Abstract
The inclusion of a chapter on neurochemistry in a handbook of psychiatry attests to the ever-increasing appreciation of the need for understanding biochemical mechanisms in order to interpret disease processes of the nervous system. The interest in neurochemistry, fostered in some isolated centers of psychiatric research for many years, has become more general during the last decade.
In the original manuscript the literature was covered up to and including 1959. Because of the delay in publication some of the aspects of the review have been revised and brought up to date.
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Bibliography
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McKhann, G. M., R. W. Albers, L. Sokoloff, O. Mickelsen, and D. B. Tower: The quantitative significance of the y-aminobutyric acid pathway in cerebral oxidative metabolism. In: Inhibition in the nervous system and y-amino-butyric acid (GABA). ( E. Roberts, ed.). London: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1959.
Magee, W. L., and R. J. Rossiter: Chemical studies of peripheral nerve during Wallerian degeneration. 6. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into pentosenucleic acid and phospholipin in vitro. Biochem. J. 58, 243–249 (1954).
Meister, A., and S. V. Tice: Transamination from glutamine to a-keto acids. J. biol. Chem. 187, 173–187 (1950).
Misani, F., and L. Reiner: Studies on nitrogen trichloride treated prolamines. VIII. Synthesis of the toxic factor. Arch. Biochem. 27, 234–235 (1950).
Mycek, M. J., D. D. Clarke, A. Neidle, and H. Waelsch: Amine incorporation into insulin as catalyzed by transglutaminase. Arch. Biochem. 84, 528 (1959).
Mycek, M. J., and H. Waelsch: Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein amide groups. Fed. Proc. 19, 336 (1960).
Nechaeva, G. A., N. V. Sadikova, And V. A. Skvortsevich: Renewal of amino acids of protein under different functional states. Vop. Biokhim. Nervnoi Sistemy Sbornik 1957,31–39; Chem. Abstr. 53, 1500b (1959).
Ochs, S., and E. Burger: Movement of substance proximo-distally in nerve axon as studied with spinal cord injection of radioactive phosphorus. Amer. J. Physiol. 194, 499–506 (1958).
Palay, S. L., and G. E. Palade: The fine structure of neurons, J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 1, 69–88 (1955).
Palladin, A. V.: Proteins of the nervous system under various conditions. In: Metabolism of the nervous system (D. Richter, Ed.), 456–458. London: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1957.
Palladin, A. V., V. V. Belik, N. M. Polyakova, and T. P. Silich: Proteins of the nervous system. Vop. Biokhim. Nervnoi. Sistemy Sbornik 1959, 9–30. Chem. Abstr. 53, 1499h (1959).
Palladin, A. V., And N. Vertaimer: Protein renewal in the central nervous system in different functional states. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 102, 319–321 (1955); Chem. Abstr. 49, 14971g (1955).
Pisano, J. J., C. Mitoma, And S. Udenfriend: Biosynthesis of y-guanidinobutyric acid from y-aminobutyric acid and arginine. Nature (Lond.) 180, 1125–1126 (1957).
Pisano, J. J., J. D. Wilson, L. Cohne, D. Abraham, And S. Udenfriend: Isolation of y-aminobutyrylhistidine (homocarnosine) from brain. J. biol. Chem. 236, 499 (1961).
Price, J. C., H. Waelsch, and T. J. Putnam: dl-glutamic acid hydrochloride in treatment of petit mal and psychomotor Scezures. J. Amer. med. Ass. 122, 1153–1156 (1943).
Purpura, D. P., S. Berl, O. Gonzalez-Monteagudo, And A. Wyatt: Brain amino acid changes during methoxypyridoxine-induced Scezures (cat). In: Inhibition in the nervous system and y-aminobutyric acid (E. Roberts, Ed.). London: Pergamon Press 1960.
Purpura, D. P., M. Girado, and H. Grundfest: Selective blockade of excitatory synapses in the cat brain by y-aminobutyric acid. Science 125, 1200–1201 (1957).
Purpura, D. P., M. Girado, and H. Grundfest: Central synaptic effects of co-guanidino acids and amino acid derivatives. Science 127, 1179–1181 (1958).
Purpura, D. P., M. Girado, T. G. Smith, D. A. Callan and H. Grundfest: Structure-activity determinants of pharmacological effects of amino acids and related compounds on central synapses. J. Neurochem. 3, 238–238 (1959).
Richter, D., and R. M. C. Dawson: The ammonia and glutamine content of the brain. J. biol. Chem. 176, 1199–1210 (1948).
Roberts, E., and H. M. Bregoff: Transamination of y-amino-butyric acid and a-alanine in brain and liver. J. biol. Chem. 201,393–398 (1953).–
Roberts, E., And S. Frankel: y-Aminobutyric acid in brain: its formation from glutamic Acid. J. Biol. Chem. 187, 55–63 (1950).
Robins, E., K. Smith, and I. P. Lowe: IN: Neuro-pharmacology, Transactions of the Fourth Conference of the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. New York: 1957.
Ruisseau, J. P. Du, J. P. Greenstein, M. Winitz, and S. M. Birnbaum: Studies on the metabolism of free amino acids and related compounds in vivo. VI. Free amino acid levels in the tissues of rats protected against ammonia toxicity. Arch. Biochem. 68, 161–171 (1957).
Sachs, H.: Vasopressin biosynthesis. Biochim. biophys. Acta 34, 572–573 (1959).
Samuels, A. J., L. L. Boyarsky, and R. W. Gerard: Distribution, exchanges and migration of phosphate compounds in the nervous system. Amer. J. Physiol. 164, 1–15 (1951).
Sarkar, N. K., D. D. Clarke, and H. Waelsch: An enzymically catalyzed incorporation of amines into proteins. Biochim. biophys. Acta 25, 451 (1957).
Scheinberg, I. H., A. G. Morell, R. S. Harris, and A. Berger: Concentration of ceruloplasmin in plasma of schizo-phrenic patients. Science 126, 925–926 (1957).
Schurr, P. E., H. T. Thompson, L. M. Henderson, J. N. Williams Jr., and C. A. Elvehjem: The determination of free amino acids in rat tissues. J. biol. Chem. 182, 39–45 (1950).
Schwerin, P., S. P. Bessman, and H. Waelsch: The uptake of glutamic acid and glutamine by brain and other tissues of the rat and mouse. J. biol. Chem. 184, 37–44 (1950).
Shapot, V. S.: Brain metabolism in relation to the functional state of the central nervous system. In: Metabolism of the nervous system. 257–262. ( D. Richter, Ed.). London: Pergamon Press 1957.
Silber, R. H.: The free amino acids of lobster nerve. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 18, 21–30 (1941).
Speck, J. F.: The enzymatic synthesis of glutamine, a reaction utilizing adenosine triphosphate. J. biol. Chem. 179, 1405–1426 (1949).
Sporn, M. B., W. Dingman, and A. Defalco: A method for studying metabolic pathways in the brain of the intact animal. The conversion of proline to other amino acids. J. Neurochem. 4, 141–147 (1959).
Stern, J. R., L. V. Eggleston, R. Hems, and H. A. Krebs: Accumulation of glutamic acid in isolated brain tissue. Biochem. J. 44, 410–418 (1949).
Strecker, H. J.: Glutamic dehydrogenase. Arch. Biochem. 46, 128–140 (1953).
Takagaki, G., S. Berl, D. D. Clarke, D. P. Purpura, and H. Waelsch: Glutamic acid metabolism in brain and liver during infusion with ammonia labelled with nitrogen-15. Nature (Lond.) 189, 326 (1961).
Takagaki, G., S. Hirano,And Y. Nagata: Some observations on the effect of D-glutamate on the glucose metabolism and the accumulation of potassium ions in brain cortex slices. J. Neurochem. 4, 124 (1959).
Tallan, H. H., S. Moore, and W. H. Stein: Studies on the free amino acids and related compounds in the tissues of the cat. J. biol. Chem. 211, 927–939 (1954).
Tallan, H. H., S. Moore, and W. H. Stein: L-Cystathionine in human brain. J. biol. Chem. 230, 707–716 (1958).
Tashiro, S.: Studies of alkaligenesis in tissues. I. Ammonia production in the nerve fiber during excitation. Amer. J. Physiol. 60, 519–543 (1922).
Terner, C., L. V. Eggleston, and H. A. Krebs: The role of glutamic acid in the transport of potassium in brain and retina. Biochem. J. 47, 139–149 (1950).
Thorn, W., and J. Heimann: The effects of anoxia, ischaemia, asphyxia and reduced temperature on the ammonia level in the brain and other organs. J. Neurochem. 2, 166–177 (1958).
Torda, C.: Effect of convulsion-inducing agents on the acetylcholine content and on the electrical activity of the brain. Amer. J. Physiol. 173, 179–183 (1953).
Tower, D. B.: Nature and extent of the biochemical lesion in human epileptogenic cerebral cortex. Neurology 5, 113–130 (1955).
Tower, D. B.: Glutamic metabolism in the mammalian central nervous system. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Biochemistry, Vol. Ill: Biochemistry of the central nervous system. 213–250. ( F. Brücke, Ed.) London: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1959.
Tower, D. B.: The administration of y-aminobutyric acid to man: systemic effects and anticonvulsant action. In: Inhibition in the nervous system and y-amino-butyric acid ( E. Roberts, Ed.), London: Pergamon Press 1960.
Tsukada, Y., And G. Takagaki: Ammonia-formation systems in brain tissue, Nature (Lond.) 173, 1138 (1954).
Tsukada, Y., G. Takagaki, S. Sugimoto, and S. Hirano: Changes in the ammonia and glutamine content of the rat brain induced by electric shock. J. Neurochem. 2, 295–303 (1958).
Ungar, G., E. Aschheim, S. Psychoyqs, And D. V. Romano: Reversible changes of protein configuration in stimulated nerve structures. J. gen. Physiol. 40, 635–652 (1957).
Ungar, G., And D. V. Romano: Sulfhydryl groups in resting and stimulated rat brain; their relationship with protein structure. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 97, 324–326 (1958).
Vladimirova, E. A.: Changes in the content of preformed ammonia in the hemispheres of the cerebrum of rats under conditions of block caused by the action of conditional irritants. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 95, 905–908 (1954); Chem. Abstr. 48, 9509e (1954).
Vladimirova, E. A.: The ammonia and glutamine content of the cerebral hemispheres of rats in conditioned reflex stimulation and inhibition. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1956, 440–448; Chem. Abstr. 51, 11526e (1957).
Vladimirov, G. E.: Functional biochemistry of the brain. Fiziol. Zhur. SSSR 39, 3–16 (1953); Chem. Abstr. 47, 4983e (1953).
Vladimirov, G. E., and A. P. Urinson: Glycine metabolism in the cerebral tissue of the rat in normal resting and in amytal-induced sleep. Biochemistry 22, 665–670 (1957).
Vrba, R.: Beitrag zum Studium des Gehirnmetabolismus im Zusammenhang mit körperlicher Anstrengung. III. Über Ammoniak-Bildung Und Strukturale Eiweißveränderungen Im Gehirn. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 4, 397–408 (1955).
Vrba, R., and J. Folbergrova: Observations on endogenous metabolism in brain in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurochem. 4, 338–349 (1959).
Waelsch, H.: Glutamic acid and cerebral function. Advanc. Protein Chem. 6, 301–341 (1951).
Waelsch, H.: Certain aspects of intermediary metabolism of glutamine, asparagine and glutathione. Advanc. Enzymol. 13, 237 (1952).
Waelsch, H.: Metabolism of proteins and amino acids. In: Metabolism of the nervous system. 431–447. ( D. Richter, Ed.), London: Pergamon Press 1957.
Waelsch, H.: Some aspects of amino acid and protein-metabolism of the nervous system. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 126, 33–39 (1958).
Waelsch, H.: Some problems of metabolism in relation to the structure of the nervous system. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Biochemistry. Vol. Ill; Biochemistry of the central nervous system. 36–45. ( F. Brücke, Ed.), London: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1959.
Waelsch, H.: An attempt at integration of structure and metabolism in the nervous system. In: Structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Elsevier Publishing Company 1960.
Waelsch, H.: Com-partmentalized biosynthetic reactions in the central nervous system. In Regional Neurochemistry (S. S. Kety and J. Elkes, Eds); p. 57. London: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1961.
Waelsch, H., and A. Lajtha: Protein metabolism in the nervous system. Physiol. Rev. 41, 709 (1961).
Waelsch, H., P. Owades, H. K. Miller, and E. Borek: Glutamic acid antimetabolites: The sulfoxide derived from methionine. J. biol. Chem. 166, 273–281 (1946).
Webster Jr., L. T., and G. J. Gabuzda: Ammonium uptake by the extremities and brain in hepatic coma. J. clin. Invest. 37, 414–424 (1958).
Weil-Malherbe, H.: Studies on brain metabolism. I. The metabolism of glutamic acid in brain. Biochem. J. 30, 665–676 (1936).
Weil-Malherbe, H.: Observations on tissue glycolysis. Biochem. J. 32, 2257–2275 (1938).
Weil-Malherbe, H., and A. C. Drysdale: Ammonia formation in brain. III. The role of the protein amide groups and of hexosamines. J. Neurochem. 1, 250–255 (1957).
Weil-Malherbe, H., and R. H. Green: Ammonia formation in brain. 1. Studies on slices and suspension. Biochem. J. 61, 210–218 (1955a).
Weil-Malherbe, H., And R. H. Green: Ammonia formation in brain. 2. Brain adenylic deaminase. Biochem. J. 61, 218–224 (1955b).
Weiss, P., And H. B. Hiscoe: Experiments in the mechanism of nerve growth. J. exp. Zool. 107, 315–395 (1948).
Winnick, T., R. E. Winnick, R. Acher, and C. Fromageot: Amino acids and peptides of posterior pituitary and hypothalamus tissues. Biochim. biophys. Acta 18, 488 (1955).
Winterstein, H., and E. Hirschberg: Über Ammoniakbildung im Nervensystem. Biochem. Z. 156, 138 (1925).
E. Lipids
Abood, L. G., and A. Geiger: Breakdown of proteins and lipids during glucose-free perfusion of the cat’s brain. Amer. J. Physiol. 182, 557–560 (1955).
Adams, R. D., And E. P. Richardson: The chemistry of demyelination. In: Chemical pathology of the nervous system (J. Folch, Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Neurochemical Symposium. London: Pergamon Press. In press.
Ansell, G. B., and R. M. C. Dawson: Ethanolamine O-phosphoric acid in rat brain. Biochem. J. 50, 241–246 (1951).
Blix, G.: Zur Kenntnis der schwefelhaltigen Lipoidstoffe des Gehirns. Über Cerebronschwefelsäure. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 219, 82–98 (1933).
Blix, G.: Über die Kohlenhydratgruppen des Submaxillarismucins. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 240, 43–45 (1936).
Blix, G.: Einige Beobachtungen über eine hexosaminhaltige Substanz in der Protagon-Fraktion des Gehirns. Skand. Arch. Physiol. 80, 46–51 (1938).
Blix, G., L. Svennerholm, And I. Werner: The isolation of Chondrosamine from gangliosides and from submaxillary mucin. Acta chem. scand. 6, 358–362 (1952).
Bodian, D., and D. Dziewiat- Kowski: The disposition of radioactive phosphorus in normal, as compared with regenerating and degenerating nervous tissue. J. cell. Comp. Physiol. 35, 155–177 (1950).
Brady, R. O., and G. J. Koval: The enzymatic synthesis of sphingosine. J. biol. Chem. 233, 26–31 (1958).
Brante, G.: Filter paper chromatography in lipid analysis. Upsala Läk.-Foren, Förh. 53, 301–308 (1948).
Burton, R. M., M. A. Sodd, And R. O. Brady: The incorporation of galactose into galactolipides. J. biol. Chem. 233, 1053–1060 (1958).
Carter, H. E., And F. L. Greenwood: Biochemistry of the sphingolipides. VII. Structure of the cerebrosides. J. biol. Chem. 199, 283–288 (1952).
Chibnall, A. C., S. H. Piper, and E. F. Williams: The fatty acids of phrenosin and kerasin. Biochem. J. 30, 100–114 (1936).
Davison, A. N., And M. Wajda: Metabolism of myelin lipids: estimation and separation of brain lipids in the developing rabbit. J. Neurochem. In press.
Dawson, R. M. C.: Studies on the labelling of brain phospholipids with radioactive phosphorus. Biochem. J. 57, 237–245 (1954).
Dawson, R. M. C.: Studies on the phosphorylcholine of rat liver. Biochem. J. 62, 693–696 (1956).
Dawson, R. M. C., and D. Richter: Phosphorus metabolism of the brain. Proc. roy. Soc. 137 B, 252–267 (1950).
Dittmer, J. C., and R. M. C. Dawson: The isolation Of A New Lipid, Triphosphoinositide, And Monophosphoinositide From Ox Brain. Biochem. J. 81, 535 (1961).
Donaldson, H.: The Rat. Memoirs. Wistar Inst. Anat. Biol. 6, 228–233 (1924).
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Findlay, M., W. L. Magee, and R. J. Rossiter: Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into lipids and pentosenucleic acid of cat-brain slices. The effect of inorganic ions. Biochem. J. 58, 236–242 (1954).
Folch, J.: Brain cephalin, a mixture of phosphatides. Separation from it of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and a fraction containing an inositol phosphatide. J. biol. Chem. 146, 35–44 (1942).
Folch, J.: The chemical structure of phosphatidyl serine. J. biol. Chem. 174, 439–450 (1948).
Folch, J., S. Arsove, and J. A. Meath: Isolation of brain strandin. A new type of large molecule tissue component. J. biol. Chem. 191, 819–831 (1951).
Fries, B. A., G. W. Changus, and I. L. Chaikoff: Radioactive phosphorus as an indicator of phospholipoid metabolism. IX. The influence of age on the phospholipid metabolism of various parts of the central nervous system of the rat. The comparative phospholipid activity of various parts of the central nervous system of the rat. J. biol. Chem. 182, 23–34 (1940).
Fries, B. A., H. Schachner, and I. L. Chaikoff: The in vitro formation of phospholipid by brain and nerve with radioactive phosphorus as indicator. J. biol. Chem. 144, 59–66 (1942).
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Gibson, D. M., E. B. Tictchener, and S. J. Wakil: Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. V. Bicarbonate requirement for the synthesis of longchain fatty acids. Biochim. biophys. Acta 30, 376–383 (1958).
Gottschalk, A.: Neuraminic acid; the functional group of some biologically active mucoproteins. Yale J. Biol. Med. 28, 525–537 (1956).
Hokin, M. R., and L. E. Hokin: Enzyme secretion and the incorporation of P32 into phospholipides of pancreas slices. J. biol. Chem. 203, 967–977 (1953).
Hokin, L. E., and M. R. Hokin: Effects of acetylcholine on the turnover of phosphoryl units in individual phospholipids of pancreas slices and brain cortex slices. Biochim. biophys. Acta. 18, 102–110 (1955).
Kennedy, E. P., and S. B. Weiss: The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides. J. biol. Chem. 222, 193–214 (1956a).
Kennedy, E. P., and S. B. Weiss: The enzymatic synthesis of triglycerides. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 78, 3550 (1956b).
Klenk, E.: Über die Cerebroside des Gehirns. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 166, 268–286 (1927).
Klenk, E.: Neuraminic acid, the cleavage product of a new brain lipoid. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 268, 50–58 (1941).
Klenk, E.: Incorporation of 14C-labelled acetate into some lipids of nervous tissue. In: Metabolism of the nervous system. 369–398. ( D. Richter, Ed.). London: Pergamon Press 1957.
Klenk, E., and H. Faillard: Zur Kenntnis der Fettsäuren der Gehirncerebroside. Die Konstitution der ungesättigten Oxysäuren. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 292, 268–275 (1953).
Korey, S. R., And M. Orchen: Plasmologens of the nervous system. Arch. Biochem. 83. In press.
Kornberg, A., and W. E. Pricer Jr.: Enzymatic synthesis of the coenzyme and derivatives of long chain fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 204, 329–343 (1953a).
Kornberg, A., and W. E. Pricer Jr.: Enzymatic esterification of a-glycerophosphate by long chain fatty acids. J. biol. Chem. 204, 345–357 (1953b).
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Lynen, F.: Fatty acid metabolism. In: Metabolism of the nervous system. 381–398. ( D. Richter, Ed.). London: Pergamon Press 1957.
Lynen, F., and S. Ochoa: Enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. Biochim. biophys. Acta 12, 299–314 (1953).
Mcconnell, P., and R. G. Sinclair: Evidence of selection in the building up of brain lecithins and cephalins. J. biol. Chem. 118, 131–136 (1937).
Mcmillan, P. J., G. W. Douglas, and R. A. Mortensen: Incorporation of C14 of acetate -1-C14 and pyruvate-2-C14 into brain cholesterol in the intact rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 96, 738–740 (1957).
Mcmurray, W. C., J. F. Berry, and R. J. Rossiter: Labelling of phospholipid phosphorus in rat-brain mitochondria. Biochem. J. 66, 629–633 (1957).
Magee, W. L., J. F. Berry, and R. J. Rossiter: Effect of chlorpromazine and azacyclonol on the labelling of phosphatides in brain slices. Biochim. biophys Acta 21, 408–409 (1956).
Magee, W. L., And R. J. Rossiter: Chemical studies of peripheral nerve during Wallerian degeneration. 6. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into pentosenucleic acid and phospholipin in vitro. Biochem. J. 58, 243–249 (1954).
Majno, G., And M. L. Karnovsky: A biochemical and morphologic study of myelination and demyelination. I. Lipide biosynthesis in vitro by normal nervous tissue. J. exp. Med. 107, 475–496 (1958).
Moser, H., And M. L. Karnovsky: Studies on the bio-synthesis of cerebroside galactose. Neurology (Minneap.) 8, Suppl. 1, 81–83 (1958).
Bach and S. Udenfriend: The distribution of serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase in brain. J. Neurochem. 1, 272 (1957).
Bogoch, S.: Effect of synthetic diet low in aromatic amino acids on schizophrenic patients. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago) 78, 539 (1957).
Brengelmann, J. D., C. M. B. Pare, And M. Sandler: Alleviation of the psychological effects of LSD in man by 5-hydroxytryptophan. J. ment. Sci. 104, 1237 (1958).
Brome, B. B., J. S. Olin, R. G. Kuntzman, and P. A. Shore: Possible interrelationship between release of brain norepinephrine and serotonin by reserpine. Science 125, 1293 (1957).
Brodie, B. B., A. Pletscher, And P. A. Shore: Possible role of serotonin in brain function and in reserpine action. J. Pharmacol. 116, 9 (1956).
Brodie, B. B., A. Pletscher, and P. A. Shore: Evidence that serotonin has a role in brain function. Science 122, 968 (1955).
Brodie, B. B., S. Spector, R. G. Kuntzman, and P. A. Shore: Rapid biosynthesis of brain serotonin before and after reserpine administration. Naturwissenschaften 45, 243 (1958).
Brown, G. L., H. H. Dale, and W. Feldberg: Reactions of the normal mammalian muscle to acetylcholine and eserine. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 87, 394 (1936).
Bruce, L. C.: The clinical significance of indoxyl in the urine. J. ment. Sci. 52, 501–505 (1906).
Bülbring, E., and H. H. Burn: Observations bearing on synaptic transmission by acetylcholine in spinal cord. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 100, 337–368 (1941).
Bulle, P. H., And L. Konchegul: Action of serotonin and cerebral fluid of schizophrenics on the brain of the dog. J. clin. exp. Psychopath. 18, 287 (1957).
Burgen, A. S. V., and L. M. Chipman: Cholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase in the central nervous system of the dog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 114, 296–305 (1951).
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Buscaino, V. M.: Pathogénèse et étiologie biologiques de la schizophrénie. Acta Neurol. (Naples) 16, 1–26 (1958).
Buscaino, G. A., and L. Stefanachi: Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in psychotic and normal subjects. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago) 80, 78 (1958).
Carlsson, A., M. Lixdqvist, and T. Magnusson: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature (Lond.) 180, 1200 (1957).
Carlsson, A., M. Lindqvist, T. Magnusson, and B. Waldeck: On the presence of 3-hydroxytyramine in brain. Science 127, 471 (1958).
Cerletti, A., and E. Rothlin: Role of 5-hydroxy- tryptamine in mental diseases and its antagonism to lysergic acid derivatives. Nature (Lond.) 176, 785 (1955).
Chang, H. C., K. F. Chia, C. H. Hsu, and R. K. S. Lim: Humoral transmission of nerve impulses at central synapses. I. Sinus and vagus afferent nerves. Chin. J. Physiol. 12, 1–36 (1937).
Chang, H. C., W. M. Hsieh, T. H. Li, and R. K. S. Lim: Humoral transmission of nerve impulses at central synapses. IV. Liberation of acetylcholine into the cerebrospinal fluid by the afferent vagus. Chin. J. Physiol. 13, 153–166 (1938).
Chute, A. L., W. Feldberg, and D. H. Smyth: Liberation of acetylcholine from the perfused cat’s brain. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 30, 65–72 (1940).
Cohen, M.: Concentration of choline acetylase in conducting tissue. Arch. Biochem. 60, 284 (1956).
Cohen, G., B. Holland, And M. Goldenberg: The stability of epinephrine and arterenol in plasma and serum. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago) 80, 484 (1958).
Cooper, J. R., and I. Melcer: The enzymic oxidation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan in the biosynthesis of serotonin. J. Pharmacol. 132, 265 (1961).
Corne, S. J., and J. D. P. Graham: The effect of inhibition of amine oxidase in vivo on administered adrenaline, noradrenaline, tyramine and serotonin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 135, 339 (1957).
Costa, E.: Effects of hallucinogenic and tranquilizing drugs on serotonin-evoked uterine contractions. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 91, 39 (1956).
Crane, G. E.: Further studies on iproniazid phosphate. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 124, 322 (1956).
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Crossland, J., and A. J. Merrick: The effect of anaesthesia on the acetylcholine content of brain. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 125, 56 (1954).
Dale, H. H.: The action of certain esters and ethers of choline and their relation to muscarine. J. Pharmacol. 6, 147 (1914).
Dale, H.H.: Junctional transmission of nervous effects by chemical agents. Proc. Mayo Clin. 30, 5–20 (1955).
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G. Biochemistry of the developing nervous system
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H. Inborn errors of metabolism
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© 1964 Springer-Verlag OHG. Berlin · Göttingen · Heidelberg
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Waelsch, H., Weil-Malherbe, H. (1964). Neurochemistry and Psychiatry. In: Bleuler, M., et al. Grundlagenforschung zur Psychiatrie. Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, vol 1 / 1 / B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-94902-9_1
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