Skip to main content

Alternative Therapy: Vitamin Use in the Elderly

  • Chapter
Alternative Medicine for the Elderly
  • 284 Accesses

Abstract

In the next 30 to 40 years, the population of adults over the age of 65 years of age is estimated to double [1]. As the population of the United States ages, there is a concurrent need to address the morbidity associated with ageing. Rudman et al. [2], examined a population of nursing home residents and found that nearly 70% of the residents had a reduced body mass index (BMI), a 50% incidence of anemia, and a majority had a serum albumin 003C3.5 g/dl. They also found that all of the study group had a dietary intake 003C50% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of several essential nutrients including: zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper, vitamin E retinol, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, and folic acid. With this in mind, it is important to consider that institutionalized elderly may be deficient in their dietary intake of several essential vitamins. This dietary deficiency may lead to further health complications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Blumberg J. Nutrient requirements of the healthy elderly: should there be specific RDAs? Nutr Rev 1994; 52 (8 Suppl.): S15–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rudman D, Abbasi AA, Isaacson K, et al. Observations on the nutrient intakes of eating-dependent nursing home residents: underutilization of micronutrient supplements. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14 (6): 604–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Posner BM, Jette A, Smigelski C, et al. Nutritional risk in New England elders. J Geronto11994; 49 (3 Suppl.) “ M123–32

    Google Scholar 

  4. Shock NW, Grenlich RC, Andres R, et al. for the National In-stitute of Health (NIH). Normal human aging: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. NIH Publication No.84–2450. Baltimore ( MD ): US Department of Health and Human services, 1984 Nov: 105–12

    Google Scholar 

  5. Jylha M. Ten-year change in the use of medical drugs among the elderly: a longitudinal study and cohort comparison. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47 (1): 69–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Mant A, Whicker S, Sook Kwok Y. Over-the-counter self-medication: the issues. Drugs Aging 1992; 2 (4): 257–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Alfin-Slater RB. Vitamin use and abuse in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 896–9

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pitt HA, Costrini AM. Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits. JAMA 1979; 241 (9): 908–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gray GE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Dietary intake and nutrient supplement use in a Southern California retirement community. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 122–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schectman G. Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 686: 335–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schectman G, Byrd JC, Hoffmann R. Ascorbic acid requirements for smokers: analysis of a population study. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1466–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dawson EB, Harris WA, Teter MC, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers. Fertil Steril 1992; 58 (5): 1034–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Levine M, Dhariwal KR, Welch RW, et al. Determination of optimal vitamin C requirements in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62 Suppl.: 1347S–56S.

    Google Scholar 

  14. van der Wielen RPJ, van Heereveld HAEM, de Groot CPGM, et al. Nutritional status of elderly female nursing home residents: the effect of supplementation with a physiological dose of water-soluble vitamins. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 665–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Greenberg RS. Epidemiologic studies of antioxidants and cancer in humans. J Am CoIl Nutr 1995; 14 (5): 419–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Paolisso G, D’Amore A, Balbi V, et al. Plasma vitamin C affects glucose homeostasis in healthy subjects and in noninsulin-dependent diabetics. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: E261–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Stankova L, Riddle M, Lamed J, et al. Plasma ascorbate concentrations and blood cell dehydroascorbate transport in patents with diabetes mellitus. Metabolsim 1984; 33 (4): 347–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Paolisso G, Balbi V, Volpe C, et al. Metabolic benefits deriving from chronic vitamin C supplementation in aged non-insulin dependent diabetics. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14 (4): 387–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Breslow R. Nutritional status and dietary intake of patients with pressure ulcers: review of research literature 1943 to 1989. Decubitus 1991; 4 (1): 16–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Klaassen CD. Principles of toxicology and treatment of poisoning. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 1996: 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gosh SK, Ekpo EB, Shah IU, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of vitamin C treatment in elderly patients with hypertension. Gerontology 1994; 40 (5): 268–72.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lovat LB, Lu U, Palmer AJ, et al. Double-blind trial of vitamin C in elderly hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 1993: 7: 403–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sherman DL, Keaney, Jr. JF, Biegelsen ES, et al. Pharmacological concentrations of ascorbic acid are required for the beneficial effect on endothelial vasomotor function in hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 35: 936–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Schorah CI, Tormey WP, Brooks GH, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplements on body weight, serum proteins, and general health of an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 34: 871–6.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bendich A. Safety issues regarding the use of vitamin supplements. Ann N y Acad Sci 1992; 669: 300–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bendich A, Langseth L. Safety of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 358–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jacob RA. Vitamin C. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 432–48.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rees DC, Kelsey H, Richards JDM. Acute haemolysis induced by high dose ascorbic acid in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. BMJ 1993; 306: 841–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. WandzilakTR, D’ Andre SD, Davis PA,etal. Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. J Urol 1994; 151: 834–7.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Strijdom JG, Marais BJ, Koeslag JH. Ascorbic acid causes spuriously low blood glucose measurements. S Afr Med J 1993; 83: 64–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Herbert V, Jacob E. Destruction of vitamin BI2 by ascorbic acid. JAMA 1974; 230: 241–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Herbert V, Jacob E, Wong KTJ, et al. Low serum BI2levels in patients receiving ascorbic acid in megadoses: studies concerning the effect of ascorbate on radioisotope vitamin BI2 assay. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 253–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Thurman JE, and Mooradian AD. Vitamin supplementation therapy in the elderly. Drugs and Aging 1997; 11 (6): 433–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Vatassery GT, Johnson GJ, Krezowski AM. Changes in vitamin E concentrations in human plasma and platelets with age. J Am Coll Nutr 1983; 4: 369–75.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kilic F, Milton K, Dzialoszynski T, et al. Modeling cortical cataractogenesis. 14. Reduction in lens damage in diabetic rats by a dietary regimen combining vitamins C and E and (-carotene. Dev Ophthalmo111994; 26: 63–71

    Google Scholar 

  36. Augustin AJ, Briepohl W, Boker T, et al. Evidence for the prevention of oxidative tissue damage in the inner eye by vitamins E and C. Ger J Ophthalmol 1992; I: 394–8

    Google Scholar 

  37. Farrell PM, Roberts RJ. Vitamin E. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 326–41

    Google Scholar 

  38. Boyle P, Zaridze DG, Smans M. Descriptive epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1985; 36 (1): 9–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sandier RS, Lyles CM, Peipins LA, et al. Diet and risk of colorectal adenomas: macronutrients, cholesterol, and fiber. J Natl Cancer lnst 1993; 85 (11): 884–91

    Google Scholar 

  40. Byers T, Perry G. Dietary carotenes, vitamin C and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers. Annu Rev Nutr 1992; 12: 139–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR, et al. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of -carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996; 275 (9): 699–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. The (-Tocopherol, (-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and (-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330 (15): 1029–35

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, et al. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144 (2): 165–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bursell S, Schlossman DK, Clermont AC, et al. High dose vitamin E supplementation normalized retinal blood flow and creatine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1245–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Meydani SN, Wu D, Santos MS, et al. Antioxidants and immune response in aged persons: overview of present evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62 Suppl.: 14625–765

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, (-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 336 (17): 1216–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. RapolaJM, VirtamoJ, HaukkaJK, etal. Effect of vitamin E and (-carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. JAMA 1996; 275 (9): 693–8

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (20): 1450–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RI, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. NEJM 1996; 334 (18): 1156–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rudman D,. Abbasi AA, Isaacson K, et al. Observations on the nutrient intakes of eating-dependent nursing home residents: underutilisation of miicronutrient supplements. J Am CoIl Nutr 1995; 14 (6): 604–13

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, et al. Effect of oral supplementation with D-alpha-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. J Lipid Res 1991; 32: 1325–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Reaven PD, Herold DA, Barnett J, et al. Effects of vitamin E on susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subfractions to oxidation and on protein glycation in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 (6): 807–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 1995; 273 (23): 1849–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tardif JC, Cote G, Lesperance J, et al. Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1997; 337 (6): 365–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996; 347: 781–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 668–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. New Engl J of Med 2001; 345 (22): 1583–1592

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Freedman JE. Anitoxidant versus lipid altering therapy–some answers, more questions. New Engl J of Med 2001; 345 (22): 1636–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators, Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular evens in high-risk patents. NEJM 2000; 342: 154–60

    Google Scholar 

  60. Corrigan JJ. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 393: 361–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Farrell PM, Roberts RJ. Vitamin E. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 326–41

    Google Scholar 

  62. National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC. National Academy Press, 1989 National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances.10th ed. Washington, DC. National Academy Press, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  63. Basu TK, Donald FA, Gargreaves JA, et al. Seasonal variation of vitamin A (retinol) status in older men and women. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13 (6): 641–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Marcus R, Coulston AM. Water-soluble vitamins: the vitamin B complex and ascorbic acid. In: Wonsiewecz M, McCurdy P, editors. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGrawHil1, 1996: 1535–72

    Google Scholar 

  65. Bendich A, Langseth L. Safety of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 358–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Shimizu H, Nagata C, Komatsu S, et al. Decreased serum retinol levels in women with cervical dysplasia. Br J Cancer 1996; 73 (12): 1600–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR, et al. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of (-carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996; 275 (9): 699–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wang XD. Review: absorption and metabolism of (-carotene. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13 (4): 314–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Burton GW, Ingold KU. (-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 1984; 224: 569–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Zheng W, Sellers TA, Doyle TJ, et al. Retinol, antioxidant vitamins and cancers of the upper digestive tract in a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142 (9): 955–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, et al. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemio11996; 144 (2): 165–74

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with (-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. NEJM 1996; 334 (18): 1145–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Christen WG, JM Gaziano, and CH Hennekens. Design of Physicians’ Health Study II–a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: 125–134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of (-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. NEJM 1996; 334 (18): 1150–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD, et al. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (3): 141–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Marwick C. Trials reveal no benefit, possible harm of (-carotene and vitamin A for lung cancer prevention. JAMA 1996; 275 (6): 422–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hathcock IN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, et al. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52 (2): 183–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Olson JA. Vitamin A. retinoids. and carotenoids. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 287–307

    Google Scholar 

  79. Garewal HS, Diplock AT. How `safe’ are antioxidant vitamins? Drug Saf 1995; 13 (1): 8–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Marcus R, Coulston AM. Water-soluble vitamins: the vitamin B complex and ascorbic acid. In: Wonsiewecz M, McCurdy P, editors. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9thed. New York: McGrawHi11, 1996: 1535–72

    Google Scholar 

  81. Bettendorff L, Mastrogiacomo F, Kish SJ, et al. Thiamine, thiamine phosphates, and their metabolizing enzymes in human brain. J Neurochem 1996; 66 (1): 250–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Reed RL, Mooradian AD. Nutritional status and dietary management of elderly diabetic patients. Clin Geriatr Med 1990; 6 (4): 883–901

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modem nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 359–65

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kwok T, Falconer-Smith JF, Potter JF, et aI. Thiamine status of elderly patients with cardiac failure. Age Ageing 1992; 2I (I): 67–71

    Google Scholar 

  85. Boisvert WA, Castaneda C, Mendoza I, et al. Prevalence of riboflavin deficiency among Guatemalan elderly people and its relationship to milk intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58 (1): 85–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bates CJ. Human riboflavin requirements and metabolic consequences of deficiency in man and animals. World Rev Nutr Diet 1987; 50: 215–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Lowik MR, van den Berg H, Kistemaker C, et al. Interrelationships between riboflavin and vitamin B6 among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1994; 64 (3): 198–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Boisvert WA, Mendoza 1, Castaneda C, et al. Riboflavin requirement of healthy elderly humans and its relationship to macro-nutrient composition of the diet. I Nutr 1993; 123 (5); 915–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Winters LR, Yoon JS, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Riboflavin requirements and exercise adaptation in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56 (3): 526–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. McCormick OB. Riboflavin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modem nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 366–75

    Google Scholar 

  91. Riggs KM, Spiro III A, Tucker K, et al. Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am Clin Nutr 1996; 63 (3): 306–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Deijen JB, van der Beck E, Orlebeke JF, et al. Vitamin B6 supplementation in elderly men: effects on mood, memory, performance and mental effort. Psychopharmacology 1992; 109: 489–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. van der Beek El, van Dokkum W, Wedel M, et al. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man. Am CoIl Nutr 1994; 13 (6): 629–40

    Google Scholar 

  94. Ubbink JB, van der Merwe A, Delport R, et al. The effect of a subnormal vitamin B-6 status on homocysteine metabolism. Clin Invest 1996; 98 (1): 177–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ellis JM, McCully KS. Prevention of myocardial infarction by vitamin B6. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1995; 89 (2): 208–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Nygard O, JE Nordrehaug, H Refsum, PM Ueland, M Farstad, SE Vollset. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. NEJM 1997; 337: 230–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Eikelboom JW, E Lonn, J Genest Jr., G Hankey, S Yusuf. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: a critical review of the epidemiologic evidence. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131: 363–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Oakshinamurti K, Paulsoe CS, Viswanathan M. Vitamin B6 and hypertension. Ann N YAcad Sci 1990; 585: 241–9

    Google Scholar 

  99. LaI KJ, Oakshinamurti K. Calcium channels in vitamin B6 deficiency-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 1993; 11 (12): 1357–62

    Google Scholar 

  100. Meydani SN, Hayek M, Coleman L. Influence of vitamins E and B6 on immune response. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 669: 125–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Meydani SN, Hayek M, Coleman L. Influence of vitamins E and B6 on immune response. Ann N y Acad Sci 1992; 669: 125–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ellis JM, Folkers K. Clinical aspects of treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6. Ann N y Acad Sci 1990; 585: 302–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Reynolds TM, Marshall PO, Brain AM. Hip fracture patients may be vitamin B6 deficient: controlled study of serum pyridoxal-5’-phosphate. Acta Orthop Scand 1992; 63 (6): 635–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bemstein AL. Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Ann N y Acad Sci 1990; 585: 250–60

    Google Scholar 

  105. Leklem IE. Vitamin B6. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, editors. Modem nutrition in health and disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 383–94

    Google Scholar 

  106. Joosten E, van den Berg A, Riezler R, etal. Metabolic evidence that deficiencies of vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), folate, and vitamin B-6 occur commonly in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58 (4): 468–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Leklem IE. Vitamin B6 reservoirs, receptors and red-cell reactions. Ann N y Acad Sci 1992; 669: 34–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bemstein AL. Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Ann N y Acad Sci 1990; 585: 250–60

    Google Scholar 

  109. Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A, et al. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse: a new megavitamin syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983; 309 (8): 445–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Morimoto K, KawadaA, HirumaM, etal. Photosensitivity from pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6).J Am Acad Oermatol 1996; 35 (Pt 2): 304–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Berger AR, Schaumburg HH, Schroeder C, et al. Dose response, coasting, and differential fiber vulnerability in human toxic neuropathy: a prospective study of pyridoxine neurotoxicity. Neurology 1992; 42 (7): 1367–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Wilson JD. Vitamin deficiency and excess. In: Isselbacher KJ, Martin JB, Braunwald E, et al., editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994: 472–80

    Google Scholar 

  113. Durrington PN. Drug therapy of hyperlipidaemia. In: Hyperlipidaemia: diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995: 258–90

    Google Scholar 

  114. Illingworth DR, Stein EA, Mitchel YB, et al. Comparative effects of lovastatin and niacin in primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective trial. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154 (14): 1586–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Miller NE. Pharmacological intervention for altering lipid metabolism. Drugs 1990; 40 Suppl. I: 26–31

    Google Scholar 

  116. Durrington PN. Drug therapy of hyperlipidaemia. In: Hyperlipidemia: diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995: 258–90

    Google Scholar 

  117. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 1975; 231: 360–381

    Google Scholar 

  118. Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischemic Heart Disease Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand 1988; 223: 405–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Dalton TA, Berry RS. Hepatotoxicity associated with sustained-release niacin. Am J Med 1992; 93 (I): 102–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wahlberg G, Walldius G, Efendic S. Effects of nicotinic acid on glucose tolerance and glucose incorporation into adipose tissue in hypertriglyceridaemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992; 52 (6): 537–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Lipman TO. Vitamins: hormonal and metabolic interrelationships. In: Becker KL, editor. Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1995: 50–6

    Google Scholar 

  122. Lindenbaum J, Rosenberg IH, Wilson PWF, et al. Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 2–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Pennypacker LC, Allen RH, Kelly JP, et al. High prevalency of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40 (12): 1197–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Cunha UG, RochaFL, Peixoto JM, etal. Vitamin B12 deficiency and dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 1995; 7 (I): 85–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Crystal HA, Ortof E, Frishman WH, et al. Serum vitamin BI2 levels and incidence of dementia in a healthy elderly population: a report from the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42 (9): 933–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Carmel R. Subtle and atypical cobalamin deficiency states. Am J Hematol 1990; 34: 108–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, et al. Metabolic abnormal ties in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiency. FASEB J 1993; 7: 1344–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Beck WS. Diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia. Annu Rev Med 1991; 42: 311–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Fairbanks VF. Tests for pernicious anemia: the `Schilling test’. Mayo Clin Proc 1983; 58: 541–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Carmel R. Approach to a low vitamin B121evel [letter]. JAMA 1994; 272 (16): 1233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Carmel R. Subtle and atypical cobalamin deficiency states. Am J Hematol 1990; 34: 108–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Rosenberg IH, Miller IW. Nutritional factors in physical and cognitive functions of elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 12375–435

    Google Scholar 

  133. Allen LH, Casterline J. Vitamin B-12 deficiency in elderly individuals: diagnosis and requirements. Am J Nutr 1994; 60: 12–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Boushey CJ, Beresford SAA, Omenn GS, et al. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995; 274 (13): 1049–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332 (5): 286–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Mudd SH, Skovby F, Levy HI, et al. The natural history of homocysteinuria due to cystathionine (-syntase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 1985; 37: 1–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1969; 56: 111–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R, et al. Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. New Engl J of Med 2001; 345 (22): 1593–1600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Homocysteine and marginal vitamin deficiency: the importance of adequate vitamin intake. JAMA 1993; 270 (22): 2726–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, et al. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993; 270 (22): 2693–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Drinka PJ, Langer EH, Voeks SK, et al. Low serum folic acid levels in a nursing home population: a clinical experience. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12 (2): 186–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, vander Merwe A, et al. Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr 1994; 124 (10): 1927–33

    Google Scholar 

  143. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR. Can lowering homocysteine levels reduce cardiovascular risk? N Engl J Med 1995; 332 (5): 328–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Oakley GP, Adams MJ, Dickinson CM. More folic acid for everyone, now. J Nutr 1996; 126 Suppl.: 751S–5S

    Google Scholar 

  145. Waiters MR. Newly identified actions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr Rev 1992; 13 (4): 719–64

    Google Scholar 

  146. Lips P, Hackeng WHL, Jongen MJM, et al. Seasonal variation in serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone in elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57 (I): 204–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Krall EA, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S, et al. Effect of vitamin D intake on seasonal variation in parathyroid hormone secretion in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1989; 321 (26): 1777–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Lips P, Wiersinga A, van Ginkel FC, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 1988; 67 (4): 644–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Quesada JM, Coopmans W, Ruiz B, et al. Influence of vitamin D on parathyroid function in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75 (2): 494–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. McAlindon TE, Felson DT, Zhang Y, et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125 (5): 353–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, et al. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80 (4): 1052–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Prestwood KM, Pannullo AM, Denny AM, et al. The effect of a short course of calcium and vitamin D on bone turnover in older women. Osteoporos Int 1996; 6. 314–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1992; 327 (23): 1637–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124 (4): 400–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Salamone LM, Dallal GE, Zantos D, et al. Contributions of vitamin D intake and seasonal sunlight exposure to plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59 (1): 80–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Gloth FM, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 1995; 274 (21): 1683–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Keane EM, Rochfort A, Cox J, et al. Vitamin-D-fortified liquid milk: a highly effective method of vitamin D administration for house-bound and institutionalized elderly. Gerontology 1992; 38 (5): 280–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. van der Wielen RP, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet 1995; 346: 207–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, et al. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61 (5): 1140–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, et al. Prevalence of lactose maldigestion: influence and interaction of age, race and sex. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39 (7): 1519–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. McKenna MJ. Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly. Am J Med 1992; 93 (1): 69–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Heaney RP. Bone mass, nutrition and other lifestyle factors. Am J Med 1993; 95 Suppl. 5A: 29S - 33S

    Google Scholar 

  163. Sokoll LJ, Sadowski JA. Comparison of biochemical indexes for assessing vitamin K nutritional status in a healthy adult population. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63 (4): 566–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Ferland G, Sadoski JA, O’Brien ME. Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects. J Clin Invest 1993; 91 (4): 1761–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Jie KS, Bots ML, Vermeer C, et al. Vitamin K intake and osteocalcin levels in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study. Atherosclerosis 1995; 116 (I): 117–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Szulc P, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ, et al. Serum under-carboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Clin Invest 1993; 91 (4): 1769–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Hodges SJ, Akesson K, Vergnaud P, et al. Circulating levels of vitamins Kl and K2 decreased in elderly women with hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8 (10): 1241–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Hodges SJ, Bejui J, Leclercq M, et al. Detection and measurement of vitamins Kl and K2 in human cortical and trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8 (8): 1005–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Knapen MH, Jie KS, Hamulyak K, et al. Vitamin K-induced changes in markers for osteoblast activity and urinary calcium loss. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53 (2): 81–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis. J Nutr 1995; 125: 1812–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thurman, J.E., Mooradian, A.D. (2003). Alternative Therapy: Vitamin Use in the Elderly. In: Cherniack, E.P., Cherniack, N. (eds) Alternative Medicine for the Elderly. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05185-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05185-6_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07913-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-05185-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics