Skip to main content

Zusammenfassung

Primäre ZNS-Tumoren sind im Kindes- und Jugendalter mit >20 % nach den Leukämien die zweithäufigste Gruppe aller onkologischen Erkrankungen. Neben der frühzeitigen Diagnosestellung stellt die Versorgung dieser Patienten hohe Anforderungen an ein interdisziplinäres Team. Durch den Einsatz multimodaler Therapiekonzepte liegt die 10-Jahres-Überlebensrate der Gesamtgruppe heute bei 74 %. Dennoch konnte das Überleben einiger Patientengruppen über die letzten 20 Jahre nicht verbessert werden. Durch ein besseres Verständnis der Tumorbiologie ergeben sich gerade für diese Patienten aktuell neue Behandlungsansätze. Die Vermeidung behandlungsbedingter Spätfolgen durch risikoadaptierte Therapiekonzepte gewinnt an Bedeutung. Lokale, nationale und internationale Netzwerke der medizinischen Versorger sowie der translationalen Forschungsgruppen sind Voraussetzung für die weitere Verbesserung der Prognose von Patienten mit ZNS-Tumoren.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Ater JL, Zhou T, Holmes E, et al. (2012) Randomized study of two chemotherapy regimens for treatment of low-grade glioma in young children: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 30: 2641–2647

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery RA, Bouffet E, Packer RJ, et al. (2013) Feasibility and Comparison of Visual Acuity Testing Methods in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and/or Optic Pathway Gliomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54: 1034–1038

    Google Scholar 

  • Benesch M, Massimino M, Frappaz D (2012) Spinal cord ependymomas in children and adolescents. Childs Nerv Syst 28: 2017–2028

    Google Scholar 

  • Bereket A, Kiess W, Lustig RH, et al. (2012) Hypothalamic obesity in children. Obes Rev 13: 780–798

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaney SM Berg SL, Boddy AV (2004) Drug delivery. In: Walker DA, Perilongo G, Punt JAG, Taylor RE (eds) Brain and spinal tumors of childhood. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group, London, pp 228–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouffet E, Jakacki R, Goldman S, et al. (2012) Phase II study of weekly vinblastine in recurrent or refractory pediatric low-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol 30: 1358–1363

    Google Scholar 

  • Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Harms D, et al. (2005) AFP/beta–HCG secreting CNS germ cell tumors: Long-term outcome with respect to initial symptoms and primary tumor resection. Results of the cooperative trial MAKEI 89. Neuropediatrics 36: 71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Calaminus G, Kortmann R, Worch J, et al. (2013) SIOP CNS GCT 96: final report of outcome of a prospective, multinational nonrandomized trial for children and adults with intracranial germinoma, comparing craniospinal irradiation alone with chemotherapy followed by focal primary site irradiation for patients with localized disease. Neuro Oncol 15:788–796

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain MC (1998) Radioisotope CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neuro Oncol 38: 135–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang CH, Housepian EM, Herbert C Jr (1969). An operative staging system and a megavoltage radiotherapeutic technic for cerebellar medulloblastomas. Radiology 93: 1351–1359

    Google Scholar 

  • Chi SN, Zimmerman MA, Yao X, et al. (2009) Intensive multimodality treatment for children with newly diagnosed CNS atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor. J Clin Oncol 27: 385–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Chintagumpala M, Hassall T, Palmer S, et al. (2009) A pilot study of risk-adapted radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with supratentorial PNET. Neuro Oncol 11: 33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford JR, Santi MR, Vezina G, et al. (2007) CNS germ cell tumor (CNSGCT) of childhood: Presentation and delayed diagnosis. Neurology 68:1668–1673

    Google Scholar 

  • Dall G, Khatua S, Finlay JL (2010) Pineal region tumors in children. Curr Opin Neurol 23: 576–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsches Kinderkrebsregister (Leitung: P. Kaatsch) (2014) Jahresbericht 2013/2014, Verlag Kirchheim Co GmbH, Mainz

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Rocco C, Di Rienzo A. Meningiomas in childhood (1999) Crit Rev Neurosurg 9: 180–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Duong LM, McCarthy BJ, McLendon RE, et al. (2012) Descriptive epidemiology of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors, United States, 2004–2007. Cancer 118: 4220–4227

    Google Scholar 

  • Echevarría ME, Fangusaro , Goldman S (2008) Pediatric central nervous system germ cell Tumors: A Review. The Oncologist 13: 690–699

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison DE, Kocak M, Figarella-Branger D, et al. (2011) Histopathological grading of pediatric ependymoma: reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts. J Neg Result Bio Med 10: 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdinçler P, Lena G, Sarioğlu AC, Kuday C, Choux M (1998) Intracranial meningiomas in children: review of 29 cases. Surg Neurol 49: 136–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauchon F, Jouvet A, Paquis P, et al. (2000) Parenchymal pineal tumors: a clinicopathological study of 76 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46: 959–968

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischbein NJ, Prados MD, Wara W, et al. (1996) Radiologic classification of brain stem tumors: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging appearance with clinical outcome. Ped Neurosurg 24: 9–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher MJ, Loguidice M, Gutmann DH, et al. (2012) Visual outcomes in children with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated optic pathway glioma following chemotherapy: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Neuro Oncol 14: 790–797

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischhack G, Jaehde U, Bode U (2005) Pharmacokinetics following intraventricular administration of chemotherapy in patients with neoplastic meningitis. Clin Pharmacokinet 44: 1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Flitsch J, Müller HL, Burkhardt T (2011) Surgical strategies in childhood craniopharyngioma. Front. Endocrin 2: 96. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00096

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsting M, Albert FK, Kunze S, et al. (1993) Extirpation of glioblastomas: MR and CT follow-up of residual tumor and regrowth patterns. Am J Neuroradiol14: 77–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz DN, Belousova E, Sparagana S, et al. (2013) Efficacy and safety of everolimus for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (EXIST-1): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 381: 125–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich C, von Bueren AO, von Hoff K, et al. (2013) Treatment of young children with CNS-primitive neuroectodermal tumors/pineoblastomas in the prospective multicenter trial HIT 2000 using different chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol. 15: 224–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Pizer B (2010) Role of high-dose chemotherapy for recurrent medulloblastoma and other CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54: 649–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajjar A, Chintagumpala M, Ashley D, et al. (2006) Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 7: 813–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudino S, Quaglio F, Schiarelli C, et al. (2012) Spontaneous modifications of contrast enhancement in childhood non-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas. Neuroradiology 54: 989–995

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber NU, von Hoff K, von Bueren AO, et al. (2012) A long duration of the prediagnostic symptomatic interval is not associated with an unfavourable prognosis in childhood medulloblastoma. Eur J Cancer 48: 2028–2036

    Google Scholar 

  • Giangaspero F, Wiestler OD (2004) Pathology and molecular classification. In: Walker DA, Perilongo G, Punt JAG, Taylor RE (eds) Brain and spinal tumors of childhood. Arnold, Hodder Headline Group, London, pp 80–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson P, Tong Y, Robinson G, et al. (2010) Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins. Nature 468: 1095–1099

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn OA, Barkovich AJ (1996) Intracranial germ cell tumors: a comprehensive review of proposed embryologic derivation. Pediatr Neurosurg 24: 242–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnekow AK, Falkenstein F, von Hornstein S, et al. (2012) Long-term follow-up of the multicenter, multidisciplinary treatment study HIT-LGG-1996 for low-grade glioma in children and adolescents of the German Speaking Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology. Neuro Oncol 14: 1265–1284

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez KD, Noltner KA, Buzin CH, et al. (2009) Beyond Li Fraumeni Syndrome: clinical characteristics of families with p53 germline mutations. J Clin Oncol 27: 1250–1256

    Google Scholar 

  • Gozali AE, Britt B, Shane L, et al. (2012) Choroid plexus tumors; management, outcome, and association with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome: the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) experience, 1991-2010. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58: 905–909

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselblatt M, Nagel I, Oyen F, et al. (2014) SMARCA4mutated atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors are associated with inherited germline alterations and poor prognosis. Acta Neuropathol 128: 453–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernaiz Driever P, von Hornstein S, Pietsch T, et al. (2010) Natural history and 1140 management of low-grade glioma in NF-1 children. J Neurooncol 100: 199–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Hipp SJ, Steffen-Smith E, Hammoud D, et al. (2011) Predicting outcome of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas using multiparametric imaging. Neuro Oncol 13: 904–909

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornstein S von, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, et al. (2011) Impact of chemotherapy on disseminated low-grade glioma in children and adolescents: report from the HIT-LGG 1996 trial. Pediatr Blood & Cancer 56: 1046– 1054

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovestadt V, Remke M, Kool M, et al. (2013) Robust molecular subgrouping and copy-number profiling of medulloblastoma from small amounts of archival tumour material using high-density DNA methylation arrays. Acta Neuropathol 125: 913–916

    Google Scholar 

  • Hug EB, Muenter MW, Archambeau JO, et al. (2002) Conformal proton radiation therapy for pediatric low-grade astrocytoma. Strahlenther Onkol 178: 10–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson PA, Irmler M, Acampora D, et al. (2013) The transcription factor Otx2 regulates choroid plexus development and function. Development 140: 1055–1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DT, Gronych J, Lichter P, et al. (2012) MAPK pathway activation in pilocytic astrocytoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 69: 1799–1811

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones DT, Hutter B, Jäger N, et al. (2013) Recurrent alterations in FGFR1 and NTRK2 represent novel therapeutic targets in pilocytic astrocytoma. Nature Genetics 45: 927–932

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaatsch P (2010) Epidemiology of childhood cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 36: 277–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaatsch P, Spix J (2012) German Childhood Cancer Registry – Annual Report 2011 (1980–2010). Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerl K, Holsten T, Frühwald MC (2013) Rhabdoid tumors: clinical approaches and molecular targets for innovative therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 30: 587–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauth M, Aras N, Wirtz CR, et al. (1999) Surgically induced intracranial contrast enhancement: potential source of diagnostic error in intraoperative MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 20: 1547–1553

    Google Scholar 

  • Korinthenberg R, Neuburger D, Trippel M, et al. (2011) Long-term results of brachytherapy with temporary iodine-125 seeds in children with low-grade gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79: 1131–1138

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD (2011) Different approaches in radiation therapy of craniopharyngioma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2:100

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Hess CF, Hoffmann W, et al. (1995) Is the standardized helmet technique adequate for irradiation of the brain and the cranial meninges? Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 32: 241–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Becker G, et al. (1998) Advances in treatment techniques and time/dose schedules in external radiation therapy of brain tumours in childhood. Klin Pädiatr 210: 220–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Kühl J, et al. (1999) HIT ‘91 (Prospective, co-operative study for the treatment of malignant brain tumors in childhood): Accuracy and acute toxicity of the irradiation of the craniospinal axis – Results of the quality assurance program. Strahlenther Onkol 175: 162–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Kühl J, Timmermann B, et al. (2000) Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT ‘91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46: 269–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Taylor RE, et al. (2003) Current and future strategies in radiotherapy of childhood low-grade glioma of the brain. Part I: Treatment modalities of radiation therapy. Strahlenther Onkol 179: 509–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramm C, Rausche U, Butenhoff S, et al. (2008) Hochmaligne Gliome im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilk 156: 1201–1207

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafay-Cousin L, Mabbott DJ, Halliday W, et al. (2010) Use of ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy in choroid plexus carcinoma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 5: 615–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Lannering B, Rutkowski S, Doz F, et al. (2012) Standard risk medulloblastoma: hyperfractionated vs conventional radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy. Results from the randomized multicenter study HIT-SIOP PNET 4. J Clin Oncol 30: 3187–3193

    Google Scholar 

  • Laquintana V, Trapani A, Denora N, et al. (2009) New strategies to deliver anticancer drugs to brain tumors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 6: 1017–1032

    Google Scholar 

  • Laymon CM, Oborski MJ, Lee VK, et al. (2012) Combined imaging biomarkers for therapy evaluation in glioblastoma multiforme: correlating sodium MRI and F-18 FLT PET on a voxel-wise basis. Magn Reson Imaging 30: 1268–1278

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang L, Korogi Y, Sugahara T, et al. (2002) MRI of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Neuroradiology 44: 382–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (2007) WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous , 4th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald TJ, Aguilera D, Kramm CM (2011) Treatment of high-grade glioma in children and adolescents. Neuro Oncol 13: 1049–1058

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazloom A, Wolff JE, Paulino AC (2010) The impact of radiotherapy fields in the treatment of patients with choroid plexus carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78: 79–84

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire CS, Sainani KL, Fisher PG (2009) Both location and age predict survival in ependymoma: an SEER study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52: 65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Kun LE, Wu S, et al. (2009a) Phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy for pediatric low-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol 27: 3598–3604

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Li C, Xiong X, et al. (2009b) Conformal radiotherapy after surgery for paediatric ependymoma: a prospective study. Lancet Oncol 10: 258–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Miralbell R, Bleher A, Huguenin P, et al. (1997) Pediatric medulloblastoma: radiation treatment technique and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 523–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Modak S, Gardner S, Dunkel IJ, et al. (2004) Thiotepa-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent or progressive CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 22: 1934–1943

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno L, Bautista F, Ashley S, et al. (2010) Does chemotherapy affect the visual outcome in children with optic pathway glioma? A systematic review of the evidence. Eur J Cancer 46: 2253–2259

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller HL (2010) Childhood craniopharyngioma – Current concepts in diagnosis, therapy and follow-up. Nat Rev Endocrinol 6: 609–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller HL (2011) Consequences after craniopharyngioma surgery in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1981–1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller HL, Emser A, Faldum A, et al. (2004) Longitudinal study on growth and body mass index before and after diagnosis of childhood craniopharyngioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 3298–3305

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcott PA, Jones DT, Kool M, et al. (2012). Medulloblastomics: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Cancer 12: 818–834

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Gajjar A, Vezina G, et al. (2006) Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 4202–4208

    Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Macdonald T, Vezina G, et al. (2012) Medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Handb Clin Neurol 105: 529–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Pajtler KW, Witt H, Sill M,et al. (2015) Molecular Classification of Ependymal Tumors across All CNS Compartments, Histopathological Grades, and Age Groups. Cancer Cell 27: 728–743. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Pejavar S, Polley MY, Rosenberg-Wohl S, et al. (2012) Molecular Classification of Ependymal Tumors across All CNS Compartments, Histopathological Grades, and Age Groups. Pediatric intracranial ependymoma: the roles of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 106: 367–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Poretti A, Meoded A, Huisman TA (2012) Neuroimaging of pediatric posterior fossa tumors including review of the literature. J Magn Reson Imaging 35: 32–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Qaddoumi I, Sultan I, Gajjar A (2009) Outcome and prognostic features in pediatric gliomas: a review of 6212 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cancer 115: 5761–5770

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhard H, Reinert J, Beier R, et al. (2008) Rhabdoid tumors in children: Prognostic factors in 70 patients diagnosed in Germany. Oncol Reports 19: 819–823

    Google Scholar 

  • Reith W (2009) Tumoren der Sellaregion. Radiologie 49: 624–631

    Google Scholar 

  • Relling MV, Rubnitz JE, Rivera GK, et al. (1999) High Incidence of secondary brain tumours after radiotherapy and antimetabolites. Lancet 354: 34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruge MI, Simon T, Suchorska B, et al. (2011) Stereotactic brachytherapy with iodine-125 seeds for the treatment of inoperable low-grade gliomas in children: Long-term outcome. J Clin Oncol 29: 4151–4159

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, et al. (2005) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med 352: 978–986

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheinemann K, Bartels U, Tsangaris E, et al. (2011) Feasibility and efficacy of repeated chemotherapy for progressive pediatric low-grade gliomas. Pediatr Blood & Cancer 57: 84–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL, McCarthy BJ (2008) Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors. J Neurooncol 87: 173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder JW, Vezina LG (2011) Pediatric sellar and suprasellar lesions. Pediatr Radiol 41: 287–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzentruber J, Korshunov A, Liu XY, et al. (2012), Exome sequencing identifies frequent driver mutations in histone H3.3 and ATRX-DAXX in pediatric glioblastoma. Nature 482: 226–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokland T, Liu JF, Ironside JW, et al. (2010) A multivariate analysis of factors determining tumor progression in childhood low-grade glioma: a population-based cohort study (CCLG CNS9702). Neuro Oncol 12: 1257–1268

    Google Scholar 

  • Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. (2005) European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumour and Radiotherapy Groups; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352: 987–996

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturm D, Witt H, Hovestadt V, et al. (2012) Distinct hotspot mutations define epigenetic and biological subgroups of glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 22: 425–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturm D, Orr BA, Toprak UH et al. (2016) New Brain Tumor Entities Emerge from Molecular Classification of CNS-PNETs. Cell 164:1060–1072

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultan I, Qaddoumi I, Rodríguez-Galindo C et al. (2010) Age, stage, and radiotherapy, but not primary tumor site, affects the outcome of patients with malignant rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54: 35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Poppleton H, Fuller C, et al. (2005) Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell 8: 323–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, et al. (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol 123: 465–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann B, Kortmann RD, Kühl J, et al. (2000) Combined postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy for anaplastic ependymomas in childhood: results of the German prospective trials HIT 88/89 and HIT 91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46: 287–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann B, Kortmann RD, Kühl J, et al. (2005) Role of radiotherapy in anaplastic ependymoma in children under age of 3 years: results of the prospective German brain tumor trials HIT-SKK 87 and 92. Radiother Oncol 77: 278–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchia J, Picard D, Lafay-Cousin L, et al. (2015) Molecular subgroups of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours in children: an integrated genomic and clinicopathological analysis. Lancet Oncol 16: 569–582

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, van Tinteren H, Rehorst H, et al. (2011) Malignant Rhabdoid Tumours of the Kidney (MRTKs), Registered on Recent SIOP Protocols From 1993 to 2005: A Report of the SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56: 733–737

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatramani R, Dhall G, Patel M, et al. (2012) Supratentorial ependymoma in children: To observe or to treat following gross total resection? Pediatr Blood Cancer 58: 380–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Voges J, Sturm V, Lehrke R, et al. (1997) Cystic craniopharyngioma: long-term results after intracavitary irradiation with stereotactically applied colloidal beta-emitting radioactive sources. Neurosurgery 40: 263–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Warmuth-Metz M, Gnekow AK, Müller H, et al. (2004) Differential diagnosis of suprasellar tumors in children. Klin Pädiatr 216: 323–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Warmuth-Metz M, Kuehl J, Krauss J, et al. (2004) Subdural enhancement on postoperative spinal MRI after resection of posterior cranial fossa tumours. Neuroradiology 46: 219–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler-Reya R, Scott MP (2001) The developmental biology of brain tumors. Annu Rev Neurosci 24: 385–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilne S, Collier J, Kennedy C, et al. (2007) Presentation of childhood CNS tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 8: 685–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisoff JH, Sanford RA, Heier LA,, et al. (2011) Primary neurosurgery for pediatric low-grade gliomas: a prospective multi-institutional study from the Children’s Oncology Group. Neurosurgery 68: 1548–1554

    Google Scholar 

  • Witt H, Mack SC, Ryzhova M, et al. (2011) Delineation of two clinically and molecularly distinct subgroups of posterior fossa ependymoma. Cancer Cell 20: 143–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Witt H, Koshunov A, Pfister S, et al. (2012) Molecular approaches to ependymoma: the next step. Curr Opin Neurol 25: 745–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff B, Ng A, Roth D, et al. (2012) Pediatric high grade glioma of the spinal cord: results of the HIT-GBM database. J Neurooncol 107: 139–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrede B, Hasselblatt M, Peters O, et al. (2009) Atypical choroid plexus papilloma: clinical experience in the CPT-SIOP-2000 study. J Neurooncol 95: 383–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacharoulis S, Moreno L (2009) Ependymoma: An update. J Child Neurol 24: 1431–1437

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, et al. (1999) Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children’s Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 17: 832-845

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to G. Fleischhack , S. Rutkowski , S. Pfister , T. Pietsch , S. Tippelt , M. Warmuth-Metz , B. Bison , V. van Velthoven-Wurster , M. Messing-Jünger , R.-D. Kortmann , B. Timmermann , I. Slavc , O. Witt , A. K. Gnekow , P. Hernáiz Driever , C. Kramm , M. Benesch , M. C. Frühwald , M. Hasselblatt , H. L. Müller , N. Sörensen , U. R. Kordes , G. Calaminus , G. Fleischhack , S. Rutkowski , S. Pfister , G. Fleischhack , S. Rutkowski , S. Pfister , T. Pietsch , T. Pietsch , S. Pfister , S. Tippelt , G. Fleischhack , M. Warmuth-Metz , B. Bison , G. Fleischhack , G. Fleischhack , G. Fleischhack , G. Fleischhack , V. van Velthoven-Wurster , M. Messing-Jünger , R.-D. Kortmann , B. Timmermann , I. Slavc , G. Fleischhack , O. Witt , S. Pfister , A. K. Gnekow , P. Hernáiz Driever , C. Kramm , M. Benesch , S. Rutkowski , S. Pfister , G. Fleischhack , M. C. Frühwald , S. Rutkowski , G. Fleischhack , M. C. Frühwald , M. Hasselblatt , H. L. Müller , N. Sörensen , H. L. Müller , N. Sörensen , U. R. Kordes , G. Calaminus , M. Benesch , R.-D. Kortmann or A. K. Gnekow .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fleischhack, G. et al. (2018). ZNS-Tumoren. In: Niemeyer, C., Eggert, A. (eds) Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43686-8_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43686-8_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-43685-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-43686-8

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics