Abstract
We have been studying changes in the electrical activity of the brain as cats learn and perform differentiated conditioned responses to flashes or clicks at different repetition rates. These studies involve long-term observation of unanesthetized freely moving animals in which 34 electrodes have been chronically implanted into a variety of cortical and sub-cortical locations. Presentation of an intermittent sensory stimulus causes a transient time-locked fluctuation in the voltage recorded from responsive brain regions. These voltage fluctuations can sometimes be seen as rhythmic waves or labeled responses at the repetition frequency of the stimulus appearing in the ongoing electrical activity, or EEG. By synchronizing the trigger of an oscilloscope to the stimulus presentation, it is possible to study the characteristic waveshape and latency of these time-locked oscillations, or evoked responses. Using computers, large numbers of evoked responses can be added to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, providing a picture of the characteristic or average evoked response.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Asratyan, E.A.: Electrophysiological manifestations of well-established and specialized conditioned reflex. Proc. 24th Intern. Cong. Physiol. (abstract) 7, 20 (1968).
Begleiter, M., Platz, P.: Modifications in evoked potentials by classical conditioning. Science 166, 769–771 (1969).
Buchsbaum, M., Fedio, P.: Visual information and evoked responses from the left and right hemispheres. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 266–272 (1969).
Clynes, M., Kohn, M., Gradijan, J.: Computer recognition of the brain’s visual perception through learning the brain’s physiologic language. IEEE Intern. Conv. Dig. 218-219 (1967).
Dumenko, V.N.: The electrographic study of relationships between various cortical areas in dogs during the elaboration of a conditioned reflex stereotype. In: Contemporary problems of electrophysiology of the central nervous system. Ed.: I.N. Knipst. Moscow: Academy of Science 1967, pp. 104-111.
Fields, C.: Visual stimuli and evoked responses in the rat. Science 165, 1377–1379 (1969).
Galambos, R., Sheatz, G.C.: An electroencephalograph study of classical conditioning. Amer. J. Physiol. 203, 173–184 (1962).
Glivenko, E.V., Korol’Kova, T.A., Kuznetsova, G.D.: Investigation of the spatial correlation between the cortical potentials of the rabbit during formation of a conditioned defensive reflex. Fiz. ZH. SSSR Sechenova 48(9), 1026 (1962).
John, E.R.: Neural mechanisms of decision making. In: Information storage and neural control. Eds.: W.S. Fields and W. Abbott. Springfield (IL): Thomas 1963.
— Mechanisms of Memory. New York: Academic Press 1967. Second printing 1968.
Herrington, R.N., Sutton, S.: Effects of visual form on the evoked response. Science 155, 1439–1442 (1967).
Killam, K.F.: Electrophysiological correlates of avoidance conditioning in the cat. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 125, 252 (1959).
Morgades, P.P.: A technique for the chronic implantation of multiple movable micro-electrodes. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 205–208 (1969a).
— Neural correlates of conditioned responses studied with multiple chronically implanted moving microelectrodes. Exp. Neuröl. 23, 412–425 (1969b).
— The pattern and anatomical distribution of evoked potentials and multi-unit activity elicited by conditioned stimuli in trained cats. Commun. Beh. Biol. 3, 181–207 (1969c).
— Ruchkin, D.S., Leiman, A., Sachs, E., Ahn, H.: Electrophysiological studies of generalization using both peripheral and central conditioned stimuli. Proc. 23rd Intern. Congr. Physiol. Sci., Tokyo 1965, pp. 618-627.
Villegas, J.: Signal analysis of evoked potentials recorded from cats during conditioning. Science 141, 429–431 (1963).
— Signal analysis and Behavioral correlates of evoked potential configurations in cats. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 362–420 (1964).
Shimokochi, M., Bartlett, F.: Neural readout from memory during generalization. Science 164, 1519–1521 (1969).
Killam, K.F., Hance, A.J.: Analysis of electrographic correlates of conditional responses to positive reinforcement: 1. Correlates of acquisition and performance. Abstr. Proc. 23rd Intern. Cong. Physiol. Sci., Tokyo 1965, p. 1125.
Kleinman, D., Rothenberg, S., John, E.R.: Unpublished results 1969.
Knipst, I.N.: Spatial synchronization of bioelectrical activity in the cortex and some sub-cortical structures in rabbits brain during conditioning. In: Contemporary problems of electrophysiology of the central nervous system. Ed. I.N. Knipst. Moscow: Acad. of Sci. 1967, pp. 127–137.
Korol’Kova, T.A., Shvetz, T.B.: Interrelation between distant synchronization and steady-shifts in the cerebral cortex. In: Contemporary problems of electrophysiology of the central nervous system. Ed.: I.N. Knipst. Moscow: Acad. of Sci. 1967, pp. 160–167.
Leiman, A.L.: Electrophysiological studies of conditioned responses established to central electrical stimulation. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Rochester, Rochester. New York 1962.
Livanov, M.N.: Information processing in the nervous system. Proc. 22nd Intern. Congr. Physiol., Leiden 1962, p. 899.
— The role of distant synchronization of cortical biopotentials in realization of temporary connections. Proc. 23rd Intern. Cong. Physiol. Sci., Tokyo 1965, p. 600.
Morrell, Frank: Unpublished observations 1969.
Pribram, K.H., Spinelli, D.N., Kamback, M.C.: Electrocortical correlates of stimulus, response and reinforcement. Science 157, 94–95 (1967).
Ruchkin, D.S., John, E.R.: Evoked potential correlates of generalization. Science 153, 209–211 (1966).
Sakhuilina, G.T., Merzhanova, G.K.: Stable changes in the pattern of the recruiting response associated with a well established conditioned reflex. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 50–58 (1966).
Shimokochi, M., John, E.R.: Unpublished observations 1966.
Yoshii, N.: Electroencephalographic study on experimental neurosis, a conditioned partly awake state. Proc. 22nd Intern. Physiol. Congr. Abstr. 2, 1088 (1962).
Pruvot, P., Gastaut, H.: Electroencephalographic activity of the mesencephalic reticular formation during conditioning in the cat. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 9, 595 (1957).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1972 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
John, E.R. (1972). Neural Correlates of Learning and Memory. In: Karczmar, A.G., Eccles, J.C. (eds) Brain and Human Behavior. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95201-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95201-2_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-95203-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-95201-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive