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Mesenchymale Tumoren der Haut

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Histopathologie der Haut

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Zusammenfassung

Mesenchymale Tumoren der Haut sind, wie im Weichgewebe lokalisierte Neoplasien, insgesamt sehr selten und durch eine extreme klinisch-pathologische Heterogenität charakterisiert. Diese Neoplasien umfassen alle aus nicht-epithelialem und extraskelettalen Gewebe aufgebauten Geschwülste, außer den Tumoren des retikuloendothelialen Systems und der Glia. Die Einteilung mesenchymaler Tumoren erfolgt generell nicht nach sogenannten histogenetischen Gesichtspunkten, sondern nach der verwirklichten Differenzierungsrichtung, sodass diese Tumoren nach dem mesenchymalen Gewebe benannt werden, dem sie am meisten ähneln (z. B. fibroblastisch/myofibroblastisch differenzierte Tumoren). Eine entsprechende Klassifizierung erfolgt durch die deskriptive Erfassung von Differenzierungsmerkmalen mit Hilfe der Lichtmikroskopie, der Immunhistochemie, der Elektronenmikroskopie sowie zunehmend auch zytogenetischer/molekularpathologischer Methoden. Interessanterweise kommen alle Entitäten und Formvarianten mesenchymaler Tumoren des Weichgewebes auch in der Haut vor, allerdings mit deutlich variierender Häufigkeit. Während z. B. Liposarkome die häufigsten Sarkome des Erwachsenenalters und Rhabdomyosarkome die häufigsten Sarkome des Kindes- und Jugendalters im Weichgewebe sind, stellen rein dermale Tumoren dieser Entitäten echte Raritäten dar, anderseits sind die im tiefen Weichgewebe sehr seltenen Angiosarkome in oberflächlicher Lokalisation relativ häufig. Des Weiteren gibt es mesenchymale Tumoren, die (zumindest bislang) lediglich in oberflächlicher Lokalisation beschrieben wurden (z. B. zellreiches Neurothekeom, Hobnail-Hämangiom, mikrovenuläres Hämangiom, Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans). Auch morphologisch gibt es wichtige Besonderheiten oberflächlich lokalisierter mesenchymaler Tumoren. Während die subkutan gelegenen Spindelzell-Lipome/pleomorphen Lipome in der Regel gekapselte Tumoren darstellen und die sehr seltenen Leiomyome des tiefen Weichgewebes gut umschriebene, knotige Tumoren sind, repräsentieren rein dermal gelegene Spindelzell-Lipome/pleomorphe Lipome und pilare Leiomyome unscharf begrenzte und scheinbar infiltrierend wachsende Tumoren. Diese können deshalb schnell mit aggressiveren mesenchymalen Neoplasien verwechselt werden. Neben benignen und malignen mesenchymalen Tumoren existiert eine Gruppe von Neoplasien, die bezüglich ihres biologischen Verhaltens eine gewisse Zwischenstellung einnehmen. So werden intermediäre, lokal aggressive Tumoren, die lokal aggressiv wachsen aber nicht metastasieren (z. B. Desmoidfibromatose), und intermediäre, lokal aggressive, sehr selten metastasierende Tumoren (z. B. angiomatoides fibröses Histiozytom, plexiformer fibrohistiozytischer Tumor) unterschieden. Während neben der Bestimmung der Differenzierungsrichtung der histologische Malignitätsgrad für die meisten Sarkome des tiefen Weichgewebes sehr wichtig für die Prognose und eine entsprechende Therapieplanung ist, folgen die meisten dermalen Sarkome der sogenannten „Oberflächenregel“, und auch morphologisch hoch-maligne Myofibrosarkome und Leiomyosarkome sind durch eine relativ gute Prognose gekennzeichnet. Wichtige Ausnahmen sind die kutanen Angiosarkome und das epitheloide Sarkom, die, unabhängig von ihrem morphologischen Malignitätsgrad, eine schlechte Prognose aufweisen und entsprechend aggressiv therapiert werden müssen.

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Mentzel, T. (2016). Mesenchymale Tumoren der Haut. In: Cerroni, L., Garbe, C., Metze, D., Kutzner, H., Kerl, H. (eds) Histopathologie der Haut. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45133-5_34

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45132-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45133-5

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

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