Anti-trust Proceedings and Fines

Frenz, Walter

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_8

Walter Frenz²

2761 Accesses

Abstract

The law of European anti-trust proceedings comprises all procedural rules relevant to the application of European competition law. These include not only procedural rules related to proceedings before the Commission but also rules related to proceedings in which the national competition authorities apply Art. 101, 102 TFEU. In addition, legal protection against decisions from the Commission and national competition authorities when applying European competition law and procedural rules related to the Commission’s handling of complaints submitted to it are of significance. The influence of the fundamental rights has become much stronger in the recent years. This concerns above all the exorbitant high fines.

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Notes

1.
For details regarding prior history see Krumstroh (2004).
2.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.
3.
Council Regulation No. 17: First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of 6 February 1962, OJ No. 13, p. 204, last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1216/1999, OJ 1999 L 148, p. 5.
4.
The question of the suitable legal basis for this regulation will not be addressed here; for further discussion, see above paras 1168 et seq. Because no action for annulment was lodged against the regulation, we may consider anew the question if a court should indeed force us to do so by means of a submission under Art. 267 TFEU, Schmidt (2003), 1238.
5.
See above para 294.
6.
See above paras 1157 et seq. Cf. Koenigs (2003), 755 et seq.
7.
See Schmidt (2003), 1238 et seq.; Weitbrecht (2003a), 69 et seq.
8.
Weitbrecht (2003a), 70; expressing some concern based on primary law, Pace (2004), 301 et seq.
9.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.
10.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 411/2004 of 26 February 2004 repealing Regulation (EEC) No. 3975/87 and amending Regulations (EEC) No. 3976/87 and (EC) No. 1/2003, in connection with air transport between the Community and third countries, OJ 2004 L 68, p. 1.
11.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1419/2006 of 25 September 2006 repealing Regulation (EEC) No. 4056/86 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport, and amending Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 as regards the extension of its scope to include cabotage and international tramp services, OJ 2006 L 269, p. 1.
12.
See also, Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4056/86 of 22 December 1986 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport, OJ L 378, p. 4.
13.
See Council Regulation (EC) No. 411/2004, OJ 2004 L 68 p. 1, Recital 3; Bechtold et al. (2009), Einführung para 19 which addresses the expansion in scope to cover maritime transportation services.
14.
COM (2000), 582 final version, OJ 2000 C 365 E, p. 284.
15.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 83)—Toshiba.
16.
ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 3)—Walt Wilhelm; see above paras 306 et seq.
17.
Later, e.g. ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (para 103)—Akzo Nobel; Cases C-295–298/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:461 (para 38)—Manfredi as well as Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 3)—Walt Wilhelm.
18.
ECJ, Case C-505/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:591 (para 52)—Compañía Española de Comercialización de Aceite.
19.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 85)—Toshiba.
20.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 86)—Toshiba.
21.
Comprehensive treatment of the entire topic, above paras 329 et seq.
22.
Viewing this as an infringement of the necessity principle under Art. 5 (4) TEU, Pace (2004), 303 et seq. Nevertheless, Art. 3 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 is a part of the overall system and ensures the actual primacy of the EU rules on competition.
23.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 3 paras 12 et seq.
24.
For additional discussion, see above paras 1066 et seq., 2338 et seq.
25.
See above paras 340 et seq.
26.
Recital 9 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
27.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 3 para 22 et seq.
28.
For additional discussion, see below paras 3109 et seq.
29.
ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270 (paras 28 et seq.)—Tele2 Polska; see below para 2855.
30.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 3 para 18.
31.
See, e.g. Möschel (2003), 571.
32.
ECJ, Cases 212–217/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:270 (para 9)—Meridionale Industria Salumi; Cases C-121 and 122/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:285 (para 22)—CT Control and JCT Benelux; Case C-201/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:136 (para 31)—Molenbergnatie; Case C-450/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:91 (para 27)—Varec.
33.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 47)—Toshiba.
34.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 50)—Toshiba.
35.
In particular, in light of ECJ, Cases 97–99/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:380—Dow Chemical Ibérica; Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 56 et seq.)—Toshiba.
36.
Frenz and Lülsdorf (2013), 170.
37.
See ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 61)—Toshiba also citing generally applicable Art. 45 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
38.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 62)—Toshiba.
39.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 63 et seq.)—Toshiba.
40.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 63 et seq.)—Toshiba.
41.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 91)—Toshiba.
42.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 3)—Walt Wilhelm; Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 81, 83 et seq.)—Toshiba with additional citations.
43.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 70 et seq.)—Toshiba.
44.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 77, 79)—Toshiba.
45.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 80, 91)—Toshiba.
46.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 83 et seq.)—Toshiba.
47.
With an all-the-more conclusion, ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 91)—Toshiba.
48.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 88 et seq.)—Toshiba.
49.
ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 97 et seq.)—Toshiba.
50.
ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 9)—Walt Wilhelm.
51.
For further discussion, see above paras 306 et seq.
52.
ECJ, Cases 253/78 and 1–3/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:188 (para 16)—Giry and Guerlain. For additional discussion, see above paras 308 et seq.
53.
Dougan (2003), 770; Craig (2004), 328.
54.
Calliess, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 AEUV para 9; Frenz (2011), paras 2217 et seq. with additional discussion.
55.
For further discussion, see Frenz (2010), paras 1740 et seq.
56.
Cf. Ladenburger (2008), p. 121.
57.
See Schmidt-Aßmann (1999), p. 18.
58.
See, e.g. von Danwitz (2008), p. 316; Schmidt-Aßmann (1999), p. 18. In detail with additional citations Frenz (2010), paras 1740 et seq.
59.
von Danwitz (2008), p. 316; Oppermann et al. (2014), § 11 para 3.
60.
Frenz (2010), paras 1892 et seq.
61.
In general, see Schmidt-Aßmann (2005), p. 6; Groß (2004), 20 et seq.; Pache (2007), 111.
62.
In general, see Schmidt-Aßmann (2005), p. 7; Groß (2007), 155; Frenz (2010), paras 1897 et seq. likewise with regard to the legal basis.
63.
Groß (2007), 155 with additional citations.
64.
Ludwig (2004), 227.
65.
Cf. below at paras 2476 et seq. regarding the allocation of cases.
66.
Art. 35 (1) sent. 2 Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
67.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 8 paras 6 et seq. with additional citations; cf. also Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 2). For additional discussion, see paras 3101 et seq.
68.
For additional discussion, see above paras 270 et seq.
69.
Recitals 15 et seq. of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
70.
With regard to the consequences, in particular in relation to the Bundeskartellamt (German Federal Cartel Office), Böge (2003), 441 et seq.
71.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43.
72.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 6.
73.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 6.
74.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 23.
75.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 7.
76.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 25.
77.
Murach, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 11 VO 1/2003 para 24.
78.
Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 11 VerfVO para 19.
79.
Murach, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 11 VO 1/2003 para 25.
80.
See General Court, Case T-39/90 R, ECLI:EU:T:1990:70 (para 28)—SEP.
81.
ECJ, Case C-36/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1994:205 (para 35)—SEP.
82.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 16.
83.
See below paras 2476 et seq.
84.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 7.
85.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 6.
86.
This is made on the basis of the corresponding voluntary commitment provided in the Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 39) as well as the corresponding Annex, Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 42 in conjunction with fn. 70 et seq.
87.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 29.
88.
See above para 2405.
89.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 30.
90.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 8.
91.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 paras 31, 33.
92.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 30.
93.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 31.
94.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 13; openly contrary, Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 38.
95.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11.
96.
Further discussion in relation to Germany, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 10.
97.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 18.
98.
Further discussion in Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 51.
99.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 52.
100.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11.
101.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 53.
102.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 18, 43 et seq.).
103.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 16.
104.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 8.
105.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 16 et seq.); cf. below paras 2476 et seq.
106.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11.
