Skip to main content

Sensory and Cognitive 40-Hz Event-Related Potentials: Behavioral Correlates, Brain Function, and Clinical Application

  • Conference paper
Brain Dynamics

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Brain Dynamics ((SSBD,volume 2))

Abstract

The main thesis of this chapter is that two measurement operations of the 40-Hz event-related potentials (ERPs) provide a significant systems analysis technique for a developing body of interdisciplinary knowledge labeled as Cognitive Neuroscience — the information processing between sensory input and motor ouptut. Hierarchically organized, increasing neural connectivity forms the basis for more complex cognitive processes. In the hierarchical progression, first-order functional components operate as simple neural systems. These, in turn, interact to produce higher-order functional components, more complex neural systems. The final interactive resultant, operative in cognition and expressed in behavior, must consist of many critical zones throughout the neuraxis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anchel H, Lindsley DB (1972) Differentiation of two reticulo-hypothalamic systems regulating hippocampal activity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 32: 209–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen PO, Anderson SA (1968) Physiological basis of alpha rhythm. Appleton Century Crofts, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen PO, Eccles JC, Loyning Y (1963) Recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus with identification of the inhibitory cell and its synapses. Nature 198: 540–542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appleby MS (1986) The relationship between theory of signal detection statistics d’ and Beta and 40-Hz EEG during performance of an auditory vigilance task. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach V, Sheer DE (1988) Forty Hertz EEG in learning disabled and normal boys. J Learn Disabil (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baghdoyam RA, McCarley RW, Hobson JA (1981) Cholinergic generation of desynchronized sleep signs: localization to the pontine reticular formation. Paper presented at Neurosciences Society meeting, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker H, Leland B (1967) Detroit tests of learning aptitude. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianopolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Banquet JP (1973) Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 35: 143–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ba§ar E, Rosen B, Başar-Eroglu C, Grietschur F (1987) The associations between 40 Hz EEG and the middle latency response of the auditory evoked potential. Int J Neurosci 33: 103–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer RH, Jones CN (1976) Feedback training of 36-44 EEG activity in visual cortex and hippocampus of cats: evidence for sensory and motor involvement. Physiol Behav 17: 885–890

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty J (1982) Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychol Bull 91: 276–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty J, Wagoner BL (1978) Pupillometric signs of brain activation vary with levels of cognitive processing. Science 199: 1216–1218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ari YP, Dinglederi J, Konazawa I, Kelley JS (1976) Inhibitory effects of acetylcholine on neurons in the feline nucleus reticularis thalami. J Physiol 261: 647–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson DF, Kühl DE, Hawkins RA (1983) The fluorodeoxyglucose 18F scan in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Arch Neurol 40: 711–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benton AL, Van Allen MW, Hamsher K deS, Levin HS (1975) Test of facial recognition; Form SL. University of Iowa Hospital, Iowa City

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne DE (1960) Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berman AL (1968) The brain stem of the cat. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedenbach MA, Freeman WJ (1965) Linear domain of potentials from the prepyriform cortex with respect to stimulus parameters. Exp Neurol 11: 400–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bindra D (1961) Components of general activity and the analysis of behavior. Psychol Rev 68: 205–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird BL, Newton FA, Sheer DE, Ford M (1978 a) Biofeedback training of 40 Hz EEG in humans. Biofeedback Self Regul 3: 1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird BL, Newton FA, Sheer DE, Ford M (1978 b) Behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback training in humans. Biofeedback Self Regul 3: 13–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block V (1970) Facts and hypotheses concerning memory consolidation processes. Brain Res 24: 561–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block V, Hebb DO (1956) Étude des phénomènes d’enrayerment et d’activation du comportement per stimulation thalamique et reticulaire chez le ret non anesthesie. Psychol Fr 1: 8–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Borda RP (1984) The 40/sec middle latency auditory response in Alzheimer disease and age-matched normals. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouyer JJ, Montaron MF, Rougeul A (1981) Fast frontoparietal rhythms during combined focused attentive behavior and immobility in the cat: cortical and thalamic localizations

    Google Scholar 

  • Bressler SJ, Freeman WJ (1980) Frequency analysis of olfactory system EEG in cat, rabbit and rat. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 50: 19–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent DE (1957) A mechanical model for human attention and immediate memory. Psychol Rev 64: 205–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brookhart JM, Kubota K (1963) Studies of the integrative function of the motor neurone. In: Moruzzi G, Fessard A, Jasper HH (eds) Brain mechanisms. Vol I: Progress in brain research. Elsevier, New York, pp 38–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown GW, Cowen BD (1959) Avoidance and approach learning motivated by stimulation of identical hypothalamic loci. Am J Physiol 197: 153–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton H, Jones EG (1976) The posterior thalamic region and its cortical projections in New World and Old World monkey. J Comp Neurol 195: 249–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia GC, Jasper HH (1966) Acetylcholine released from cerebral cortex in relation to state of activation. Neurology 16: 1053–1083

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatrian GE, Bickford RG, Uihlein A (1960) Depth electrographic study of a fast rhythm evoked from the human calcarine region by steady illumination. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 12: 167–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatrian GE, Lowell E, White JR, Cheng-Mei S (1964) EEG pattern resembling wakefulness in unresponsive decerebrate state following brain-stem infarct. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 16: 285–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chedru F, Le Blanc M, Lhermitte F (1973) Visual searching in normal and brain-demaged subjects (contributions to the study of unilateral attention) Cortex 9: 94–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman JR, Lindsley DB (1975) Hippocampal electrical correlates of free behavior and behavior induced by stimulation of two hypothalamic-hippocampal systems in the cat. Exp Neurol 49: 506–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle JT, Price DL, De Long MR (1983) Alhzeimer’s disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 219: 1184–1190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das NN, Gastaut H (1955) Variations de l’activité électrique du cerveau, du coeur et des muscles squellettiques au cours de la méditation et de l’extase yogique. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 6: 211–219

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFrance J, Sheer DE (1988) Focused arousal, 40-Hz EEG and motor programming. In: Giannitrapani D, Murri L (eds) The EEG of mental activities. Karger, Basel, pp 153–168

    Google Scholar 

  • DePascalis V, Marucci FS, Penna PM, Pessa E (1987) Hemispheric activity of 40-Hz EEG during recall of emotional events: differences between low and high hypnotizables. Int J Psychophysiol 5: 167–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drachman D (1977) Memory and cognitive functions in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology 22: 783–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy E (1957) The psychological significance of the concept of “arousal” or “activation.” Psychol Rev 64: 265–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumenko VN (1961) Changes in the electroencephalogram of the dog during the formation of a motor conditioned reflex stereotype. Pavlov J Higher Nerv Act 11: 64–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrook JA (1959) The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychol Rev 66: 183–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles JE (1964) The physiology of synapses. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck MW (1982) Attention and arousal. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Famiglietti EV (1970) Dendro-dendritic synapses in thalamic neurons during synchronizing inhibition. Brain Res 20: 181–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fertziger AP, Pupura DP (1971) Diphasic-PSP’s during maintained activity of cat lateral geniculate neurons. Brain Res 33: 463–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firsching R, Luther J, Erdelberg E, Brown WE, Story JC, Boop FA (1987) 40 Hz-middle latency auditory evoked response in comatose patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 67: 213–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher JM, Morris R (1986) Classification of disabled learners: beyond exclusionary definitions. In: Ceci S (ed) Handbook of cognitive, social, and neuropsychological correlates of learning disabilities. Erlbaum, New York, pp 55–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford M, Bird BC, Newton HA, Sheer DE (1980) Maintenance and generalization of 40 Hz EEG biofeedback effects. Biofeedback Self Regul 5: 193–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1962 a) Alterations in prepyriform evoked potential in relation to stimulus intensity. Exp Neurol 6:70–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1962 b) Changes in prepyriform evoked potential with food deprivation and consumption. Exp Neurol 6:12–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1962 c) Comparison of thresholds for behavioral and electrical responses to cortical electrical stimulation in cats. Exp Neurol 6:315–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1962d) Linear approximation of prepyriform evoked potential in cats. Exp Neurol 5: 477–499

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1962e) Phasic and long-term excitability changes in prepyriform cortex of cats. Exp Neurol 5: 500–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1975) Mass action in the nervous system. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ (1986) Analytic techniques used in the search for the physiological basis of the EEG. In: Gevins AS, Remond A (eds) Methods of analysis of brain electrical and magnetic signals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 583–664 (EEG Handbook Revised Series, vol 1 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ, Baird B (1987) Relation of olfactory EEG to behavior: spatial analysis. Behav Neurosci 101: 393–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ, Grajski G (1987) Relation of olfactory EEG to behavior: factor analysis. Behav Neurosci 101: 766–777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ, Skarda CA (1985) Spatial EEG analysis, nonlinear dynamics, and perception: the neo-Sherringtonian view. Brain Res Rev 10: 147–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ, Viana Di Prisco G (1985) EEG spatial pattern differences with discriminated odors manifest chaotic and limit cycle attractors in olfactory bulb of rabbits. Proceedings of the conference on brain theory, Trieste 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman WJ, Viana Di Prisco G (1986) Relation of olfactory EEG to behavior: time series analysis. Behav Neurosci 100: 753–763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuster JM, Uyeda AA (1962) Facilitation of tachistoscopic performance by stimulation of midbrain tegmental points in the monkey. Exp Neurol 6: 384–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos R (1982) Tactile and auditory stimuli repeated at high rates (30-50 per sec) produce similar event-related potentials. Ann NY Acad Sci 388: 722–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos R (1958) Electrical correlates of conditioned learning. In: Brazier M (ed) The central nervous system and behavior. Macy, New York, pp 375–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Galambos R, Makeig S, Talmachoff P (1981) A 40-Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp. Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 2643–2647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gastaut H, Jus C, Morrell F, Storm van Leeowen W, Doniger S, Naquet R, Regis H, Roger A, Berkerng D, Kamp A, Werre J (1957) Étude topographique des réactions electroencephalographiques conditionnes chez l’homme. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 9: 1–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman R, Fristoe M, Woodcock RW (1974) Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock auditory skills test battery. American Guidance Service

    Google Scholar 

  • Granit R (1963) Recurrent inhibition as a mechanism of control. In. Moruzzi G, Fessard A, Jasper HH (eds) Brain mechanisms. Vol I: Progress in brain research. Elsevier, New York, pp 23–31

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hebb DO (1955) Drives and the C.N.S. (conceptual nervous system) Psychol Rev 62: 243–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyman L, Kelsey JE (1977) Facilitation of flicker discriminability by electrical stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation of the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 91: 951–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J Physiol 160: 160–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil TM (1970) Digital computer analysis of the electroencephalogram during rapid eye movement state in man. J Nerv Ment Dis 130: 201–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Japser H, Stefanis C (1965) Intracellular oscillatory rhythms in pyramidal tract neurons in the cat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 18: 541–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasper H, Tessier J (1971) Acetylcholine liberation from cerebral cortex during paradoxical ( REM) sleep. Science 172: 601–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones EG (1985) The thalamus. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouvet M, Benoit O, Courjon J (1956) Aspects EEG de la formation de liasons temporaires dans le cerveau. Abstract of the XXth International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 475

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd BW (1987) Topography of the 40-Hz evoked-potential in the auditory and visual modalities. Unpublished Masters thesis. University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaada BR, Harmark WY, Stokke O (1961) Deep coma associated with desynchronization in EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 13: 785–789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman D (1973) Attention and effort. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Karczmar AG (1979) Brain acetylcholine and animal electrophysiology. In: Davis KL, Berger FA (eds) Brain acetylcholine and neuropsychiatrie disease. Plenum, New York, pp 265–310

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann P (1985) 40-Hz EEG and focused arousal behavior in the cat. Unpublished masters thesis. University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller WJ (1985) Forty Hertz EEG activity in the elderly: dementia, depression, and normal aging. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Killam KF, Killam EK (1967) Rhinencephalic activity during acquisition and performance of conditional behavior and its modification by pharmacological agents. In: Adey WR, Tokizane T (eds) Progress in brain research, vol 27. Structure and function of the limbic system. Elsevier, New York, pp 388–399

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Killeen P (1975) On the temporal control of behavior. Psychol Rev 82: 89–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killeen P, Hanson SJ, Osborne SR (1978) Arousal: its genesis and manifestation as response rate. Psychol Rev 85: 578–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura D (1964) Cognitive deficit related to seizure pattern in centrencephalic epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 27: 291–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura H, McGeer PL, Peng JH, McGeer EG (1981) The central cholinergic system studied by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry in the cat. J Comp Neurol 200: 151–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaBerge D (1976) Perceptual learning and attention. In: Estes WK (ed) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Vol 4: Attention and memory. Wiley, Hillsdale, pp 268–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacey JL (1967) Somatic response patterning and stress. Some revisions of activation theory. In: Appley MH, Trumbull R (eds) Psychological stress. Appleton Century Crofts, New York, pp 14–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Landseil H, Mirsky AF (1964) Attention in focal and centrencephalic epilepsy. Exp Neurol 9: 463–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lansing RW, Schwartz E, Lindsley D (1959) Reaction time and EEG activation under alerted and non-alerted condition. J Exp Psychol 58: 1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lashley KS (1950) In search of the engram. Symp Soc Exp Biol 4:454–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet B, Alberts WW, Wright EW Jr, Feinstein B (1967) Responses of human somatosensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation. Science 158: 1597–1599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley DB (1958) The reticular system and perceptual discrimination. In: Jasper HH, Proctor LD, Knighton RS, Noskay WC, Costello RT (eds) Reticular formation of the brain. Little Brown, Boston, pp 513–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeb C, Paggio G (1953) Electroencephalograms in a case with pontomesencephalic hemorrhage. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 5: 295–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loring DW, Sheer DE (1983) Laterality of 40-Hz EEG and EMG during cognitive performance. Psychophysiology 21: 34–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loring DW, Sheer DE, Largen JW (1985) Forty Hertz EEG activity in dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Psychophysiology 22 (1): 166–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luria AR, Simermitskaya EG (1977) Interhemispheric relations and the functions of the minor hemisphere. Neuropsychologica 15: 175–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macadar AW, Chalupe LM, Lindsley DB (1974) Differentiation of brainstem loci which affect hippocampal and neocortical electrical activity. Exp Neurol 43: 499–515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahut H (1964) Effects of subcortical electrical stimulation on discrimination learning in cats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 58: 390–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malmo RB (1959) Activation: a neuropsychological dimension. Psychol Rev 66: 367–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matson A (1987) The occurrence and lateralization of 40-Hz EEG activity in LD and normal children. Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland JC, Rumelhart DE, PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol 2: Psychological and biological models. MIT, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald RD, Burns SB (1964) Visual vigilance and brain damage: an empricial study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 27: 206–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky AF, Pragay EB (1988) Brainstem reticular system. In: Sheer DE, Pribram KH (eds) Attention: cognition, brain function, and clinical application. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishkin M, Malamut B, Bechevolier JB (1984) Memories and habits: two neural systems. In: Lynch G, McGaugh JC, Wemberger NM (eds) Neurobiology of learning and memory. Guilford, New York, pp 65–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Montplaisir JY (1975) Cholinergic mechanisms involved in cortical activation during arousal. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 38: 263–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrell F, Jasper HH (1956) Electrographic studies of the formation of temporary connections in the brain. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 8: 201–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moruzzi G, Magoun (1949) Brainstem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1: 455–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle VB (1961) Duality of function in the somatic afferent system. In. Brazier M (ed) Brain and behavior, vol I. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, p 67

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmeggiani PL, Zanocco GA (1963) Study of the bioelectrical rhythms of cortical and subcortical structures during activated sleep. Arch Ital Biol 101: 385–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne DT, Parby ME, Harasymin SJ (1968) Percentage of pupillary dilation as a measure of item difficulty. Percept Psychophys 4: 139–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Borja C, Tyce FA, McDonald C, Uihlein A (1961) Depth electrographic studies of a focal fast response to sensory stimulation in the human. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 13: 695–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff D (1969) Parsimonious biological models of memory and reinforcement. Psychol Rev 76: 70–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfurtscheller G, Cooper R (1975) Frequency dependence of the transmission of the EEG from cortex to scalp. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 38: 93–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poggio GF, Mountcastle VB (1960) A study of the functional contributions of the lemniscal and spinothalamic systems to somatic sensibility. Central nervous mechanisms in pain. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bull 106: 266–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posner MI (1978) Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner MI, McLeod P (1982) Information processing models—in search of elementary operations. Annu Rev Psychol 33: 477–514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posner MI, Rothbart MK (1985) The concept of energy in psychological theory. Paper presented at the NATO advanced research workshop on: energetical aspects of human information processing, Les Ares, August 23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner MI, Cohen Y, Choate L, Hockey R, Maylor E ( 1984 a) Sustained concentration: passive filtering or active orienting. In: Kornblum S, Requin (eds) Preparatory states and processes. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 49–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner MI, Walker JA, Friedrick AJ, Rafal RD (1984 b) Effects of parietal lobe injury on covert orienting of visual attention. J Neurosci 4: 1863–1874

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor LD, Knighton RS, Churchill JA (1957) Variations in consciousness, produced by stimulating reticular formation of the monkey. Neurology 7: 193–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan N, Glover JR, Sheer DE (1986) A microprocessor-based system for diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 33: 942–948

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rail W, Shepherd GM (1968) Theoretical construction of field potentials and dendodentritic synaptic interactions of olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 8: 884–915

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers RC (1984) 40-Hz EEG correlates of automatic and effortful information processing. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Rourke BP (ed) (1985) Learning disabilities: advances in subtypal analysis. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland V (1958) Discussion in Morrell, F. Electroencephalographic studies of conditioned learning. In. Brazier J (ed) The central nervous system and behavior. Macy, New York, pp 347–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart DE, McClelland JC, PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol 1: Foundations. MIT Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakhiulina BT (1961) EEG manifestations of tonic cortical activity accompanying conditioned reflexes. Pavlov J Higher Nerv Act 11: 48–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Saper CL (1981) Brainstem and basal forebrain-projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat. Paper presented at the Neurosciences Society Meetings, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Saper CL (1982) Reciprocal parabrachial-cortical connections in the rat. Brain Res 242: 33–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saper CL, Loewy AD (1980) Efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Brain Res 197: 291–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider W, Shiffrin RM (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing. I: Detection, search, attention. Psychol Rev 84: 1–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrock BJ (1985) The 40-Hz event-related potential in brain damage: effects of lesion site, distraction, and stimulus rate. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Sem-Jacobsen CW, Peterson MC, Dodge HW, Jacks QD, Lazarte JA, Holman CB (1956) Electric activity of the occipital lobe in man. Am Med Sci 232: 243–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpless S, Jasper H (1956) Habituation of the arousal response. Brain 70: 655–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE (1970) Electrophysiological correlates of memory consolidation. In: Ungar G (ed) Molecular mechanisms in memory and learning. Plenum, New York, pp 177–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE (1974) Electrophysiolographic studies in learning disabilities. In: Eichenwald H, Talbot A (eds) The learning disabled child. University of Texas Press, Austin, pp 47–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE (1976) Focused arousal and 40-Hz EEG. In: Knight RM, Bakker DJ (eds) The neuropsychology of learning disorders. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 71–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE (1977) Biofeedback training of 40 Hz EEG and behavior. In: Kamiya J et al. (eds) Biofeedback and self-control, 1976/77. Aldine, Chicago, pp 435–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE (1984) Focused arousal, 40 Hz EEG and dysfunction. In: Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Lutzenberger W, Birbaumer N (eds) Self-regulation of the brain and behavior. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 63–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE ( 1988 a) A working cognitive model of attention—to fit in the brain and in the clinic. In: Sheer DE, Pribram KH (eds) Attention: cognition, brain function, and clinical applications. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE ( 1988 b) Brain damage and dysfunctions. In: Sheer DE, Pribram KH (eds) Attention: cognition, brain function, and clinical application. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE, Grandstaff N (1970) Computer-analysis of electrical activity in the brain and its relation to behavior. In: Wycis HT (ed) Current reseach in neurosciences: topical problems in psychiatry and neurology, vol 10. Karger, Basel, pp 160–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer DE, Schröck B (1986) Attention. In: Hannay J (ed) Experimental techniques in human neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 95–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd GM (1978) The synaptic organization of the brain. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffrin RM (1976) Capacity limitations in information processing, attention and memory. In: Estes WK (ed) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Wiley, Hillsdale, pp 177–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffrin RM, Schneider W (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing. II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychol Rev 84: 127–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer W (1977) Control of thalamic transmission by cortifugal and ascending reticular pathways in the visual system. Physiol Rev 57: 386–420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer W (1979) Center-core control of visual cortex function. In: Schmitt FO, Worden FG (eds) The neurosciences: fourth study program. MIT, Cambridge, pp 1093–1110

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer W (1980) State dependent changes in ascending pathways affecting visual cortex functions. Neurosci Res Program Bull 18: 92–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer W, Tretter F, Cynader M (1976) The effect of reticular stimulation on spontaneous evoked activity in the cat. Visual cortex. Brain Res 102: 71–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitarem N, Wyatt N, Dawson SP, Gillin J (1976) REM sleep induction by physostigmine infusion during sleep. Science 191: 1281–1283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snider RS, Niemer (1961) A stereotoxic atlas of the cat brain. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov EN (1960) Neuronal model of the orienting reflex. In: Brazier M (ed) The central nervous system and behavior. Macy, New York, pp 187–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Spehlman R (1971) Acetylcholine and the synaptic release of nonspecific impulses to the visual cortex. Brain 94: 139–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spehlman R, Downes K (1974) The effects of acetylcholine and synaptic stimulation on the sensorimotor cortex. I: Neuronal responses to stimulation of the reticular formation. Brain Res 74: 139–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreen O, Benton AL (1969) Sentence repetition test. Manual of instructions and norms. Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria

    Google Scholar 

  • Spydell JD, Sheer DE (1982) Effect of problem solving on right and left hemisphere 40 Hz EEG activity. Psychophysiology 19: 420–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spydell JD, Sheer DE (1983) Forty Hertz EEG activity in Alzheimer’s type dementia. Psychophysiology 20: 313–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spydell JD, Ford MR, Sheer DE (1979) Task dependent cerebral lateralization of the 40-Hz EEG rhythm. Psychophysiology 16: 347–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spydell JD, Pattee G, Golde WD (1985) The 40 Hz event-related potential: normal values and effects of lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 62: 193–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squire LR (1982) The neuropsychology of human memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 5: 241–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squire LR, Davis HP (1981) The pharmacology of memory. A neurobiological perspective. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 21: 323–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanis C, Jasper H (1964) Recurrent collateral inhibition in pyramidal tract neurons. J Neurophysiol 27: 855–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stennett RG (1957) The relationship of performance level to level of arousal. J Exp Psychol 54: 54–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steriade M (1980) State-dependent changes in the activity of rostral reticular and thalamocortical elements. Neurosci Res Program Bull 18: 82–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman EC (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychol Rev 55: 189–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber JT, Yin TCT (1984) Subcortical projections of the inferior pariental cortex (area 7) in the stump-tailed monkey. J Comp Neurol 224: 206–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield EC (1965) Edges in auditory information processing. Abstract of the XXIII International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 245

    Google Scholar 

  • Yerkes RM, Dodson JD (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. J Comp Neurol Psychol 18: 459–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Sheer, D.E. (1989). Sensory and Cognitive 40-Hz Event-Related Potentials: Behavioral Correlates, Brain Function, and Clinical Application. In: Başar, E., Bullock, T.H. (eds) Brain Dynamics. Springer Series in Brain Dynamics, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74557-7_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74557-7_29

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74559-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74557-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics