Skip to main content
  • 156 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 34.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Barbato, J.P. and E. A. Ayer: Atmospheres, 266 pp, Pergamon 1981

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lovelock, J. E. and L. Margulis: Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis. Tellus 26, 2–10, 1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chamberlain, J. W.: Theory of planetary atmospheres, Int. Geophys. Ser. Vol. 22, 330 pp, Academic Press 1978

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hoyle, F. and C. Wickramasinghe: Lifecloud, 189 pp, J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. London, Toronto, Melbourne, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  5. Walker, C.G.: Evolution of the atmosphere, 318 pp, Macmillan 1977

    Google Scholar 

  6. Alfvén, H. and G. Arrhenius: Evolution of the solar system, NASA SP-345, 599 pp, Washington, D.C., 1976

    Google Scholar 

  7. Palme, H., H. E. Suess und H. D. Zeh: Abundances of the elements in the solar system, In: Landolt-Börnstein Neue Serie VI, 2a, Springer-Verlag 1981

    Google Scholar 

  8. Urey, H. C.: The atmospheres of the planets. Handbuch der Physik 52, 363–418, Springer-Verlag 1952

    Google Scholar 

  9. Berkner, L.V. and L. C. Marshall: Limitation on oxygen concentration in a primitive planetary atmosphere. J. Atm. Sci. 23, 133–143, 1966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Calvin, M. and G.J. Calvin: Atom to Adam. Amer. Scientist 52, 163–186, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  11. Commoner, B.: Biochemical, biological and atmospheric evolution. Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci. 53, 1183–1194, 1965

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Haldane, J. B. S.: Genesis of life. In: D. R. Bates, Ed., The planet Earth, Pergamon Press, New York, pp 325–341, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ponnamperuma, C. and N. W. Gabel: Current status of chemical studies on the origin of life. Space Life Sci. 1, 64–96, 1968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Miller, S. L. and L. E. Orgel: The origins of life on Earth. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  15. Stephenson, M.: Bacterial Metabolism. Longmans, Green and Co., London; MIT Press 1966, 3rd Edition

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sagan, C.: Ultraviolet selection pressure on the earliest organismens, J. Theoret. Biol. 39, 195–200, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Li, Y. H.: Geochemical mass balance among lithosphère, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Amer. J. Sci. 272, 119–137, 1972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schidlowski, M.: Probleme der atmosphärischen Evolution im Präkambrium. Geol. Rdsch. 60, 1351–1384, 1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pflug, H. D.: Yeast-like microfossils detected in oldest sediments of the Earth. Die Naturwissenschaften 65, 611–615, 1978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Awramik, S. M.: The pre-phanerozoic fossil record. In: Mineral deposits and the evolution of the biosphere (H. D. Holland, M. Schidlowski, Hrsg.), Dahlem Konferenzen 67–82, Springer-Verlag 1982

    Google Scholar 

  21. Miller, S. L.: Prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds. In: Mineral deposits and the evolution of the biosphere (H. D. Holland, M. Schidlowski, Hrsg.), Dahlem Konferenzen 155–176, Springer-Verlag 1982

    Google Scholar 

  22. Junge, C.: Die Entwicklung der Erdatmosphäre. Die Naturwissenschaften 68, 236–244, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ratner, M. I. and J. C. G. Walker: Atmospheric ozone and the history of life. J. Atmosp. Sci. 29, 803–808, 1972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Schidlowski, M.: Content and isotopic composition of reduced carbon in sediments. In: Mineral deposits and the evolution of the biosphere (H. D. Holland, M. Schidlowski, Hrsg.) Dahlem Konferenzen 103–122, Springer-Verlag 1982

    Google Scholar 

  25. Schidlowski, M. und H. Wendt: Kosmos, Erde und Mensch. Kindlers Enzyklopädie Der Mensch, Bd. I, 179, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lovelock, J. E. and J.P. Lodge: Oxygen in the contemporary atmosphere. Atmospheric environment, 6, 575–578, 1972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Triiper, H. G.: Microbial processes in the sulfur cycle through time. In: Mineral deposits and the evolution of the biosphere (H. D. Holland, M. Schidlowski, Hrsg.) Dahlem Konferenzen 5–30, Springer-Verlag 1982

    Google Scholar 

  28. Nealson, K. H.: Microbial oxidation and reduction of iron. In: Mineral deposits and the evolution of the biosphere (H. D. Holland, M Schidlowski, Hrsg.) Dahlem Konferenzen 51–66, Springer-Verlag 1982

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dütsch, H. U.: Vertical ozone distribution and troposphere ozone. Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst, on Atmospheric Ozone, US Department of Transportation Report FAA-EE-80–20, 7, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  30. Newell, R. E.: Transfer through the tropopause and within the stratosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 89, 167, 1963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Prior, D.E. and B.J. Oza: First comparison of simultaneous IRIS, BUV, and ground-based measurement of total ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 547, 1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chapman, S.: A theory of upper atmospheric ozone. Mem. R. Soc. 3, 103, 1930

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bates, D. R. and M. Nicolet: The photochemistry of atmospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res. 55, 301, 1950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. World Meterological Organization (WMO): The stratosphere 1981, theory and measurements. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No 11, Genf 1982

    Google Scholar 

  35. Johnston, H. S.: Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust. Science 173, 517, 1971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Crutzen, P. J.: Ozone production rates in an oxygen, hydrogen-nitrogen oxide atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 7311, 1971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stolarski, R. S. and R. J. Cicerone: Stratospheric chlorine, a possible sink for ozone. Can. J. Chem. 52, 1610, 1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fabian, P., R. Borchers, G. Flentje, W. A. Matthews, W. Seiler, H. Giehl, K. Bunse, F. Müller, U. Schmidt, A. Volz, A. Khedim, F. J. Johnen: The vertical distribution of stable trace gases at midlatitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 5179, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lai, S., R. Borchers, P. Fabian, B. C. Krüger: Increasing abundance of CBrClF2 in the atmosphere. Nature 316, 135–136, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Fabian, P.: Halogenated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (O. Hutzinger, Hrsg.) Vol. 4, A 23–51. Springer-Verlag 1986

    Google Scholar 

  41. R. Wattenbach, Dissertation, Univ. Bonn 1983

    Google Scholar 

  42. Foley, H.M. and M.A. Ruderman: Stratospheric NO production from past nuclear explosions. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 4441, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Molina, J. M. and F. S. Rowland: Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine atom catalysed detruction of ozone. Nature 249, 810, 1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. McElroy, M.B.: Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres. IUGG XVI General Assembly Grenoble 1975

    Google Scholar 

  45. Fabian, P., J. A. Pyle, R. J. Wells: Diurnal variations of minor constituents in the stratosphere modeled as a function of latitude and season. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4981, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Frederick, J. E. and J. E. Mentall: Solar irradiance in the stratosphere: implications for the Herzberg continuum absorption of 02. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 461, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Froidevaux, L. and Y. L. Yung: Radiation and chemistry in the stratosphere: sensitivity to 02 absorption cross sections in the Herzberg continuum. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 461, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. WMO: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Report No. 16 I-III, NASA-FAA-NOAA-UNEP-WMO-CEC-BMFT, Washington, D.C. 1986

    Google Scholar 

  49. Thorne, R. M.: The importance of energetic particle precipitation on the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere. Pure Appl. Geophys. 118, 128, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Crutzen, P.J. and S. Solomon: Response of mesospheric ozone to particle precipitation. Planet. Space Sci. 28, 1147, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Heath, D.F., A.J. Krueger and P.J. Crutzen: Solar proton event: influence on stratospheric ozone. Science 197, 886, 1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fabian, P., J. A. Pyle and R. J. Wells: The August 1972 solar proton event and the atmospheric ozone layer. Nature 277, 458, 1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Angell, J. K. and J. Korshover: Quasi-biennial and longterm fluctuations in total ozone. Monthly Weather Rev. 101, 426, 1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Paetzold, H. K., F. Piscalar, H. Zschörner: Secular variation of the stratospheric ozone layer over middle Europe during the solar cycles from 1951 to 1972. Nature Phys. Sci. 140, 106, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  55. Penner, J. E. and J. E. Chang: The relation between atmospheric trace species variabilities and solar UV variabilities. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5523, 1980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Whitten, R.C., J. Cuzzi, W.J. Borucki, and J.H. Wolfe: Effect of nearby supernova explosion on atmospheric ozone. Nature 263, 398, 1976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ruderman, M. A.: Possible consequences of nearby supernova explosions for atmospheric ozone and terrestrial life. Science 184, 1079, 1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hunt, G. E.: Possible climatic and biological impact of nearby supernova. Nature 271, 430, 1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Reid, G.C., I.S.A. Isaksen, T.E. Holzer, P.J. Crutzen: Influence of ancient solarproton events on the evolution of life. Nature 259, 177, 1976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chameides, W. L. and D. D. Davis: Chemistry in the troposphere. Chemical & Engineering News 60–40, 39, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  61. Logan, J.A., M.J. Prather, S.C. Wofsy and M.B. McElroy: Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspective. J Geophys. Res. 86, 7210, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McElroy, M. B.: Sources and sinks for nitrous oxide. Prod. NATO Adv. Study Inst, on Atmospheric Ozone Report No FAA-EE-80–20, 345, 1980 (US Department of Transportation)

    Google Scholar 

  63. NASA: The stratospheric present and future. NASA Reference Publication 1049, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ehhalt, D. H.: Der atmosphärische Kreislauf von Methan. Die Naturwissenschaften 66, 307, 1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Zimmermann, P. R., J. P. Greenberg, S. O. Wandiga, P. J. Crutzen: Termites: A potentially large source of atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and molecular hydrogen. Science 218, 563, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Blake, D. R., F. S. Rowland: World-wide increase in tropospheric methan, 1978–1983. J. Atm. Chem. 4, 43, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Schmidt, U., G. Kulessa, E. P. Roth: The atmospheric H2 cycle. Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst, on Atmospheric Ozone, Rep. No FAA-EE-80–20, 307, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  68. Fabian, P. and P. G. Pruchniewicz: Meridonal distribution of ozone in the troposphere and its seasonal variations. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 2063, 1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Danielson, E. F.: Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci. 25, 502, 1968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Fabian, P.: Tropospheric ozone: Injection from the stratosphere versus photochemistry. Proc. Intern. Ozone Symp. Dresden, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  71. Chameides W. and J. C. G. Walker: A photochemical theory of tropospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 8751, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Warneck, P.: Chemistry of the natural atmosphere. Int. Geophys. Series, 4, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, New York, Boston, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  73. Campbell, I.M.: Energy and the atmosphere. Wiley & Sons, London, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  74. Leighton, P. A.: The photochemistry of air pollution. Academic Press, New York, 1961

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hoggan, M., A. Davidson, D. C. Shikiya, W. Lau: Air quality trends in California’s south coast air basin 1965–1981. South Coast Air Quality Management District, El Monte, California, Report 1982

    Google Scholar 

  76. Becker, K. H., W. Fricke, J. Löbel, U. Schurath: Formation, transport and control of photochemical oxidants. In: Air Pollution by photochemical oxidants (R. Guderian, Hrsg.), 1–125, Springer-Verlag 1985

    Google Scholar 

  77. Lahmann, E.: Ozon in städtischer Luft. Umschau 21, 693–694, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fett, W.: Zum Nachweis des Stadteinflusses auf den Ozongehalt der Luft mittels Windrichtungsabhängigkeit. Sehr. Reihe Ver. Wass.-Boden-Lufthyg., Berlin-Dahlem, H. 33, 117–128, Stuttgart 1970

    Google Scholar 

  79. Guicherit, R.: Photochemical smog formation in the Netherlands. Congr. NO 00320, IG-TNO Publ. No. 459, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  80. Becker, K. H., U. Schurath, H.W. Georgii, M. Deimel: Untersuchungen über Smogbildung, insbesondere über die Ausbildung von Oxidantien als Folge der Luftverunreinigung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Forschgsber. 79–10402502/03/04 Umweltbundesamt Berlin 1979

    Google Scholar 

  81. Penkett, S. A., F. J. Sandalls, J. E. Lovelock: Observations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the air of southern England. Atmos. Environ. 9, 139–141, 1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Grennfelt, P., U. Samuelson, T. Nielsen, E. L. Thomsen: The presence of PAN in long-range transported polluted air masses. In: Proc. 2nd Eur. Symp. on Phys. Chem. Behav. Atmos. Pollut. (B. Versiono, H. Ott, Hrsg.), 619–624, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  83. Tsalkani, N., P. Perros, G. Toupance: High PAN concentrations during nonsummer periods: A study of two episodes in Creteil (Paris), France. J. Atmosph. Chem. 5, 291, 1987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rappenglück, B.: Peroxyacetylnitrat (PAN) — und Ozonmessungen in München. Diplomarbeit, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  85. Umweltinstitut des Landes Vorarlberg

    Google Scholar 

  86. Umweltinstitut des Kantons Winterthur

    Google Scholar 

  87. Hartmannsgruber, R., W. Attmannspacher, H. Claude: Opposite behaviour of the ozone amount in the troposphere and lower stratosphere based on ozone measurements at the Hohenpeissenberg observatory, 1967–1983. In: Atmospheric ozone (CS. Zerefos, A. Ghazi, Hrsg.) 770–774, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  88. Feister, U.: Long-term surface ozone increase at Arkona. In: Atmospheric ozone (C.S. Zerefos, A. Ghazi, Hrsg.) 782–787, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  89. Wege, K., H. Claude, R. Hartmannsgruber: Several results from 20 years of Ozone observations at Hohenpeissenberg. Ozone in the atmosphere (R. D. Bojkov, P. Fabian, Hrsg.) 109, A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia 1989

    Google Scholar 

  90. Levine, J. S.: Burning trees and bridges. Nature 346, 511, 1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Crutzen, P. J.: The role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry. In: The Geophysiology of Amazonia (R. E. Dickinson, Hrsg.), 107, Wiley, New York 1987

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., R. A. Rasmussen: Time variations of CO and O3 concentrations in a region subject to biomass burning. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 7521, 1990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 71 No. 37 (Sept. II, 1990), Titel-photo, AGU, Washington, D.C. 1990

    Google Scholar 

  94. Galloway, J.N., G. E. Likens, W. C. Keene, J.M. Miller: The composition of precipitation in remote areas of the world. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8771, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Harrison, H., R.J. Charlson, G.D. Christian, N. Horike, E.J. Knudson, T.V. Larson, H. Riley, R. Vanderwort, R. Weiss: Acid rain in Pudget Sound. Precipitation Scavenging (1974), Technical Information Center, ERDA, US Department of Commerce, 602, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  96. Andersson, F. and H. Rohde: Stockholm Acid Rain Conference, conclusions of the expert meetings. Ambio II, 369, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  97. Likens, G. E., J. S. Eaton, J. N. Galloway: Precipitation as a source of nutrients for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Precipitation Scavenging (1974), Technical Information Center, ERDA, US Department of Commerce, 552, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  98. Galloway, J.N., G.E. Likens, W.C. Keene, J.M. Miller: The composition of precipitation in remote areas of the world. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8771, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Parungo, F., C. Nagamoto, I. Nolt, M. Dias, E. Nickerson: Chemical analysis of cloud water collected over Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8805, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Brimblecombe, P., D. H. Stedman: Historical evidence for a dramatic increase in the nitrate component of acid rain. Nature 298, 460, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Beilke, S., D. Lamb, J. Müller: Heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 in relation to atmospheric scavenging. Precipitation Scavenging (1974), Technical Information Center, ERDA, US Department of Commerce, 137, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  102. Rat der Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen: Waldschäden und Luftverunreinigungen. Sondergutachten 1983, Kohlhammer Stuttgart und Mainz, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wentzel, K. F.: Die Luftverschmutzung — seit über 100 Jahren eine Gefahr für die Bäume. Bild der Wissenschaft, 19–12, 103, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  104. Bormann, F.H.: The New England Landscape: air pollution stress and energy policy. Ambio 11, 188, 1982. The effect of air pollution on the New England land scape, Ambio 11, 338, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ulrich, B., J. Pankrath (Hrsg.): Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems. D. Reidel, Dordrecht 1983

    Google Scholar 

  106. Prenzel, J.: A mechanism for storage and retrieval of acid in acid soils. In [105], 157–170, 1983

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  107. Ulrich, B.: Die Versauerung — Giftstoffe reichern sich an. Bild der Wissenschaft, 19–12, 108, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  108. Ulrich, B.: Soil acidity and its relations to acid deposition. In [105], 127–146, 1983

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  109. Abrahamsen, G.: Sulphur pollution: Ca, Mg and Al in soil and soilwater and possible effects on forest trees. In [105], 207–218, 1983

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  110. Ulrich, B.: A concept of forest ecosystem stability and of acid deposition as driving force of destabilization. In [105], 1–29, 1983

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  111. Schutt, P.: Das Krankheitsbild — verschiedene Baumarten, gleiche Symptome. Bild der Wissenschaft, 19–12, 86, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  112. Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten: Waldschadenserhebung 1985, Bonn 1985

    Google Scholar 

  113. Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten: Bericht über den Zustand des Waldes 1991. Landwirtschaftsverlag Münster-Hiltrup, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  114. Bilanzbericht des staatlichen französischen Forstamtes ONF für 1985. Frankfurter Allgemeine vom 11.1.1986

    Google Scholar 

  115. Guratzsch, D. (Hrsg.): Baumlos in die Zukunft? Kindler Verlag 1984

    Google Scholar 

  116. Bossel, H., W. Metzler, H. Schäfer (Hrsg.): Dynamik des Waldsterbens. Fachberichte Simulation Bd. 4, Springer-Verlag 1985

    Google Scholar 

  117. Proceedings des 2. Statusseminars der PBWU zum Forschungsschwerpunkt „Waldschäden“. GSF — Bericht 26/91, GSF Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neu-Herberg (München) 1991

    Google Scholar 

  118. Guderian, R., D.T. Tingey, R. Rabe: Effects of Photochemical oxidants on plants. In: Air pollution by photochemical oxidants (R. Guderian, Hrsg.) 129–133, Springer-Verlag 1985

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  119. Schneider, T. and L. Grant (Hrsg.): Air pollution by nitrogen oxides. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1982

    Google Scholar 

  120. Perseke, C., S. Beilke, H.-W. Georgii: Die Gesamtschwefeldeposition in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland auf der Grundlage von Meßdaten des Jahres 1974. Berichte d. Inst, für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Universität Frankfurt/Main, Nr. 40, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  121. Schumann, U. (Hrsg.): Air traffic and the environment-background, tendencies and potential global atmospheric effects. Lecture notes on engineering, DLR 60. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  122. Bekki, S., R. Toumi, J. A. Pyle, A. E. Jones: Future aircraft and global ozone. Nature 354, 193, 1991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Weisenstein, D.K., M.K.W. Ko, J.M. Rodriguez, N.-D. Sze: Impact of heterogeneous chemistry on model — calculated ozone change due to high speed civil transport aircraft. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1991, 1991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Beck, J. P., C. E. Reeves, F. A. A. M. de Leeuw, S. A. Penkett: The effect of aircraft emissions on tropospheric ozone in the northern hemisphere. Atm. Environ 26 A, 17, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  125. Johnston, H. S., G. Whitten und J. Birks: Effect of nuclear explosions on stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 6107, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Crutzen, P.J. and W. Birks: The atmosphere a nuclear war: twilight at noon. Ambio 11, 114, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, T. P. Ackerman, J. B. Pollack, C. Sagan: Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions. Science 222, 1283, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. US National Research Council: The effects on the atmosphere of a major nuclear exchange. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1985

    Google Scholar 

  129. Wofsy, S.C., M. B. McElroy, N. D. Sze: Freon consumption: Implications for atmospheric ozone. Science 187, 535, 1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA): Annual report on production and release of chlorofluorocarbons. Upper Atmosphere Programs Bulletin, 81–3, 1, 1981, NASA-DOT, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Deutscher Bundestag, Enquete-Kommission „Vorsorge zum Schutz der Erdatmosphäre“: Zur Sache, Zwischenbericht 5/88, Bonn 1988

    Google Scholar 

  132. Stolarski, R. S., P. Bloomfïeld, R. D. McPeters, J. R. Herman: Total ozone trends deduced from NIMBUS 7 TOMS data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1015, 1991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Rasmussen, R. A., M. A. K. Khalil: Global atmospheric distribution and trend of methylchloroform (CH3CCl3). Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 1005, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Prather, M. J. R. T. Watson: Stratospheric Ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine. Nature 344, 729, 1990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Angell, J.: Variations and trends in tropospheric and stratospheric global temperatures 1958–87. J. Clim. I, 1296, 1988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Labitzke, K., B. Naujokat, J. K. Angell: Long-term temperature trends in the middle stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. Adv. Space Res. 6, 7, 1986. Siehe auch Labitzke K. H. van Loon: J. Clim. 2, 1223, 1989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Chubachi, S.: A special ozone observation at Syowa Station, Antarctica from February 1982 to January 1983. Atmospheric Ozone (C. S. Zerefos, A. Ghazi, Hrsg.) 285, Verlag D. Reidel, Dordrecht 1985

    Google Scholar 

  138. Farman, J. C., B. G. Gardiner, J.D. Shanklin: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature 315, 207, 1985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Stolarski, R. S., A. J. Krueger, M. R. Schoeberl, R. D. McPeters, P. A. Newman, J. C. Alpart: NIMBUS 7 SBUV/TOMS measurements of the springtime antarctic ozone hole. Nature 322, 808–814, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Hofmann, D., J.W. Harder, S.R. Rolf, J.M. Rosen: Nature 326, 59, 1987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Fabian, P.: Antarktisches Ozonloch: Indizien weisen auf Umweltverschmutzung. Phys. Blätter 44, 2, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Prather, M. J.: More rapid polar ozone depletion through the reaction of HOCl with HCl on polar stratospheric clouds. Nature 355, 534, 1992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. McCormick, M.P., H.M. Steele, P. Hamill, W.P. Chu, T.J. Swissler: Polar stratospheric cloud sightings by SAM II. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1387, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Hamill, P., O. B. Toon: Polar stratospheric clouds and the ozone hole. Physics Today, 12–1991, 34, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  145. Toon, O. B., P. Hamill, R. P. Turco, J. Pinto: Condensation of HNO3 and HCl in the winter polar stratospheres. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1284, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Crutzen, P. J., F. Arnold: Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere: a major cause for the springtime ozone hole. Nature 324, 651, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Atkinson, R. J., W. A. Matthews, P.A. Newman, R. A. Plumb: Evidence of the mid-latitude impact of Antarctic Ozone depletion. Nature 340, 290, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Roy, CR., H.P. Gies, G. Elliott. Nature 347, 235, 1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Krüger, B. C.: Observations of polar stratospheric clouds in the Arctic winter 1989 at 79° N. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 365, 1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Hofmann, D. J., T. Deshler: Balloonborne measurements of polar stratospheric clouds and ozone at — 93°C in the Arctic in February 1990. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 2185, 1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Arnold, F.: Ozonstörung in der arktischen Stratosphäre. Physik in unserer Zeit 21, 175, 1990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research Letters 17–4 (Sonderheft), March 1990 Supplement, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  153. Pitari, G., G. Visconti, V. Rizi: Sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to heterogeneous chemistry on sulfate aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 833, 1991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Pitari, G., G. Visconti: Odd nitrogen removal on background sulfate aerosols: implications for the ozone hole. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1853, 1991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Rodriguez, J. M., M. K. W. Ko, N. D. Sze: Role of heterogeneous conversion of N2O5 on sulphate aerosols in global ozone losses. Nature 352, 134, 1991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Hofmann, D. J., S. Solomon: Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichon. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5029, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Bacastow, R.B., C.D. Keeling, R.P. Whorf: Seasonal amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1959–1982, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10529, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Neftel, A., E. Moor, H. Oeschger, B. Stauffer: Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315, 45, 1985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Keeling, C.D.: The ocean and biosphere as future sinks for fossil fuel carbon dioxide. Interactions of energy and climate, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 129, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  160. Ramanathan, V., M. S. Lian, R. D. Cess: Increased atmospheric CO2: Zonal and seasonal estimates of the effect on the radiation energy balance and surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 4949, 1979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Schönwiese, C. -D.: Multivariate statistical assessments of greenhouse-gas-induced climatic change and comparison with results from general circulation models. Greenhouse-gas induced climatic change: a critical appraisal of simulations and observations (M. E. Schlesinger, Hrsg.), 483, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1991

    Google Scholar 

  162. Revelle, R.: Carbon dioxide and World climate. Scientific American 247, 35, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Bach, W., A.J. Crane, A. K. Berger, A. Longhetto (Hrsg.): Carbon Dioxide, current views and developments in energy/climatic research. D. Reidel, Dordrecht 1983

    Google Scholar 

  164. Graßl, H.: Anthropogene Beeinflussung des Klimas. Phys. Blätter 45, 199, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  165. Graßl, H., R. Klingholz: Wir Klimamacher — Auswege aus dem globalen Treibhaus. S. Fischer-Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 1990

    Google Scholar 

  166. Zander, R., G. Roland and L. Delbouille: Confirming the presence of hydrofluoric acid in the upper stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 4, 117, 1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Sze, N. D.: Stratospheric fluorine: a comparison between theory and measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 781, 1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Manabe, S. and R. T. Wetherald: On the distribution of climatic change resulting from an increase in CO2 content of the atmosphere. J. Atm. Sci. 37, 99, 1980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Labitzke, K., G. Brasseur, B. Naujokat, A. DeRudder: Long-term temperature trends in the stratosphere: possible influence of anthropogenic gases. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 52, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Bach, W.: Gefahr für unser Klima. Wege aus der CO2-Bedrohung durch sinnvollen Energieeinsatz, Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe 1982

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fabian, P. (1992). Literatur. In: Atmosphäre und Umwelt. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77693-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77693-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77694-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77693-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics