hara A, Ogino K, Motokara S, Saito M, Yamamoto J, Pak CH (1977) Effects of beta–adrenergic blocking agents on the blood pressure, plasma renin activity and hemodynamics of hypertensive patients. Jpn Heart J 18: 24–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAinsh J (1977) Clinical pharmacokinetics of atenolol. Postgrad Med J 53 [Suppl 3]: 74–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt DG, Nelson JK (1978) Comparative trial of atenolol and propranolol in hyperthyroidism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 6: 233–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McSorley PD, Warren DJ (1978) Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on the peripheral circulation. Br Med J 2: 1598–1600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council Working Party (1985) MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Br Med J 291: 97–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meekers J, Missotten A, Fagard R et al. (1975) Predictive value of various parameters for the antihypertensive effect of the beta–blocker ICI 66,082. Arch Int Pharmacodyn (1978) 213: 294–306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta J, Mehta P, Pepine CJ (1978) Platelet aggregation in aortic and coronary venous blood in patients with and without coronary disease. 3. Role of tachycardia stress and propranolol. Circulation 58: 881–886

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta J Mehta P, Ostrowski N (1983) Influence of propranolol and 4–hydroxypropranolol on platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 generation Clin. Pharmacol. Therap. 34: 559–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander A, Danielson K, Schersten B, Wahlin E (1977) Enhancement of the bioavailability of propranolol and metoprolol by food. Clin Pharmacol Therap 22: 108–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melander A, Stenbury P, Liedholm H, Schirsten B, Watkin-Boll E 1979 Food-induced reduction in bioavailability of atenolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 16: 327–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michelakis AM, McAllister RG (1972) The effect of chronic adrenergic receptor blockade on plasma renin activity in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34: 386–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran NC, Perkin ME (1958) Adrenergic blockade of the mammalian heart by a dichloro analogue of isoproterenol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 124: 223–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan TO, Roberts R, Carney SL, Louis WJ, Doyle AE (1975) Beta–adrenergic receptor blocking drugs, hypertension and plasma renin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2: 169–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller HS, Ayres SM, Religa A, Evans RG (1974) Propranolol in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 49: 1078–1087

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan E, Lahiri S, Mokashi A, Matsumoto S, McGregor KN (1986) Adrenergic mechanisms in oxygen chemoreception in the cat aortic body. Resp Physiol 63: 375–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers MG, De Champlain J: Effects of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 5(4): 591–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nies AS, McNeil JS, Schrier RW (1971) Mechanism of increased sodium reabsorption during propranolol administration. Circulation. 44 (4): 596–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall A, Snow HM (1982) The cardiovascular effects of ICI 118,587: A beta 1–adrenoceptor partial agonist. Br J Pharmacol 77 (2): 381–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostman Smith I (1981) Cardiac sympathetic nerves as the final common pathway in the induction of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy. Clin Sei 61 (3): 265–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Parati G, Pomidossi G, Grassi G, Gavazzi C, Ramirez A, Gregorini, L, Mancia G (1983) Mechanisms of antihypertensive action of beta–adrenergic blocking drugs: evidence against potentiation of baroreflexes. Eur Heart J 4 (D): 19–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson DJ, Nye PC (1988) The effect of beta adrenergic blockade on the carotid body response to hyperkalaemia in the cat. Respir Physiol 74 (2): 229–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick JM, Tutty J, Pearson SB (1978) Propranolol and the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in normal man. Clin Sci Mol Med 55: 491–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavia D Bateman JRM, Lennard-Jones AM, Agnew JE, Clarke SW (1986) Effect of selective and non-selective beta-blockade on pulmonary function and tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance in healthy subjects. Thorax. 41: 301–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen EB, Kornerup HJ (1977) Plasma renin concentration in essential hypertension during beta–adrenergic blockade and vasodilator therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 12: 93–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peet M, Middlemiss DN, Yates RA (1981) Propranolol in schizophrenia. II. Clinical and biochemical aspects of combining propranolol with chlorpromazine. Br J Psychiatry 139: 112–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri JC, Galloway DB, Webster J, Simpson WT, Lewis JA (1975) Atenolol and bendrofluazide in hypertension. Br Med J 4: 133–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie JC, Jeffers TA, Scott AK, Webster J (1983) Dose and duration of response to betablockers in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs (Symposium on beta–blockers in the 1980’s) 25 [Suppl 2]: 26–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippu A, Stroehl U (1978) Beta–adrenoreceptors of the posterior hypothalamus. Clin Exp Hypertens [A] 1: 25–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering TG, Gribbin B, Petersen ES, Cunningham DJC, Sleight P (1972) Effects of autonomic blockade on the baroreflex in man at rest and during exercise. Circ Res 30: 177–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potter DE (1981) Adrenergic pharmacology of aqueous humor dynamics. Pharmacol Rev 33 (3): 133–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price HL, Deutsch S, Davidson IA, Clement AJ, Behar MC, Epstein RM (1966) Can general anaesthesia produce splanchnic visceral hypoxia by reducing regional blood flow? Anesthesiology 27: 24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prichard BNC, Gillam PMS (1964) Use of propranolol in the treatment of hypertension. Br Med J 2: 725–727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prichard BNC, Gillam PMS (1969) Treatment of hypertension with propranolol. Br Med J 1: 7–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahn KH, Gierlichs HW, Planz G, Planz R, Schols M, Stephany W (1978) Studies on the effects of propranolol on plasma catecholamine levels in patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 8: 143–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine AEG, Chubb IW (1977) Long–term beta–adrenergic blockade reduces tyrosine hydroxylase and DBH activities in sympathetic ganglia. Nature 267: 265–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redman CWG (1980) Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Kidney Int 18: 267–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reybrouck T, Amery A, Billiet L (1977) Haemodynamic response to graded exercise after chronic beta–adrenergic blockade. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exercise Physiol 42: 133–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DW, Freund J, Gear AS, Mauck HP, Preston LW (1968) Effect of propranolol on elevated arterial blood pressure. Circulation 37: 534–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robb OJ, Petrie JC, Webster J, Harry J (1985) ICI 118551 does not reduce BP in hypertensive patients responsive to atenolol and propranolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 19:541 P–542P

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosei EA, Brown JJ, Lever AF, Robertson AS, Robertson JIS, Trust RM (1976) Treatment of phaeochromocytoma and of Clonidine withdrawal hypertension with labetalol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 3 [Suppl]: 809–815

    Google Scholar 

  • Roubicek J (1976) The effect of beta–adrenoceptor blocking drugs on EEG. Br J Clin Pharmacol 3: 661–665

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands DB, Glover DR, Stallard TJ, Littler WA (1982) Control of blood pressure and reduction of echocardiographically assessed left ventricular mass with once–daily timolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 14: 89–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin PC (1981) Beta–blockers in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 305: 1323–1326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer–Korting M, Kirch W, Axthelm T, Kohler H, Mutschier E (1983) Atenolol interaction with aspirin, allopurinol, and ampicillin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 283–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlüter KJ, Aellig WH, Petersen K-G, Rieband H-Ch, Wehrli A, Kerp L (1982) The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs with and without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on the hormonal responses to hypo and hyperglycaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 407S–417S

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneck DW, Vary JE (1984) Mechanism by which hydralazine increases propranolol bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35: 447–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneck DW, Luderer JR, Davis D, Vary J (1984) Effects of nadolol and propranolol on plasma lidocaine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 36 (5): 584–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott EM, Williams EK (1982) The effect of atenolol on aortic nerve discharge in the anesthetized cat. Br J Pharmacol 77: 325

    Google Scholar 

  • Seaton TB, Welle S, Campbell RG (1985) Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. N Engl J Med 312: 1062–1063

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sederberg–Olsen P, Ibsen H (1972) Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume during long–term treatment with propranolol in essential hypertension. Clin Sei 43: 165–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seedat YK, Stewart–Wynne EG, Reddy J, Randeree M (1973) Experiences with betaadrenergic blockade drugs in hypertension. S Afr Med J 47: 259–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seides SF, Josephson ME, Batsford WP, Wesifogel GM, Lau SH, Damato AN (1974) The electrophysiology of propranolol in man. Am Heart J 88: 733–741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shand DG (1974) Pharmacokinetic properties of the beta–adrenergic receptor blocking drugs. Drugs 7: 39–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shand DG (1975) Propranolol. N Engl J Med 293: 280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shand DG, Branch RA, Evans GH, Nies AS, Wilkinson GR (1973) The disposition of propranolol. VII. The effects of saturable hepatic tissue uptake on drug clearance by the perfused rat liver. Drug Metab Dispos 1: 679–686

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon G, Kiowski W, Julius S (1977) Effect of beta–adrenoceptor antagonists on baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 293–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BN, Vaughan Williams EM (1970) A third class of antiarrhythmic action. Effects on atrial and ventricular action potentials and other pharmacological actions on cardiac muscle, of MJ 1999 and AH 3474. Br J Pharmacol 39: 675–687

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater IH, Powell CE (1957) Blockade of adrenergic inhibitory receptor sites by l-(3’-4’-dichloro–phenol)-2-isopropyl-aminoethanol hydrochloride. Fed Proc 16: 336

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith HJ, Halliday SE, Earl DCN, Stribling P (1983) Effects of selective (beta–1 and beta–2) and nonselective beta adrenoceptor antagonists on the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to isoproterenol: comparison with ICI 141292. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 226: 211–216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith LH (1978) Cardio–selective B–adrenergic blocking agents. J Appl Chem Biotechnol 28: 201–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith U, Lager I (1978) Beta–blockade in diabetes. N Engl J Med 299: 1467–1469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smits JFM, Struyker Boudier HAJ (1982) The mechanisms of antihypertensive action of the adrenergic receptor blocking druts. Clin Exp Hypertens [A] 4: 71–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Smits JFM, van Essen H, Struyker-Boudier HAJ (1980) Is the antihypertensive effect of propranolol caused by an action with the central nervous system? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215 (l): 221–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smits JFM, Coleman TG, Smith TL, Kasbergen CM, van Essen H, Struyker-Boudier HAJ (1982) Antihypertensive effect of propranolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats: central hemodynamics, plasma volume and renal function during betablockade with propranolol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 4: 903–914

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenblick EB, Braunwald E, Williams JF, Glick G (1965) Effects of exercise on myocardial force–velocity relations in intact unanesthetized man: Relative roles of changes in heart rate, sympathetic activity, and ventricular dimensions. J Clin Invest 44: 2051–2062

    Google Scholar 

  • Starke K (1977) Regulation of NA release by presynatpic receptor systems. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 77: 1–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart I McD G (1976) Compared incidence of first myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients under treatment containing propranolol or excluding beta–receptor blockade. Clin Sci Mol Med 51: 509s–511s

    Google Scholar 

  • Struthers AD, Reid JL, Whitesmith R, Rodger JC (1983) The effects of cardioselective and non–selective beta–adrenoceptor blockade on the hypokalemic and cardiovascular responses to adrenomedullary hormones in man. Clin Sci 65: 143–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struyker–Boudier HAJ, Evenwel RT, Smits JFM, van Essen H (1982) Baroreflex sensitivity during the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Clin Sci 62: 589–594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundlof G, Wallin BG, Stromgren E, Nerhed C (1983) Acute effects of metroprolol on muscle sympathetic activity in hypertensive humans. Hypertension 5: 749–756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzman MM (1981) Use of beta–adrenergic receptor blocking agents in psychiatry. In: Neuropharmacology of central nervous system and behavioural disorders, chap 14. Academic, New York, pp 339–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen TL, Hartling O, Trap–Jensen J (1979) Immediate haemodynamic effects of propranolol, practolol, pindolol, atenolol and ICI 89,406 in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 15: 223–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen TL, Hartling OJ, Trap–Jensen J, McNair A, Bliddal J (1981) Adrenergic betareceptor blockade: haemodynamic importance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity at rest. Clin Pharmacol Ther 29: 711–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen TL, Lyngbourg K, Mehlsen J, Trap–Jensen J (1987) Immediate haemodynamic effects of a novel partial partial agonist, Bl–adrenoceptor blocking drug ICI 141292. After intravenous administration to healthy young volunteers and patients with ischaemic heart disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23: 35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeshita A, Tanaka S, Kuroiwa A et al. (1975) Reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in borderline hypertension. Circulation 51: 738–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarazi RC (1985) The heart in hypertension. N Engl J Med 312: 308–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarazi RC, Dustan HP (1972) Beta–adrenergic blockade in hypertension. Am J Cardiol 29: 633–640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tattersfield AE, Leaver DG Pride N (1973) Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade and stimulation on normal human airways. J Appl Physiol 35: 613–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Trap–Jensen J, Carlsen JE, Lysbo Svendsen T, Christensen NJ (1979) Cardiovascular and adrenergic effects of cigarette smoking during immediate non–selective and selective beta–adrenoceptor blockade in humans. Eur J Clin Invest 9: 181–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Trap–Jensen J, Carlsen JE, Hartling OJ, Svendsen TL, Tango M, Christensen NJ (1982) Beta–adrenoceptor blockade and psychic stress in man. A comparison of the acute effects of labetalol, metoprolol, pindolol and propranolol on plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 391S–395S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukiyama H, Otsuka K, Higuma K (1982) Effects of beta–adrenoceptor antagonists on central haemodynamics in essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 269S–278S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukiyama H, Otsuka K, Morii M, Yoshii Y, Hatori Y, Nakamura Y, Nemoto E, Yamato T, Sakai T, Yamamoto Y (1983) Possible significance of the pharmacological differentiation of beta–blocking agents in hemodynamic effects in essential hypertension. Jpn Circ J 47: 313–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrer PJ, Lader MH (1974) Response to propranolol and diazepam insommatic and psychic anxiety. Br Med J 2: 14–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Baak MA, Struyker Boudier HAJ, Smits JFM (1985) Antihypertensive mechanisms of beta–adrenoceptor blockade: a review. Clin Exp Hypertens [A]7(l):l–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Herwaarden CLA, Fennis JFM, Binkhorst RA, van’t Laar A (1977) Haemodynamic effects of adrenaline during treatment of hypertensive patients with propranolol and metoprolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 12: 397–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents (1977) Propranolol in the treatment of essential hypertension. JAMA 237 (21): 2303–2310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent HH, Man in’t Veld AJ, Boomsma F, Wenting GH, Schalekamp MADH (1982) Elevated plasma noradrenaline in response to beta–adrenoceptor stimulation in man (propranolol, atenolol). Br J Pharmacol 13 (5): 717–721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent HH, Man in’t Veld AJ, Boomsma F, Derkx F, Schalekamp ADH (1985) Compound ICI 118551, a beta-2-adrenoceptor antagonist lowers blood pressure. J Hypertens 3 [Suppl 3]: S247–S249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waal-Manning HJ (1979) Atenolol and three nonselective beta-blockers in hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25: 8–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin G, Sundlof G, Stromgren E, Aberg H (1984) Sympathetic outflow to muscles during treatment of hypertension with metoprolol. Hypertension 6: 557–562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter M, Lemoine H, Kaumann AJ (1984) Stimulant and blocking effects of optical isomers of pindolol on the sinoatrial node and trachea of guinea pig. Role of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in the dissociation between blockade and stimulation. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 327: 159–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren DJ, Waller DG, McAinsh J (1983) Beta–blockers and renal function. Drugs 25 [Suppl 2]: 108–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins J, Abbot EC, Hensby CN, Webster J, Dollery CT (1980) Attenuation of hypotensive effect of propranolol and thiazide diuretics by indomethacin. Br Med J 281: 702–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RDS, Stallard TJ, Littler WA (1979a) Effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on sino-aortic baroreflex sensitivity and blood pressure in hypertensive man. Clin Sci 57: 241–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RDS, Stallard TJ, Littler WA (1979b) Influence of once-daily administration of beta-adrenoceptor (antagonists on arterial pressure and its variability. Lancet 1: 1210–1213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber MA, Drayer JIM (1980) Renal effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Kidney Int. 18: 686–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster J, Jeffers TA, Galloway DB, Petrie JC, Barker NP (1977) Atenolol, methyldopa, and chlorthalidone in moderate hypertension. Br Med J 1: 76–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidmann J, Gerber A, Mordasini R (1983) Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipoproteins. Hypertension 5[Suppl III]:III–120–III–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock M, Weiss C, Gitter S (1977) Blockade of 5 hydroxytryptamine receptors in the central nervous system by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 16: 273–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss L, Lundgren Y, Folkow B (1974) Effects of prolonged treatment with adrenergic beta-receptor antagonists on blood pressure, cardiovascular design and ractivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Acta. Physiol. Scand. 91: 447–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Wermut W, Wojcicki M (1973) Suicidal attempt with propranolol. Br Med J 3: 591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whyte K, Jones CR, Howie CA, Deighton N, Sumner DJ, Reid JL (1973) Haemodynamic, metabolic, and lymphocyte beta2–adrenoceptor changes following chronic beta–adrenoceptor antagonism. Eur J Cl in Pharmacol

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikstrand J, Trimarco B, Buzzett G, Ricciardelli B, de Luca N, Volpe M, Condorelli M (1983) Increased cardiac output and lowered peripheral resistance during metoprolol treatment. Acta Med Scand 672: 105–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson R (1982) Beta–blockers and renal function. Drugs 23: 195–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winer N, Chokshi DS, Yoon MS, Freedman AD (1969) Adrenergic receptor mediation of renin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29: 1168 — 1175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson S, Gorlin R (1969) Cardiovascular pharmacology of propranolol in man. Circulation 40: 501–511

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson S, Heuler RA, Herman MV, Kemp HG, Sullivan JM, Gorlin R (1966) Propranolol in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 18: 345–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright P (1974) Skin reactions to practolol. Br Med J 2: 560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright P (1975) Untoward effects associated with practolol administration: oculomucocutaneous syndrome. Br Med J 1: 595–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaoki K, Imataka K, Seki A, Takayama Y, Fujii J (1983) Muscle symptoms in patients treated with pindolol. Igaku no Ayumi 126: 233–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacest R, Gilmorek E, Koch-Weser J (1972) Treatment of essential hypertension with combined vasodilation and beta-adrenergic blockade. N Engl J Med 286: 617–622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharias FJ (1976) Patient acceptability of propranolol and the occurrence of side effects. Poslgard Med J 52 [Suppl 4]: 87–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacharias FJ, Cowen KJ (1970) Controlled trial of propranolol in hypertension. Br Med J 1: 471–474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharias FJ, Cowen KJ, Vickers J, Wall BG (1972) Propranolol in hypertension. A Study of long-term therapy 1964–1970. Am Heart J 83: 755–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharias FJ, Cuthbertson PJR, Prestt J et al. (1977) Atenolol in hypertension: a study of long–term therapy. Postgrad Med J 53 [Suppl 3]: 102–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zech PY, Labeeuw M, Pozet N, Hadj-Aissa A, Sassar J, McAinsh J (1977) Response to atenolol in arterial hypertension in relation to renal function, pharmacokinetics and renin activity. Postgard Med J 53 [Suppl 3]: 134–141

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Conway
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Bilski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. German Institute for High Blood Pressure Research and Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    Detlev Ganten M.D, Ph.D.

  2. Medical College of Ohio, CS10008, 300 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43699, USA

    Patrick J. Mulrow M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Conway, J., Bilski, A. (1990). β-Blockers. In: Ganten, D., Mulrow, P.J. (eds) Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 93 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74209-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74209-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74211-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74209-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation