Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Skin: Initiation and Target Site of Immune Responses

  • Conference paper
Skin Carcinogenesis in Man and in Experimental Models

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 128))

Abstract

During the past 15 years, increasing evidence has accumulated that the skin, in addition to its target role in immune reactions, contains the cellular elements which are needed for the initiation and expression of the immune response.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aiba S, Katz SI (1990) Phenotypic and functional characteristics of in vivo-activated Langerhans cells. J Immunol 145: 2791–2796

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison JP, Lanier LL (1987) Structure, function, and serology of the T-cell antigen receptor complex. Annu Rev Immunol 5: 503–540

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asherson GL, Allwood GG, Mayhew B (1973) Contact sensitivity in the mouse. XI. Movement of T blasts in the draining lymph nodes to sites of inflammation. Immunology 25: 485–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auböck J, Romani N, Grubauer G, Fritsch P (1986) HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes is a common feature of diseased skin. Br J Dermatol 114: 465–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bal V, Mclndoe A, Denton G, Hudson D, Lombardi G, Lamb J, Lechler R (1990) Antigen presentation by keratinocytes induces tolerance in human T cells. Eur J Immunol 20: 1893–1897

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker JNWN, Sarma V, Mitra RS, Dixit VM, Nickoloff BJ (1990) Marked synergism between tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ in regulation of keratinocyte-derived adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors. J Clin Invest 85: 605–608

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basham TY, Nickoloff BJ, Merigan TC, Morhenn VB (1984) Recombinant gamma interferon induces HLA-DR expression on cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 83: 88–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belsito DV, Sanchez MR, Baer RL, Valentine F, Thorbecke GJ (1984) Reduced Langerhans’ cell Ia antigen and ATPase activity in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 310: 1279–1282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg EL, Goldstein LA, Jutila MA, Nakache M, Picker LJ, Streeter PR, Wu NW, Zhou D, Butcher EC (1989) Homing receptors and vascular addressins: cell surface molecules that direct lymphocyte traffic. Immunol Rev 108: 5–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstresser PR, Tigelaar RE, Dees JH, Streilein JW (1983) Thy-1 antigen bearing dendritic cells populate murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 81: 286–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieber T, de la Salle H, Wollenberg A, Hakimi J, Chizzonite R, Ring J, Hanau D, de la Salle C (1992) Human epidermal Langerhans cells express the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E ( FcεRI ). J Exp Med 175: 1285–1290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML (1987) The skin immune system (SIS): Distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 88: 569–573

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bos JD, Teunissen MBM, Cairo I, Krieg SR, Kapsenberg ML, Das PK, Borst J (1990) T-cell receptor γδ bearing cells in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 94: 37–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerio R, Griffiths CEM, Cooper KD, Nickoloff BJ, Headington JT (1989) Characterization of factor XIIIa positive dermal dendritic cells in normal and inflamed skin. Br J Dermatol 121: 421–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz PD, Nixon-Fulton J, Tigelaar RE, Bergstresser PR (1989) Disparate effects of in vitro low-dose UVB irradiation on intravenous immunization with purified epidermal cell subpopulations for the induction of contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 92: 160–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dustin ML, Singer KH, Tuck DT, Springer TA (1988) Adhesion of T lymphoblasts to epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by interferon γ and is mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule i (ICAM-1). J Exp Med 167: 1323–1340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elbe A, Kilgus O, Strohal R, Payer E, Schreiber S, Stingl G (1992) Fetal skin — a site of DETC development. J Immunol 149: 1694–1701

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmets CA, Bergstresser PR, Tigelaar RE, Wood PJ (1983) Analysis of the mechanism of unresponsiveness produced by haptens painted on skin exposed to low-dose ultraviolet irradiation. J Exp Med 158: 781–794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enk AH, Katz SI (1992) Early molecular events in the induction phase of contact sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1398–1402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrick DA, Ohashi PS, Wallace V, Schilham M, Mak TW (1989) Thymic ontogeny and selection of αβ and γδ T cells. Immunol Today 10: 403–407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster CA, Yokozeki H, Rappersberger K, Koning F, Volc-Platzer B, Rieger A, Coligan JE, Wolff K, Stingl G (1990) Human epidermal T cells predominately belong to the lineage expressing α/β T cell receptor. J Exp Med 171: 997–1013

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey JR, Wenk P (1958) Uber die Funktion der regionalen Lymphknoten bei der Entstehung des Dinitrochlorbenzol-Kontaktekzems am Meerschweinchen. Dermatologica 116: 243–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaspari AA, Katz SI (1988) Induction and functional characterization of class II MHC ( Ia) antigens on murine keratinocytes. J Immunol 140: 2956–2963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaspari AA, Katz SI (1991) Induction of in vivo hyporesponsiveness to contact allergens by hapten-modified Ia+ keratinocytes. J Immunol 147: 4155–4161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girolomoni G, Cruz PD Jr, Bergstresser PR (1990) Internalization and acidification of surface HLA-DR molecules by epidermal Langerhans cells: a paradigm for antigen processing. J Invest Dermatol 94: 753–760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grabbe S, Bruvers S, Gallo RL, Knisely TL, Nazareno R, Granstein RD (1991) Tumor antigen presentation by murine epidermal cells. J Immunol 146: 3656–3661

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griscelli C, Vassalli P, Mc Cluskey RT (1969) The distribution of large dividing lymph node cells in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. J Exp Med 130: 1427–1451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser C (1990) Cultured epidermal Langerhans cells activate effector T cells for contact sensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 95: 436–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havran WL, Allison JP (1988) Developmentally ordered appearance of thymocytes expressing different T-cell antigen receptors. Nature 335: 443–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havran WL, Allison JP (1990) Origin of Thy-1+ dendritic epdidermal cells of adult mice from fetal thymic precursors. Nature 344: 68–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havran WL, Grell S, Duwe G, Kimura J, Wilson A, Kruisbeek AM, O’Brien RL, Born W, Tigelaar RE, Allison JP (1989) Limited diversity of T-cell receptor γ-chain expression of murine Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells revealed by Vγ3specific monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4185–4189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havran WL, Chien YH, Allison JP (1991) Recognition of self antigens by skin-derived T cells with invariant γδ antigen receptors. Science 252: 1430–1432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heufler C, Koch F, Schuler G (1988) Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 1 mediate the maturation of murine epidermal Langerhans cells into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med 167: 700–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inaba K, Schuler G, Witmer MD, Valinsky J, Atassi B, Steinman RM (1986) Immunologic properties of purified epidermal Langerhans cells. Distinct requirements for stimulation of unprimed and sensitized T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 164: 605–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kragballe K, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ (1990) Eicosanoids in inflammatory and immunologic skin disorders. In: Bos JD (ed) Skin immune system (SIS). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 243–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Kripke ML, Munn CG, Jeevan A, Tang JM, Bucana C (1990) Evidence that cutaneous antigen-presenting cells migrate to regional lymph nodes during contact sensitization. J Immunol 145: 2833–2838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupper TS (1988) Interleukin 1 and other human keratinocyte cytokines: molecular and functional characterization. In: Callen, Dahl, Golitz, Schachner, Stegman (eds) Advances in dermatology, vol 3. Year Book, Chicago, pp 293–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen CP, Steinman RM, Witmer-Pack M, Hankins DF, Morris PJ, Austyn JM (1990) Migration and maturation of Langerhans cells in skin transplants and explants. J Exp Med 172: 1483–1493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luger TA, Schwarz T (1991) Epidermal cell derived secretory regulins. In: Schuler (ed) Epidermal Langerhans cells. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 217–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Macatonia SE, Knight SC, Edwards AJ, Griffiths S, Fryer P (1987) Localization of antigen on lymph node dendritic cells after exposure to the contact sensitizer fluorescein isothiocyanate. Functional and morphological studies. J Exp Med 166: 1654–1667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metlay JP, Puré E, Steinman RM (1989) Control of the immune response at a level of antigen-presenting cells: a comparison of the function of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. In: Dixon, Austen, Hood, Uhr (eds) Advances in immunology, vol 47. Academic, Orlando, pp 45–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchinson NA, Kinlen LJ (1980) Present concepts on immune surveillance. Prog Immunol 4: 641–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan CF, Kaplan G, Levis WR, Nusrat A, Witmer MD, Sherwin SA, Job CK, Path FRC, Horowitz CR, Steinman RM, Cohn ZA (1986) Local and systemic effects of intradermal recombinant interferon-γ in patients with lepromatous leprosy. N Engl J Med 315: 6–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niederwieser D, Auböck J, Troppmair J, Herold M, Schuler G, Boeck G, Lotz J, Fritsch P, Huber C (1988) IFN-mediated induction of MHC antigen expression on human keratinocytes and its influence on in vitro alloimmune responses. J Immunol 140: 2556–2564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim JJ, Zachariae COC; Mukaida N, Matsushima K (1991) Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene “intercrine” cytokine family. Annu Rev Immunol 9: 617–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payer E, Elbe A, Stingl G (1991) Circulating CD3+/TCR Vγ3+ fetal murine thymocytes home to the skin and give rise to proliferating dendritic epidermal T cells. J Immunol 146: 2536–2543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picker LJ, Michie SA, Rott LS, Butcher EC (1990) A unique phenotype of skin-associated lymphocytes in humans. Preferential expression of the HECA-452 epitope by benign and malignant T cells at cutaneous sites. Am J Pathol 136: 1053–1068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picker LJ, Kishimoto TK, Smith CW, Warnock RA, Butcher EC (1991) ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells. Nature 349: 796–799

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptak W, Ruzycka DW, Askenase PW, Gershon RK (1980) Role of antigen-presenting cells in the development and persistence of contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 151: 362–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puré E, Inaba K, Crowley MT, Tardelli L, Witmer-Pack MD, Ruberti G, Fathman G, Steinman RM (1990) Antigen processing by epidermal Langerhans cells correlates with the level of biosynthesis of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and expression of invariant chain. J Exp Med 172: 1459–1469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raulet DH (1989) The structure, function, and molecular genetics of the γ/δ T cell receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 7: 175–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romani N, Koide S, Crowley M, Witmer-Pack M, Livingstone AM, Fathman CG, Inaba K, Steinman RM (1989a) Presentation of exogenous protein antigens by dendritic cells to T cell clones. Intact protein is presented best by immature, epidermal Langerhans cells. J Exp Med 169: 1169–1178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romani N, Lenz A, Glassel H, Stössel H, Stanzl U, Majdic O, Fritsch P, Schuler G (1989b) Cultured human Langerhans cells resemble lymphoid dendritic cells in phenotype and function. J Invest Dermatol 93: 600–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose ML, Parrot DMV, Bruce RG (1976) Migration of lymphoblasts to the small intestine. II. Divergent migration of mesenteric and peripheral immunoblasts to sites of inflammation in the mouse. Cell Immunol 27: 36–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt DA, Hanau D, Bieber T, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Schmitt D, Fabre M, Pauly G, Cazenave J-P (1990) Human epidermal Langerhans cells express only the 40-kilodalton Fcy receptor ( FcRII ). J Immunol 144: 4284–4290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler G, Steinman RM (1985) Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro. J Exp Med 161: 526–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu Y, Shaw S, Graber N, Gopal TV, Horgan KJ, Van Seventer GA, Newman W (1991) Activation-independent binding of human memory T cells to adhesion molecule ELAM-1. Nature 349: 799–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silberberg-Sinakin I, Thorbecke GJ, Baer RL, Rosenthal SA, Berezowsky V (1976) Antigen-bearing Langerhans cells in skin, dermal lymphatics and in lymph nodes. Cell Immunol 25: 137–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sontheimer RD, Matsubara T, Seelig LL Jr (1989) A macrophage phenotype for a constitutive, class II antigen-expressing, human dermal perivascular dendritic cell. J Invest Dermatol 93: 154–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner G, Koning F, Elbe A, Tschachler E, Yokoyama WM, Shevach EM, Stingl G, Coligan JE (1988) Characterization of T cell receptors on resident murine dendritic epidermal T cells. Eur J Immunol 18: 1323–1328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stingl G, Shevach EM (1991) Langerhans cells as antigen-presenting cells. In: Schuler (ed) Epidermal Langerhans cells. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 159–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Stingl G, Gazze-Stingl LA, Aberer W, Wolff K (1981) Antigen presentation by murine epidermal Langerhans cells and its alteration by ultraviolet B light. J Immunol 127: 1707–1713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stingl G, Hauser C, Tschachler E, Groh V, Wolff K (1989) The immune functions of epidermal cells. In: Norris (ed) Immune mechanisms in cutaneous disease. Dekker, New York, pp 3–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Stössel H, Koch F, Kämpgen E, Stöger P, Lenz A, Heufler C, Romani N, Schuler G (1990) Disappearance of certain acidic organelles (endosomes and Langerhans cell granules) accompanies loss of antigen processing capacity upon culture of epidermal Langerhans cells. J Exp Med 172: 1471–1482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streilein JW (1983) Skin-Associated lymphoid tissues (SALT): origins and functions. J Invest Dermatol 80: 12s - 16s

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streilein JW, Toews GB, Bergstresser PR (1979) Corneal allografts fail to express Ia antigens. Nature 282: 326–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streilein JW, Lonsberry LW, Bergstresser PR (1982) Depletion of epidermal Langerhans cells and Ia immunogenicity from tapestripped mouse skin. J Exp Med 155: 863–871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan S, Bergstresser PR, Tigelaar RE, Streilein JW (1986) Induction and regulation of contact hypersensitivity by resident bone marrow-derived, dendritic epidermal cells: Langerhans cells and Thy-1+ epidermal cells. J Immunol 137: 2460–2467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Symington FW, Santos EB (1990) Recognition of keratinocytes by cytotoxic T cells specific for conventional HLA-class-I alloantigen. J Invest Dermatol 95: 224–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teunissen MBM, Wormmeester J, Krieg SR, Peters PJ, Vogels IMC, Kapsenberg ML, Bos JD (1990) Human epidermal Langerhans cells undergo profound morphologic and phenotypical changes during in vitro culture. J Invest Dermatol 94: 166–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toews GB, Bergstresser PR, Streilein JW (1980) Epidermal Langerhans cell density determines whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin painting with DNFB. J Immunol 124: 445–453

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tschachler E, Schuler G, Hutterer J, Leibl H, Wolff K, Stingl G (1983) Expression of Thy-1 antigen by murine epidermal cells. J Invest Dermatol 81: 282–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tschachler E, Groh V, Popovic M, Mann DL, Konrad K, Safai B, Eron L, di Marzo Veronese F, Wolff K, Stingl G (1987) Epidermal Langerhans cells — a target for HTLV-III/LAV infection. J Invest Dermatol 88: 233–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volc-Platzer B, Majdic O, Knapp W, Wolff K, Hinterberger W, Lechner K, Stingl G (1984) Evidence of HLA-DR antigen biosynthesis by human keratinocytes in disease. J Exp Med 159: 1784–1789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volc-Platzer B, Leibl H, Luger T, Zahn G, Stingl G (1985) Human epidermal cells synthesize HLA-DR alloantigens in vitro upon stimulation with γ-interferon. J Invest Dermatol 85: 16–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Rieger A, Kilgus O, Ochiai K, Maurer D, Födinger D, Kinet JP, Stingl G (1992) Epidermal Langerhans cells from normal human skin bind monomeric IgE via FcεRI. J Exp Med 175: 1353–1365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Will A, Blank C, Röllinghoff M, Moll H (1992) Murine epidermal Langerhans cells are potent stimulators of an antigen-specific T cell response to Leishmania major, the cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eur J Immunol 22: 1341–1347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer-Pack MD, Valinsky J, Olivier W, Steinman RM (1988) Quantification of surface antigens on cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells: rapid and selective increase in the level of surface MHC products. J Invest Dermatol 90: 387–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cutaneous Immunobiology, Department of Dermatology I, University of Vienna Medical School, Alser Strasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    G. Stingl

Authors
  1. G. Stingl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division: Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis, Research Program 3: Risk Factors of Cancer and Cancer Prevention, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, W-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    Erich Hecker

  2. Department of Dermatology, Mannheim Medical School, University of Heidelberg, Postfach 10 80 23, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, W-6800, Mannheim, Germany

    E. G. Jung (Director) (Director)

  3. Division: Biochemistry of Tissue Specific Regulation, Research Program 2: Tumor Cell Regulation, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, W-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    F. Marks

  4. Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Voss-Str. 2, W-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    W. Tilgen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Stingl, G. (1993). The Skin: Initiation and Target Site of Immune Responses. In: Hecker, E., Jung, E.G., Marks, F., Tilgen, W. (eds) Skin Carcinogenesis in Man and in Experimental Models. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 128. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84881-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84881-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-84883-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-84881-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation