Abstract
Despite the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS), the image appearances lack specificity. Signal intensity in MR images depends predominantly upon the proton density and relaxation times, T1 and T2, of tissues. Most pathological processes result in increased tissue water content which increases all three of these parameters. Pathologically dissimilar lesions may, therefore, have similar MRI appearances; for example, it may be impossible to differentiate between tumour tissue and surrounding vasogenic oedema, or between an active and an inactive multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion. It became apparent that as an aid to more accurate diagnosis and for the assessment of treatment efficacy, a contrast agent was required as a marker of abnormal blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Numerous substances act as contrast agents for MRI, but unlike computerised tomography (CT), they produce signal enhancement indirectly via their influence of the relaxation times of neighbouring protons.
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Abbreviations
- BBB:
-
Blood-brain barrier
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CREAE:
-
Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
- CSF:
-
Cerebrospinal fluid
- CT:
-
Computerised tomography
- DOTA:
-
10-(2-hydroxypropyl) 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid
- DTPA:
-
10-(2-hydroxypropyl) 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7-triacetic acid
- Gd:
-
Gadolinium
- HIV:
-
Human immuno-defieiency virus
- HLA:
-
Human leucocyte antigen
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- MS:
-
Multiple sclerosis
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- RFLP:
-
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
- SPECT:
-
Single photon emission computerised tomography
- T1 :
-
Longitudinal relaxation time
- T2 :
-
Transverse relaxation time
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Barnes, D. (1992). Clinical Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In: Bradbury, M.W.B. (eds) Physiology and Pharmacology of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 103. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76894-1_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76894-1_12
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