107.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 43 et seq.).
108.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17 citing Commission Decision of 14 April 2010, COMP/39351—Swedish Interconnection.
109.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 22.
110.
ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (paras 59 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij.
111.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 18.
112.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 52).
113.
Using this as a basis, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17 citing ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (para 21)—IBM.
114.
See Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17.
115.
Still referring to Art. 11 (6) Regulation No. 1/2003, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11, however different treatment in Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 16.
116.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 19.
117.
Cf. para 2477.
118.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 55).
119.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 18.
120.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 20.
121.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 20.
122.
For further discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 3012 et seq.
123.
See—however not referring to primacy of European Union law—Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 16 VO 1/2003 para 9.
124.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 54).
125.
Also finding there to be a contradiction on this point, Leopold (2004), 541.
126.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 123.
127.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case 283/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:335 (para 14, 16)—C.I.L.F.I.T.
128.
In favourable of such a transfer, Leopold (2004), 542.
129.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 124.
130.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 127.
131.
See, e.g. Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 128.
132.
Leopold (2004), 542 et seq.
133.
Cf. ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (paras 21 et seq.)—IBM regarding the legal acts associated with the initiation of proceedings and communication of the primary points of objection.
134.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 11; further discussion Leopold (2004), 545 et seq.; Schwarze (2006), p. 491.
135.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17 end.
136.
See above paras 356, 369 et seq.
137.
See below para 2465.
138.
Cf. Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 27).
139.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 3.
140.
ECJ, Case C-67/91, ECLI:EU:C:1992:330 (paras 33 et seq.)—Spanish banking association.
141.
“However schizophrenia was not required”, posits Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 1.
142.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 4.
143.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 15 and very critical in relation to the resulting limited protection for trade or business secrets § 5 paras 28 et seq.
144.
Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 12 VerfVO para 14.
145.
ECJ, Case C-280/93, ECLI:EU:C:1994:367 (para 75)—Bananas; Frenz (2009), paras 2534, 2671.
146.
Frenz (2009), para 4996.
147.
See, e.g. Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 5.
148.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 5 end.
149.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 99; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 7 with a specific example.
150.
Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 100.
151.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 paras 16 et seq.
152.
Following ECJ, Case C-617/10, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105—Åkerberg Fransson Jungheim (2013), 305 et seq. with additional citations.
153.
See above paras 1753 et seq. Regarding current cases, below paras 2710 et seq.
154.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 40 et seq.). Further discussion of the entire topic, Blake and Schnichels (2004), 552 et seq. as well as below paras 2483 et seq.
155.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366—Donau Chemie; further discussion below paras 2719 et seq.
156.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 20 et seq.).
157.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 13 VO 1/2003 para 1; see also Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 13 para 254.
158.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 2.
159.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 13 VO 1/2003 para 3.
160.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 3.
161.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 24 et seq.).
162.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 22 et seq.).
163.
See above paras 2451 et seq.
164.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 2.
165.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 3.
166.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 14 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.
167.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 3.
168.
See, e.g. De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 3.
169.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 14 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.
170.
Regarding limits in the context of practical realisation, see Dalheimer et al. (2005), Art. 14 para 7.
171.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 14 VO 1/2003 para 3.
172.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 12; see also Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 11 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 12.
173.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 24; cf. Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 62).
174.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 61).
175.
Cf. above paras 356, 369 et seq.
176.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 63 et seq.).
177.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 2.
178.
Jungheim (2013), 306.
179.
Jungheim (2013), 307.
180.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 33.
181.
Bischke, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 22 VO 1/2003 para 3.
182.
Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 22 para 421.
183.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 22 VO 1/2003 para 24 with additional citations.
184.
Dalheimer et al. (2005), Art. 22 para 5; Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.
185.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 137.
186.
Jungheim (2013), 307.
187.
The national competition authorities also enforce EU competition law.
188.
Bischke, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 22 VO 1/2003 para 3.
189.
Austrian Supreme Court of Justice (OGH), Docket no. 160 k7/09; Jungheim (2013), 306 et seq.
190.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 140.
191.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 5 et seq.).
192.
See above para 2405.
193.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 19).
194.
Jungheim (2013), 307.
195.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 8).
196.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 14 et seq.).
197.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 34); critical of this point, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 42.
198.
Jungheim (2013), 308.
199.
Jungheim (2013), 310.
200.
The Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 provides additional considerations in this regard, cf. also Blake and Schnichels (2004), 554 et seq.
201.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 39 et seq.); critical of this point, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 paras 48 et seq.
202.
Blake and Schnichels (2004), 553.
203.
Notice on the cooperation between the Commission and the courts of the EU Member States in the application of Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (para 26).
204.
For additional discussion, see Frenz (2013a), 778.
205.
Other view, Blake and Schnichels (2004), 554, who presume, without explanation and contrary to the text of Art. 11 (6) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, that competence to apply domestic competition law is also withdrawn from national authorities.
206.
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004 of 7 April 2004 relating to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission pursuant to Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ L 123, p. 18.
207.
Art. 2 Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004; see below para 2503, however also 2510 et seq.
208.
For a detailed treatment, Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 14).
209.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (paras 7 et seq.). For additional discussion, see paras 2858 et seq.
210.
Regarding the standard process for a complaint procedure, see below paras 3182 et seq.
211.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 7 para 16.
212.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 3.
213.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 6; other view with regard to the expense of lodging suit before a national court, Klees (2005), § 6 para 33.
214.
Describing this alternative, Klees (2005), § 6 para 33 fn. 94.
215.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 4, 32): general information, Klees (2005), § 6 para 33.
216.
Klees (2005), § 6 para 31.
217.
Contra, General Court, Case T-213/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:292—Österreichische Postsparkasse; Case T-214/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:293—Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft in response to an after-the-fact complaint from the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ).
218.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 4.
219.
See, e.g. De Bronett (2012), Art. 7 para 18.
220.
See Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 31); critical of this aspect, Klees (2005), § 6 para 35.
221.
Klees (2005), § 6 para 32.
222.
General Court, Cases T-133 and 204/95, ECLI:EU:T:1998:215 (para 79)—IECC; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 40).
223.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 36).
224.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 36).
225.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 7 para 19.
226.
See previously, Commission Decision 74/433/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 16—FRUBO.
227.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 36); Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 12.
228.
General Court, Case T-114/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:11 (para 28)—BEMIM.
229.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 35 et seq.)—citing General Court, Case T-114/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:11 (para 28)—BEMIM; Cases T-133 and 204/95, ECLI:EU:T:1998:215 (paras 79 et seq.)—IECC.
230.
General Court, Case T-213 and 214/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:151 (paras 113 et seq.)—Österreichische Postsparkasse und Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 37).
231.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 38 et seq.).
232.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 13.
233.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 40).
234.
ECJ, Case 125/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:237—GEMA.
235.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 13 as well as Art. 8 VO Nr. 1/2003 paras 3 et seq.; see also ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18—Camera Care.
236.
See immediately following para 2503.
237.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 61).
238.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 23.
239.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 75).
240.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 79).
241.
ECJ, Case C-282/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:159 (para 38)—Guérin automobiles.
242.
ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490—BAT and Reynolds; General Court, Case T-64/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:42 (para 57)—Automec I.
243.
ECJ, Case C-282/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:159 (para 36)—Guérin automobiles; from the literature Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 24.
244.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 25.
245.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 41).
246.
ECJ, Case C-119/97 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:116 (para 87)—Ufex; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 42).
247.
General Court, Case T-115/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:54 (para 34)—SEP.
248.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 25.
249.
General Court, Case T-24/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:97 (para 76)—Automec.
250.
See ECJ, Case C-119/97 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:116 (para 93)—Ufex.
251.
See Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44).
252.
See additional citations Klees (2005), § 6 para 40.
253.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44).
254.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44).
255.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 44 et seq.) citing applicable case law of the ECJ.
256.
General Court, Case T-319/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:50 (para 43)—FENIN; Case T-575/93, ECLI:EU:T:1996:1 (para 40)—Koelman.
257.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 47).
258.
General Court, Case T-24/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:97 (para 88)—Automec; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 27 et seq.); Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 25.
259.
General Court, Case T-427/08, ECLI:EU:T:2010:517 (para 27)—CEAHR; Case T-62/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:53 (para 36)—Sodima; Case T-5/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:12 (paras 59 et seq.)—Tremblay.
260.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44 2nd indent) do not comprise hardcore restrictions.
261.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44 2nd indent) do not comprise hardcore restrictions.
262.
See above para 2505.
263.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44 3rd indent) do not comprise hardcore restrictions.
264.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 45).
265.
Frenz (2014), 367, regarding the preceding as well.
266.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 13.
267.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 2.
268.
General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70 (para 367)—HFB.
269.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 2.
270.
See ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 14)—Orkem.
271.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 14)—Orkem.
272.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 21.
273.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 47) with further citations
274.
See above para 1183.
275.
Recital 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
276.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 4.
277.
General Court, Case T-34/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:46 (para 77)—Société Générale.
278.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 15.
279.
Detailed discussion of the limits on investigative powers, Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.
280.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.
281.
Art. 6 ECHR and Art. 47 CFR.
282.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.
283.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 3)—Orkem.
284.
Art. 27 (1) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
285.
Art. 27 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
286.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8, which derives this right from the common legal systems of the Member States; Dalheimer et al. (2005), Vor Art. 17 para 30.
287.
Art. 28 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
288.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 12; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 14; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 5.
289.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 7 for the following as well.
290.
Commission Decision of 13 May 2005, COMP/B-1/39.172 (para 4)—Electricity and COMP/B-1/39.173 (para 4)—Natural gas.
291.
Commission Decision of 13 May 2005, COMP/B-1/39.172 (para 3 and 4)—Electricity and COMP/B-1/39.173 (para 3 and 4)—Natural gas.
292.
Commission Decision of 13 May 2005, COMP/B-1/39.172 (para 3 and 4)—Electricity and COMP/B-1/39.173 (para 3 and 4)—Natural gas.
293.
Press release IP/04/134, Investigation of the sale of sports rights to Internet and mobile communications providers “for the protection of access to sports rights and the avoidance of discrimination”.
294.
Commission Decision of 15 January 2008, COMP/D2/39.514 (para 4)—Pharmaceuticals; Press release IP/08/49 of 16 January 2008, accessible at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-49_de.htm.
295.
Commission Decision of 13/06/2005, COMP/D-1/39.190—Retail banking business.
296.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 7.
297.
Critical in this regard, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 5.
298.
Lorsque l’évolution des échanges entre États membres, la rigidité des prix ou dʼautres circonstances font présumer que la concurrence peut être restreinte ou faussée à l’intérieur du marché commun, la Commission peut mener son enquête sur un secteur particulier de l’économie ou un type particulier d’accords dans différents secteurs.
299.
Where the trend of trade between Member States, the rigidity of prices or other circumstances suggest that competition may be restricted or distorted within the common market, the Commission may conduct its inquiry into a particular sector of the economy or into a particular type of agreements across various sectors.
300.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 3.
301.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO paras 13 et seq.; contrary view, see e.g. Bischke, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 7.
302.
See ECJ, Case 85/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:379 (paras 17 et seq.)—Dow Benelux.
303.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 3; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 19.
304.
Commission’s Final Report on the Business Insurance Sector Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, COM (2007) 556 final.
305.
Executive Summary of the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Report, COM (2009), 351 final version; Commission Decision of 15 January 2008 initiating an inquiry into the pharmaceutical sector pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, COMP/D2/39.514.
306.
Commission’s Final Report on the Retail Banking Sector Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, COM (2007) 33 final.
307.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 3.
308.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 19.
309.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 4.
310.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 24.
311.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 8.
312.
Prevailing opinion, Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009) Art. 17 VerfVO para 9; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 26; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 6; Klees (2005), § 9 para 10.
313.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 9.
314.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 27.
315.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 27.
316.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 27.
317.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 21 with additional citations.
318.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 21.
319.
Critical here as well, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 7 end.
320.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 3.
321.
Cf. paras 2667 et seq.
322.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 48.
323.
Cf. Recital 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
324.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 9.
325.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 66.
326.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 17 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 7; see also De Bronett (2012), Art. 28 para 3.
327.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 46.
328.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 46 with additional citations.
329.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 28 VO 1/2003 para 5.
330.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 28 VO 1/2003 para 5.
331.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 9.
332.
Nettesheim, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 288 AEUV para 199.
333.
Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 9; Klees (2005), § 9 para 11.
334.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 paras 8 et seq.
335.
See also immediately following para 2555 end.
336.
See below paras 2565 et seq.
337.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 32.
338.
See below paras 2565 et seq.
339.
See above para 2554.
340.
See above para 2555.
341.
Recital 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
342.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 8.
343.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 8.
344.
See above para 2524.
345.
ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S; Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 15 et seq.)—Orkem.
346.
ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S; Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 15 et seq.)—Orkem.
347.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 6, more clearly Bechtold et al. (2014) Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 2.
348.
General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (paras 59 et seq.)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke; for additional discussion, see General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118 (paras 402 et seq.)—Tokai Carbon with numerous additional citations.
349.
E.g. Thomas and Putzo (2013), § 284 para 3; Zöller (2014), Vor § 284 para 5.
350.
Similar position in general, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 5 paras 32 et seq.
351.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 32 et seq.)—Orkem; General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 65)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke. See however, below paras 2565 et seq.
352.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 paras 55 et seq.
353.
See below para 2567.
354.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 32 et seq.)—Orkem.
355.
With additional citations AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 41)—Schenker.
356.
ECHR of 25 February 1993, Series A No. 256-A, para 44—Funke/France.
357.
ECHR of 8 February 1996, EuGRZ 1996, 587 (para 45)—John Murray/United Kingdom; of 17 December 1996, Rec. 1996-IV (para 68)—Saunders/United Kingdom.
358.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 12 end, no longer in Bechtold et al. (2014).
359.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 12 citing General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 76)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke, no longer in Bechtold et al. (2014).
360.
ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (paras 207 et seq.)—Aalborg Portland.
361.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 5 para 31.
362.
ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157 (paras 18 et seq.)—AM & S Europe.
363.
General Court, Case T-30/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:70 (paras 8, 18)—Hilti.
364.
ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 43 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.
365.
ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 57 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.
366.
Seitz (2004), 233, 235.
367.
See above para 2569.
368.
Previously cited by Bechtold (1992), 51 et seq.
369.
In favour of such a privilege Seitz (2004), 234 et seq. Also emphasising the required degree of independence, General Court (President), Cases T-125 and 253/03 R, ECLI:EU:T:2003:287 (paras 126 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.
370.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 64)—Schenker.
371.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 36 with additional citations.
372.
Cf. above at para 2554.
373.
Recital 25 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
374.
Recital 25 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
375.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 41.
376.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 19 VO 1/2003 para 4.
377.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 19 VO 1/2003 para 4.
378.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 38.
379.
Klees (2005), § 9 para 39.
380.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst.
381.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst.
382.
ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 57 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.
383.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 9 et seq.
384.
Recital 25 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
385.
Comprehensive discussion of this topic, see below paras 2667 et seq.
386.
ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157 (para 16)—AM & S; Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 45)—Roquette Frères.
387.
ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 40 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.
388.
See above para 2587 with regard to interviews.
389.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 35)—Orkem.
390.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 39 et seq.)—Orkem.
391.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 34 et seq.)—Orkem citing Regulation No. 17: First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty, OJ 1962 No. 13, p. 204 (paras 1 et seq.); now Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004 of 7 April 2004 relating to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission pursuant to Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ L 123, p. 18, last amended by Commission Regulation 622/2008, OJ 2008 L 171, p. 3.
392.
ECJ, Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (paras 26 et seq.)—National Panasonic.
393.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 7.
394.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 4, no longer in Bechtold et al. (2014).
395.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 7.
396.
Recital 24 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
397.
Nowak, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 20 VerfVO para 5.
398.
For further discussion, see Frenz (2012b), para 18 et seq.
399.
Nowak, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009) Art. 20 VerfVO para 6.
400.
ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 35)—Orkem.
401.
Regarding the expansion of Art. 7 CFR, or its parallel under Art. 8 ECHR, to business premises as well as their reduced degree of protection, ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 29)—Roquette Frères and for further discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 1234 et seq., 1239 et seq.
402.
Nowak, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 20 VerfVO para 10.
403.
For a detailed discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 4988 et seq.
404.
ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 18)—Johnston; General Court, Case T-279/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:103 (para 421)—Degussa.
405.
ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 19)—Johnston.
406.
ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 19)—Johnston.
407.
ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 18)—Johnston; Case C-424/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:642 (para 45)—Commission/Austria; Case C-50/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:462 (para 39)—Unión de Pequeños Agricultores; General Court, Case T-279/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:103 (para 421)—Degussa.
408.
Frenz (2009), para 5005.
409.
See below paras 2652 et seq. regarding necessity in national law.
410.
Also with regard to prior General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (paras 108, 111)—Deutsche Bahn.
411.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 112)—Deutsche Bahn.
412.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 111)—Deutsche Bahn.
413.
See below paras 2664 et seq.
414.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 15)—Hoechst; with additional citations Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 20 VerfVO para 15.
415.
Frenz (2009), paras 5033 et seq. with further citations.
416.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 14)—Hoechst, citing Case 322/81, ECLI:EU:C:1983:313 (para 7)—Michelin.
417.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 15)—Hoechst.
418.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst.
419.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and C-227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst, citing Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S; Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 46)—Roquette Frères; Case 85/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:379 (para 27)—Dow Benelux.
420.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 20 para 1.
421.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77)—Roquette Frères.
422.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77)—Roquette Frères; Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (paras 28 et seq.)—National Panasonic.
423.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77)—Roquette Frères; Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 15)—Orkem; Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (paras 28 et seq.)—National Panasonic.
424.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 20.
425.
See above para 2609.
426.
Cf. above at para 2554 regarding requests for information.
427.
Sanctions pursuant to Art. 23 (1) alt. c) and d) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
428.
See above para 2610.
429.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 34 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.
430.
See General Court, Case T-56 inter alia/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:333—Marlines.
431.
See above paras 584 et seq.
432.
Cf. below at para 2570.
433.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 12.
434.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 12.
435.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 12 end.
436.
ECJ, Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (para 15)—National Panasonic.
437.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 14.
438.
For example, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 14; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 72.
439.
See above paras 2552 et seq.
440.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 71.
441.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 73.
442.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2565 et seq.
443.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 74.
444.
Art. 4 Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004.
445.
Subject to dispute, see above paras 2622 et seq.
446.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 15.
447.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404—Schenker further discussion and criticism Frenz (2013f), 272.
448.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 18.
449.
ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 34)—Hoechst.
450.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 21. For additional discussion, see paras 2642 et seq.
451.
See below paras 3139 et seq.
452.
See above para 2603.
453.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 34 and 37)—Roquette Frères.
454.
Regarding the role of national courts in an inspection conducted by the Commission, cf. also Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 81 and 82 of the EEC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (paras 38 et seq.).
455.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 19 para 16.
456.
For additional discussion, see paras 2652 et seq., likewise with regard to the following.
457.
Critical in this regard, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 24.
458.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603—Roquette Frères.
459.
Critical of the resulting deficit in the right to pursue effective legal remedy, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 23 with additional citations.
460.
ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 34)—Hoechst; ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 49)—Roquette Frères.
461.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 81.
462.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 35 with additional citations.
463.
See ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 30 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.
464.
Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 35.
465.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 20 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 36.
466.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 34)—Roquette Frères; ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (paras 33 et seq.)—Hoechst.
467.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 10.
468.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 10.
469.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 10.
470.
ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 32)—Hoechst.
471.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 74)—Roquette Frères.
472.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 20 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 40.
473.
ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 35)—Hoechst.
474.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 39)—Roquette Frères.
475.
Also with regard to the previous case, ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 35)—Hoechst.
476.
General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 51)—France Télécom SA with additional citations.
477.
General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 52)—France Télécom SA.
478.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 54 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.
479.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 54)—Roquette Frères.
480.
General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 60)—France Télécom SA; see also previously, ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 55, 61, 99)—Roquette Frères.
481.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 62)—Roquette Frères.
482.
Also with regard to prior ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 65 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.
483.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 24.
484.
General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 52)—France Télécom SA.
485.
Most recently General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 193)—Deutsche Bahn, previously ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 76)—Roquette Frères; General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 118)—France Télécom SA.
486.
Most recently likewise with regard to prior General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 193, 216)—Deutsche Bahn; Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 118)—France Télécom SA; see also previously, ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77 with additional citations)—Roquette Frères.
487.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 194)—Deutsche Bahn; Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 118)—France Télécom SA; ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 78 with additional citations)—Roquette Frères.
488.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 65)—Deutsche Bahn.
489.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 50)—Deutsche Bahn.
490.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (paras 65 et seq.)—Deutsche Bahn, approved by ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404—Deutsche Bahn.
491.
ECHR of 15 February 2011, No. 56716/09 (paras 40, 44)—Harju/Finland; of 15 February 2011, No. 56715/09 (paras 40, 44)—Heino/Finland; of 1 April 2008, No. 73957/01 (para 70)—Varga/Romania; of 21 December 2010, No. 29408/08 (para 54)—Société Canal Plus inter alia/France.
492.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 73)—Deutsche Bahn.
493.
General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 74)—Deutsche Bahn.
494.
ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404—Deutsche Bahn.
495.
ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712 (paras 53 et seq.)—Altrip.
496.
ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712 (paras 24 et seq.)—Altrip.
497.
ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404 (para 64)—Deutsche Bahn.
498.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 27)—Roquette Frères; Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 19)—Hoechst.
499.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 1.
500.
See also Recital 26 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
501.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 17)—Hoechst.
502.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 29)—Roquette Frères; for further discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 1234 et seq. and paras 1239 et seq.
503.
Accord Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 19 para 19; critical view, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 paras 26 et seq.
504.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 2, related to a motor vehicle. Nonetheless, the documents will be located in the private residence prior to the start.
505.
Cf. regarding Art. 13 GG BVerfGE 115, 166 (196); 103, 142 (150 et seq.).
506.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 4.
507.
Opposed to fixed limits, Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 11, 13.
508.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 7.
509.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 5.
510.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 5.
511.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 10.
512.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 19)—Hoechst; Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 27)—Roquette Frères.
513.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 8.
514.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 9.
515.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 9.
516.
Cf. above at paras 2653 et seq.
517.
Accordingly, see above paras 2565 et seq., 2570 et seq.
518.
In general, and likewise extensive discussion of the following topic, Heidenreich (2004), p. 31 et seq.
519.
ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (paras 20 et seq.)—IBM.
520.
ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (para 42)—Ahlström.
521.
See ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71 (paras 91 et seq.)—Chemiefarma; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 13.
522.
ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 30)—AEG.
523.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 13.
524.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 27 para 17; Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 12.
525.
ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 60)—Aalborg Portland; ECJ, Case C-176/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2003:524 (para 21)—ARBED; with additional citations.
526.
ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (paras 145 et seq.)—Compagnie maritime belge transports.
527.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 10 with reference to the exception in settlement proceedings.
528.
General Court, Case T-31/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:77 (paras 85 et seq.)—ABB; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 11.
529.
General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (para 146)—Corus.
530.
General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (para 151)—Corus still with reference to a serious or very serious, respectively, infringement within the meaning of the Commission Guidelines, which have since been amended on this point. Severity is based on all relevant circumstances, Guidelines for setting fines pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 20).
531.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 11.
532.
For further discussion, see General Court, Case T-120/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:350 (para 50)—Peróxidos Orgánicos.
533.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 10.
534.
Regarding the right to access files, General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 156)—Cimenteries CBR.
535.
General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (paras 154 et seq.)—Corus.
536.
General Court, Case T-44/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (para 65)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke.
537.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 19.
538.
ECJ, Case 27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22 (para 270/273)—United Brands; Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 96/97)—Suiker Unie.
539.
General Court, Case T-44/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:218 (paras 62 et seq.)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke.
540.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 27 para 38.
541.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 21.
542.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 23.
543.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 5 para 26.
544.
General Court, Case T-353/94, ECLI:EU:T:1996:119 (para 87)—Postbank.
545.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 32)—Pfleiderer.
546.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 32)—Pfleiderer.
547.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 17)—Pfleiderer.
548.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 20)—Pfleiderer.
549.
Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union, OJ L 349, p. 1.
550.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.
551.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.
552.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.
553.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.
554.
See e.g. ECJ, Case C-404/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:393 (paras 108 et seq.)—Éditions Odile Jacob; further discussion below para 2730.
555.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 34)—Donau Chemie citing Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 31)—Pfleiderer.
556.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (paras 40, 43)—Donau Chemie.
557.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 47)—Donau Chemie.
558.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 48)—Donau Chemie.
559.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 48)—Donau Chemie.
560.
See ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 47)—Donau Chemie.
561.
Gussone and Maritzen (2013), 293.
562.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (paras 30 et seq.)—Pfleiderer; refusing accessing following this decision, AG Bonn, 51 Gs 53/09; see Hauger and Palzer (2012), 126 et seq.
563.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 49)—Donau Chemie with comments Hempel (2013).
564.
Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union, OJ L 349, p. 1; see previously Art. 6 of the Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union of 11 June 2013, COM (2013) 404 final. With regard to the prior efforts, Milde (2013), p. 242 et seq., 264 et seq. as well as p. 240 et seq. with proposals from the literature.
565.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.
566.
Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, OJ 2001 L 145, p. 43.
567.
See above, Nowak, fireu-Newsletter 14/2013, p. 6, accessible online at http://www.fireu.de (last accessed on 27 March 2014).
568.
Regarding the following discussion, see Frenz (2013a), 778.
569.
ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496 (para 72)—MyTravel with additional citations; General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (para 32)—CDC.
570.
See, e.g. General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 54 and 57)—EnBW.
571.
See e.g. ECJ, Case C-28/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:378 (para 49)—Bavarian Lager.
572.
Epiney, In: Fluck and Theuer (2012), D III 2.2 para 19.
573.
ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496 (paras 87 et seq.)—MyTravel.
574.
In favour of a partial exclusionary effect, Kleine (2007), 307; additional citations pro et contra Westhoff (2007), p. 119 et seq.
575.
Cf. Bueren (2011a), 74 et seq.
576.
Milde (2013), p. 91 citing Schroll (2012), p. 189.
577.
ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:376 (paras 55 et seq.)—TGI.
578.
ECJ, Case C-404/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:393 (paras 108 et seq.)—Éditions Odile Jacob; Case C-477/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:394 (paras 50 et seq.)—Agrofert; Case C-28/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:378—Bavarian Lager; also Case C-514 inter alia/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:541 (para 100)—API citing Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:376 (para 58)—TGI.
579.
ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496 (paras 72 et seq.)—MyTravel; following General Court, Case T-403/05, ECLI:EU:T:2008:316 (para 89)—MyTravel.
580.
Milde (2013), p. 97 et seq. citing an exception in the law of civil servants, EuGÖD, Cases F-124/05 and 96/06, ECLI:EU:F:2010:2 (para 239)—A and G/Commission due to the special obligations to safeguard the right to mount a defence on the part of the respective person from Art. 26 of status as a civil servant. However, just as is the case with Art. 27 Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 this does not protect against the access rights of third parties (p. 98 et seq.).
581.
Extensively highlighting this necessity, ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 83 et seq.)—EnBW.
582.
See General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 56 et seq.)—EnBW (appealed to the ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112); with an entirely isolated examination, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (paras 33 et seq.)—CDC; detailed discussion, Palzer (2012), 583 et seq.; Frenz and Lülsdorf (2013), 170 et seq.
583.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:520 (paras 89 et seq.)—TGI.
584.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:520 (para 42)—TGI.
585.
More detailed discussion, with additional citations Frenz (2009), paras 4625 et seq.; with regard to the latter, see also, e.g. Riemann (2004), p. 270 et seq.
586.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (paras 26 et seq.)—Pfleiderer; see also Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 33)—Donau Chemie.
587.
Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union, OJ L 349, p. 1. See previously Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union of 11 June 2013, COM (2013) 404 final, following Art. 7 (1) precisely without access to “leniency statements”.
588.
ECJ, Case C-453/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:465 (paras 26 et seq.)—Courage and Crehan.
589.
Most recently, ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 63)—EnBW.
590.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 29, 45)—EnBW.
591.
ECJ, Case C-39 and 52/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:374 (para 49)—Turco; Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 65)—EnBW.
592.
ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 67)—EnBW.
593.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 46)—EnBW; further discussion Frenz and Lülsdorf (2013), 170 et seq. with regard to the following as well.
594.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 47)—EnBW; Case T-2/03, ECLI:EU:T:2005:125 (paras 74 et seq.)—VKI.
595.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 50, 103)—EnBW.
596.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 105)—EnBW.
597.
General Court, Case T-2/03, ECLI:EU:T:2005:125 (para 114)—VKI.
598.
In favour of an individual assessment, General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 49, 62)—EnBW.
599.
ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 93, 101)—EnBW.
600.
ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 100 et seq.)—EnBW with additional citations.
601.
ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 64)—EnBW; General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 78)—EnBW.
602.
ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 82)—EnBW.
603.
Directly also General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (paras 33 et seq.)—CDC.
604.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 40, 134 with additional citations)—EnBW.
605.
ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 94, 101 et seq.)—EnBW.
606.
General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (para 45)—CDC.
607.
General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (para 47)—CDC.
608.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 70 et seq.)—EnBW.
609.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (paras 40, 43)—Donau Chemie.
610.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 57, 61)—EnBW. More refined, ECJ, Case C-365/12 P (paras 88 et seq.)—EnBW.
611.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 57, 116 et seq.)—EnBW.
612.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 124 et seq.)—EnBW.
613.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 125)—EnBW.
614.
General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 126 with additional citations)—EnBW.
615.
See also General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 128)—EnBW.
616.
Contra, Milde (2013), p. 172; Kleine (2007), 309. Open and leaving consideration to the national courts, ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (paras 26 et seq.)—Pfleiderer in view of a parallel scenario.
617.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (paras 45 et seq.)—Donau Chemie.
618.
Gussone and Maritzen (2013), 293.
619.
See above paras 2721 et seq.
620.
ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 48)—Donau Chemie: “not disclosing … can be justified”.
621.
See above para 2729.
622.
See above para 2736 end.
623.
General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (paras 147 et seq.)—Cimenteries CBR.
624.
General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 156)—Cimenteries CBR; cf. above paras 2685 et seq. on the right to a hearing before the court.
625.
Detailed discussion in General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (paras 241 et seq.)—Cimenteries CBR; ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (paras 75 et seq.)—Aalborg Portland.
626.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 1.
627.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 1.
628.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 19.
629.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 27.
630.
ECJ, Case 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18 (para 45)—Commercial Solvents.
631.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 20 para 34.
632.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 23.
633.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 20.
634.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 21.
635.
Art. 3 alt. b) Commission Decision 76/353/EEC, OJ 1976 L 95, p. 1—United Brands; affirmed in ECJ, Case C-27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22—United Brands.
636.
Commission Decision 93/50/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 23—Astra.
637.
Commission Decision 76/353/EEC, OJ 1976 L 95, p. 1 (Art. 1 alt. b) and c), Art. 3 alt. a))—United Brands; 91/299/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 21 (Art. 1 alt. b), c), Art. 2)—Soda/Solvay; 92/163/EEC, OJ 1992 L 72, p. 1 (Art. 3 (3))—Tetra Pak II.
638.
See, e.g. Commission Decision 92/163/EEC, OJ 1992 L 72, p. 1 (Art. 3 (1))—Tetra Pak II; 85/609/EEC, OJ 1985 L 374, p. 1 (Art. 3)—AKZO; ECJ, Case C-62/86, ECLI:EU:C:1991:286 (paras 155 et seq.)—AKZO Chemie.
639.
Commission Decision 89/205/EEC, OJ 1989 L 78, p. 43 (Art. 2)—Magill; affirmed by ECJ, Case C-241 and 242/91 P, ECLI:EU:C:1995:98—Magill.
640.
This may not itself be touched, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 19. Ultimately, it is not prohibited as such.
641.
Commission Decision 72/457/EEC, OJ 1972 L 299, p. 51 (Art. 2)—Commercial Solvents.
642.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 18.
643.
Further discussion, Klees and Hauser (2007), 600 et seq. regarding ownership unbundling in the energy sector to the extent one even affirms such a competence at all, see Baur et al. (2008), 483; Pielow and Ehlers (2007), 259; Frenz (2009), para 2943 end.
644.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 24; Haus (2001), 662 et seq.
645.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 22.
646.
Klees (2005), § 6 para 81; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 23.
647.
Schmidt (2003), 1242; Klees (2005), § 6 para 81 end.
648.
See however, above paras 1542 et seq. with regard to public accessibility.
649.
Recital 12 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
650.
See above para 2758.
651.
This may not always be made easily, Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4 end.
652.
With additional citations Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 48.
653.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 47.
654.
See Dalheimer et al. (2005), Art. 7 para 14; Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.
655.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4 citing draft Commission Regulation, COM (2000) 582 final (statement of purpose IV, Chap. III re Art. 7).
656.
See above paras 2761 et seq.
657.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.
658.
ECJ, Case 7/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:52 (paras 24 et seq.)—GVL.
659.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 52 with citations; see ECJ, Case C-39/93, ECLI:EU:C:1994:253 (paras 28 et seq.)—SFEI.
660.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 51.
661.
OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1.
662.
Hirsbrunner (2011), 13.
663.
Graham (2013), p. 339; comprehensive treatment Bueren (2011b).
664.
Further discussion, including the following point as well, Frenz and Bresges (2012), 72 et seq.
665.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 5).
666.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 11).
667.
Hirsbrunner (2011), 13.
668.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 14).
669.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 15).
670.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 15).
671.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 16).
672.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 17).
673.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 19).
674.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 20).
675.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 22).
676.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 26).
677.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 24).
678.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 29).
679.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 28).
680.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 32).
681.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 33).
682.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 29).
683.
Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 29).
684.
Hirsbrunner (2011), 15.
685.
Hirsbrunner (2011), 16.
686.
Frenz and Bresges (2012), 79.
687.
Hirsbrunner (2011), 15.
688.
Frenz and Bresges (2012), 79.
689.
General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 28, 61 et seq.)—La Cinq.
690.
General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 61 et seq.)—La Cinq; Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 4.
691.
General Court, Case T-23/90, ECLI:EU:T:1991:45 (para 61)—Peugeot.
692.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 8 para 2 end.
693.
General Court, Case T-44/99, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 61 et seq.)—La Cinq; Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 5.
694.
General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 68)—IMS Health.
695.
General Court, Case T-23/90, ECLI:EU:T:1991:45 (para 63)—Peugeot.
696.
Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 5.
697.
See, e.g. Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 20 paras 40 et seq.
698.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.
699.
Open to such an extent, Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 14.
700.
Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.
701.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 8 para 3; Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.
702.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.
703.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 9.
704.
See Commission decision on the port of Roscoff, Commission press release IP 95/492 dated 16 May 1995, reproduced by Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 17.
705.
See above paras 2208 et seq.
706.
See, e.g. Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 10.
707.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 8.
708.
ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18—Camera Care; General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 71)—IMS Health.
709.
Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 6.
710.
General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 79 et seq.)—La Cinq.
711.
Commission Decision 93/405/EEC, OJ 1993 L 183, p. 1—Schöller as well as Commission Decision 93/406/EEC, OJ 1993 L 183, p. 19—Langnese/Iglo; covered by Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 18.
712.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 56.
713.
With additional citations Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 14.
714.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 6 para 42.
715.
Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 9.
716.
Earlier ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18 (paras 18 et seq.)—Camera Care.
717.
Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 9 end.
718.
Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 11.
719.
For further reference to the degree of probability in this connection, see Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 11.
720.
General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 120)—IMS Health.
721.
However, in favour Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 11.
722.
Referring to this also Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 21.
723.
Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, OJ 2003 C 193, p. 41, last amended on 19 June 2013, OJ L 173, p. 66.
724.
General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372 (para 44)—Microsoft; Case T-217/03 R 2, ECLI:EU:T:2006:391 (para 68)—FNCBV.
725.
In general, see ECJ, Case C-195/90 R, ECLI:EU:C:1990:314 (paras 30 et seq.)—Commission/Germany.
726.
General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372 (paras 320, 476 et seq.)—Microsoft also due to damages that are not irreparable.
727.
General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372 (para 34)—Microsoft.
728.
Schmidt (2003), 1242 with reference to the elements of commitment practice, of the prerequisite and the condition included in this instrument.
729.
Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 62.
730.
Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 62.
731.
For general, former legal situation, see Schwarze (2002), 745.
732.
Therefore assuming a legal duty, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 7; “any kind of right of the undertakings” qtd. Klees (2005), § 6 para 120.
733.
Schweitzer (2011), p. 645.
734.
ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (para 47)—Alrosa.
735.
For law, Schweitzer (2011), p. 648 et seq.
736.
For latter, see Schweitzer (2011), p. 648 et seq. also to distinguish from earlier exemption decisions and negative clearances.
737.
For further discussion, see paras 2839 et seq.
738.
Recital 13 to the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 72.
739.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 5.
740.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 6.
741.
A formal submission of the statement of objections is not necessary contrary to Lang, ECLR 2003, 347 (347), see also Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 72; Art. 27 (1) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 e contrario, Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 63, with fn. 11; also Klees (2005), § 6 para 114; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 3.
742.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 4.
743.
For fusion control, see General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (para 442)—Schneider Electric.
744.
To distinguish from the preliminary investigation pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 (ECMR) marked by the pressure of deadlines—which is missing here—, see Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 64.
745.
Klees (2005), § 6 para 115.
746.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 8.
747.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 9 with reference to the CISAC proceedings, KOM IP 07/829 and IP 08/1168.
748.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 14.
749.
ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (paras 41, 61)—Alrosa.
750.
In general, see Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 7 as well as para 2816.
751.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 10.
752.
Klees (2005), § 6 para 122.
753.
See above para 2821.
754.
Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 62, 64.
755.
ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (para 61)—Alrosa.
756.
See below para 2839.
757.
Bartosch (2001), 102; Lang (2003), 351.
758.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 83.
759.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 17: numerus clausus.
760.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 32; no practical significance seen by de Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 24.
761.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 32.
762.
Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 9 VerfVO para 37.
763.
Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 9 VerfVO para 38.
764.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 25.
765.
Busse and Leopold (2005), 149.
766.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 25.
767.
Unanimous opinion in this regard, e.g. Hossenfelder and Lutz (2003), 122; Hirsch (2003), 252.
768.
For other view referring to future infringements of competition law, see Montag and Rosenfeld (2003), 132.
769.
Lang (2003), 349; in general, cf. ECJ, Case C-344/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:689 (para 46)—Masterfoods.
770.
Busse and Leopold (2005), 151.
771.
Lang (2003), 348.
772.
This case is not specifically covered by rules and is sanctioned as well, Busse and Leopold (2005), 152.
773.
According to Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 79, this should only be effected after an attempt to enforce the commitment by means of penalty payments due to the principle of proportionality.
774.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 82.
775.
Cf. Schmidt (2003), 1242.
776.
In this respect, cf. Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 9 para 165; similar, Klees (2005), § 6 para 131; Schnelle et al. (2004), p. 121 et seq.
777.
See above paras 2818 et seq., 2823.
778.
Busse and Leopold (2005), 149 et seq.; see also Koenigs (2003), 756. Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 64 et seq. rightly criticise.
779.
Gruber (2005), 312 et seq.
780.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 18; Gruber (2005), 313 et seq.
781.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 18.
782.
For predictions of the actual binding effect, see Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 95.
783.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 20 para 45, and para 47, which, in contrast, assumes that the Commission is obliged to revoke if a practice later turns out to be illegal (also by the finding of national authorities).
784.
Völcker (2012), p. 172: 4–6 years before the ECJ.
785.
For further discussion, see Völcker (2012), p. 172 et seq.; Frenz (2013c), 123 et seq.
786.
ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (paras 41 et seq.)—Alrosa, contrary to General Court, Case T-170/06, ECLI:EU:T:2007:220—Alrosa; further discussion in Frenz and Ehlenz (2010a), 507 et seq.; Schweitzer (2011), p. 640 et seq.
787.
Particularly with regard to charges of third parties like in the case Alrosa, Frenz and Ehlenz (2010b), 308. Their right to bring action already resulted from their participation in the proceedings and inclusion in the commitment so that no general indicators arise, Schweitzer (2011), p. 653.
788.
See above para 2831.
789.
Tending in this direction Völcker (2012), p. 182.
790.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 paras 90 et seq.
791.
Schweitzer (2011), p. 653.
792.
Recital 14 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
793.
For inclusion of these, see Immenga (2012), p. 23.
794.
Montag and Rosenfeld (2003), 115.
795.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 125.
796.
Critic. also in Geiger (2000), 168.
797.
See above para 70 et seq.
798.
See above paras 1547 et seq.
799.
See also Immenga (2005), 353.
800.
See above paras 2354 et seq.
801.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 4 with additional citations.
802.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 11: full text only on the website of the Commission.
803.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 10: “State-of-Play-Meetings”.
804.
General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187 (para 35)—Easyjet with further citations.
805.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 14, see generally, e.g. General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (paras 76 et seq.)—ARD.
806.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 113 and also para 116: no popular action.
807.
See Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 15.
808.
See ECJ, Case C-112/00, ECLI:EU:C:2003:333 (para 82)—Schmidberger (Brenner Blockade), Frenz (2009), para 374.
809.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 12.
810.
Schmidt (2003), 1241 et seq.
811.
For further discussion, see Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 paras 10 et seq.
812.
Schmidt (2003), 1242.
813.
See Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 paras 106 et seq.
814.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 9.
815.
Hirsch (2003), 251; Hossenfelder and Lutz (2003), 123; Klees (2005), § 6 para 162; Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 11 end. Röhling (2003), 1023.
816.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 10 para 7.
817.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.
818.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 10 para 7.
819.
Detailed discussion in ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270 (paras 28 et seq.)—Tele2 Polska.
820.
See above paras 2832 et seq.
821.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 13 with examples.
822.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 10 VO 1/2003 para 14, 16.
823.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78.
824.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (paras 7 et seq.).
825.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 16.
826.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (paras 9 et seq.).
827.
For more information on the Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), see OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 14).
828.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 15).
829.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 11).
830.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 17).
831.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 136.
832.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 16.
833.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 19).
834.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 10 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 21 end.
835.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 21).
836.
Klees (2005), § 2 para 59.
837.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (paras 24 et seq.).
838.
Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (paras 24 et seq.).
839.
Klees (2005), § 2 paras 60 et seq.
840.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 7.
841.
For further discussion, see Brinker (1994), p. 100 et seq.
842.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 10.
843.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 11.
844.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 11 end.
845.
Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 6.
846.
For further discussion, see Brinker (1994), p. 93 et seq.
847.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 12.
848.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 11; for further discussion, see Brinker (1994), p. 82 et seq.
849.
See Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 29.
850.
Using this as a basis, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 13 also citing Art. 9 (2) FKVO.
851.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 13.
852.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 13 end.
853.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 14.
854.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 14.
855.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 29 VO 1/2003 para 14.
856.
Commission, Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed on the basis of Art. 15 (2) of Council Regulation No. 17 and of Art. 65 (5) ECSC, OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3 (5 (5) alt. a)) with additional details.
857.
Fundamentally, judgements concerning the district heating pipe cartel, General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70 (para 452)—HFB; Case T-23/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:75 (para 287)—LR; Case T-16/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:72 (para 288)—Lögstör, critical response Kallmayer and Haupt (2002), 681 et seq.
858.
See by contrast AG Stix Hackl, ECJ, Case C-196/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:537 (paras 98 et seq.)—Aristrain; other view Pohlmann (1999), p. 42.
859.
ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (paras 64 et seq.)—ENI; AG Stix Hackl, ECJ, Case C-196/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:537 (para 99)—Aristrain; Case C-48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 132/135)—ICI.
860.
ECJ, Case C-294/98 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:632 (para 28)—Metsä-Serla: “Fine for an infringement … of which they are accused themselves due to this attribution.” By contrast, presuming an attribution of external behaviour Steinle (2004), 122, thus having considerable legal concerns (123); for the question of attributability in corporate groups, see above at paras 654 et seq.
861.
Detailed discussion above at paras 668 et seq.
862.
Steinle (2004), 123.
863.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 90 end.
864.
ECJ, Case C-210/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:440 (paras 33 et seq.)—Käserei Champignon.
865.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (paras 41 et seq.)—Schenker; for additional discussion, see Frenz (2013e), 209 et seq.
866.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404—Schenker, critic. Frenz (2013f), 272 et seq.
867.
ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (paras 149 et seq.)—Hüls; Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738 (para 72)—E.ON; Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 50)—ENI; see also below para 2922.
868.
In particular ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08 (paras 38 et seq.)—Menarini/Italy.
869.
In this respect, dedicated and in detail Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 7 with numerous citations.
870.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 90.
871.
Also maintaining this qualification ECJ, Case C-266/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:295 (para 38)—Evonik Degussa.
872.
General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 77)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke; Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 718)—Cimenteries CBR.
873.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 11 para 38 with a copy of the statement in Appendix 3.
874.
See above para 1183, likewise with regard to the following.
875.
See above paras 1184 et seq.
876.
See above paras 2940 et seq.
877.
For further discussion, see paras 2940 et seq.
878.
Detailed discussion, Terhechte (2004), 235 et seq.
879.
For additional discussion, see Jakobs, In: Rengeling et al. (2014), § 33.
880.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 21 para 2.
881.
E.g. Schneider, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 4.
882.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 56)—Hoechst; Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 21 para 4.
883.
ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 56)—Hoechst; General Court, Case T-596/97, ECLI:EU:T:1998:138—Dalmine.
884.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 11.
885.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 24 paras 3 et seq.
886.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 8, citing the Microsoft case.
887.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 9; for previous legislation, see General Court, Case T-34/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:46 (para 16)—Société Générale; Case T-46/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:267 (para 4)—Scottish Football Association.
888.
Schneider, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 5; however, there is relevance for the later determination of the penalty amount after non-compliance of obligations, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 5.
889.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 8.
890.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 3 end.
891.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 4.
892.
Discussion of the concerns, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 6 as well as additional discussion Art. 23 VO 1/2003 paras 24 et seq.
893.
See Commission Decision of 27 February 2008, COMP/37702 (paras 294 et seq.)—Microsoft.
894.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 24 VO 1/2003 para 3.
895.
For additional discussion, see above paras 684 et seq.
896.
Dreher (2007), 287.
897.
General Court, Cases T-101 and 111/05, ECLI:EU:T:2007:380 (para 158)—BASF.
898.
Seifert (2013), p. 231 et seq. with numerous details; see supra above paras 684 et seq.
899.
General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75 (paras 307 et seq.)—Hercules Chemicals; later General Court, Case T-15/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:74 (para 72)—BASF.
900.
Practically already General Court, Case C-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 4793)—Cimenteries CBR; see Wessely (2001), 763; Seifert (2013), p. 232 with fn. 1167; also, e.g., Commission Decision of 9 December 2004, COMP/37533 (paras 183 et seq.)—Cholinchlorid; see also AG Cosmas, ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:357 (para 80)—Anic Partecipazioni.
901.
Commission Decision of 28 January 2009, COMP/39406 (para 283 end)—Marine Hoses.
902.
Seifert (2013), p. 233.
903.
General Court, Case T-11/05, ECLI:EU:T:2010:201 (paras 96 et seq.)—Wieland-Werke.
904.
ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (para 157)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschapij.
905.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 25 VO 1/2003 para 6; see ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337—Hoechst.
906.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 25 VO 1/2003 para 6.
907.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 25 VO 1/2003 para 7.
908.
Seifert (2013), p. 233 et seq.
909.
See General Court, Case T-120/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:350 (para 47)—Peróxidos Orgánicos.
910.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 25 VO 1/2003 para 9.
911.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 25 VO 1/2003 para 9.
912.
Seifert (2013), p. 234.
913.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 25 VO 1/2003 para 10.
914.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 159)—Coats Holdings.
915.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 160)—Coats Holdings.
916.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 162)—Coats Holdings.
917.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 161)—Coats Holdings; also General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 51)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
918.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 160)—Coats Holdings.
919.
See above para 1183.
920.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 26 VO 1/2003 para 3.
921.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 26 VO 1/2003 para 6.
922.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 26 VO 1/2003 para 7.
923.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 26 VO 1/2003 para 6.
924.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 26 VO 1/2003 para 8.
925.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 26 VO 1/2003 para 9.
926.
See only ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 200)—Aalborg Portland: “pure administrative proceedings”, with additional citations; Vilsmeier (2013), p. 10 et seq.
927.
See above paras 2887 et seq.
928.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 21 para 33; Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004) § 7 paras 24 et seq.
929.
ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (para 61)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij.
930.
ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (para 62)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij.
931.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 21 para 2; above paras 1593 et seq., likewise with regard to the following.
932.
ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 11)—Walt Wilhelm; see also, e.g., General Court, Case T-223/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:194 (para 98)—Kyowa Hakko; Case T-224/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:195 (para 87)—Archer Daniels. This does not apply if the facts of the case and the direction are fully congruent, see ECJ, Cases 18 and 35/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:24 (119)—Gutmann in another context.
933.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 11)—Walt Wilhelm; see also, e.g., General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (para 191)—Tréfileurope.
934.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 21 paras 34 et seq.; see also, e.g., General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118 (paras 134 et seq.)—Tokai Carbon.
935.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 11.
936.
ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08 (paras 38 et seq.)—Menarini/Italy.
937.
For open discussion, see also, e.g., General Court, Case T-67/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:3 (para 36)—JCB Service; with citations in Vilsmeier (2013), p. 11.
938.
General Court, Case T-138/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:362 (paras 49 et seq.)—Schindler.
939.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 41)—Schenker.
940.
ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 338)—Aalborg Portland; also General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118 (para 130)—Tokai Carbon.
941.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 243.
942.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 23 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 72.
943.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities (Network Notice), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 19).
944.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 23 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 72.
945.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 23 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 72.
946.
General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80 (paras 96 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 53.
947.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 244 citing, inter alia, ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 138)—Aalborg Portland; also Case C-308/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:433 (para 26)—SGL Carbon.
948.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 11.
949.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 53.
950.
ECHR, judgement of 29 May 2001, ÖJZ 2001, 657 (658)—Franz Fischer/Austria. For a transposition into the EU Administrative Anti-competitive Offences Act, see Wils (2003), 134 et seq.; Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 244 with fn. 707 contra General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118 (para 135)—Tokai Carbon.
951.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 245; Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 23 para 467; Roesen (2010), p. 172 et seq.
952.
ECJ, Case C-436/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:165 (para 36)—van Esbroeck with regard to Art. 54 Schengen-Durchführungsübereinkommen; however, the Union is not a contracting party, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 53. However, this does not change its great practical significance for the European Union; see Frenz (2011), paras 2723 et seq. For Schengen, see also ECJ, Case C-467/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:610—Gasparini; Case C-150/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:614—van Straaten.
953.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 23 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 70 end, citing ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (11)—Walt Wilhelm; General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (para 191)—Tréfileurope; Case T-149/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:69 (para 29)—Sotralentz.
954.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 247.
955.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 23 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 71.
956.
For respective competence, see Klees (2006), 1227.
957.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 258.
958.
Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 248.
959.
ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (paras 61 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij confirming General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80 (para 98)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij.
960.
Kuck (2002), 690.
961.
In any case, a sufficient legal basis is missing, Dannecker and Biermann, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 248 with fn. 722.
962.
General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118 (paras 134 et seq.)—Tokai Carbon; see also below paras 312, 424 et seq. as well as further discussion 2937 et seq.
963.
Detailed discussion contra General Court, Case T-223/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:194 (para 99)—Kyowa Hakko; Case T-224/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:195 (paras 88 et seq.)—Archer Daniels; still open, by contrast, ECJ, Case C-7/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:125 (para 3)—Boehringer.
964.
See above paras 2926 et seq.
965.
ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 11)—Walt Wilhelm.
966.
Pro Eilmansberger (2004), 54.
967.
ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 11)—Walt Wilhelm.
968.
See General Court, Case T-224/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:195 (para 103)—Archer Daniels.
969.
See the approach by ECJ, Case 7/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:125 (para 4)—Boehringer, who has not investigated the question of ne bis in idem any further with regard to sanctions by third countries.
970.
Using this is a starting point, Eilmansberger (2004), 53 et seq.
971.
See below paras 2940 et seq.
972.
ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 105)—Musique Diffusion Française.
973.
ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 105, 109)—Musique Diffusion Française.
974.
Ackermann (2010), 329; contra Bechtold and Bosch (2011), 160.
975.
See above para 2922.
976.
On this function, above para 2893.
977.
ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610—GlaxoSmithKline Services; further discussion above, paras 70 et seq.
978.
See above paras 2940 et seq.
979.
Contra Soltész et al. (2003), 207 et seq.; see also Schwarze (2003), 267 et seq.
980.
Referring to this aspect as well, Weitbrecht (2003b), 361.
981.
ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 108)—Musique Diffusion Française.
982.
See also, e.g., General Court, Case T-12/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:34 (para 309)—Solvay; Case T-13/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:35 (para 385)—ICI; Case T-14/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:36 (para 346)—Montedipe.
983.
Detailed discussion, Scholz and Haus (2002), 688.
984.
See, e.g. General Court, Case T-150/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:70 (para 59)—Martinelli; Case T-49/95, ECLI:EU:T:1996:186 (para 53)—Van Megen Sports; Case T-229/94, ECLI:EU:T:1997:155 (para 127)—Deutsche Bahn.
985.
General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70 (para 491)—HFB; see however General Court, Case T-23/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:75 (para 274)—LR: “determine, generally and abstractly, the method”; critical view Kallmayer and Haupt (2002), 679.
986.
ECJ, Case C-295/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2062 (para 190)—Telefónica and Telefónica de España.
987.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (2006 Fine Guidelines). These superseded the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No. 17 and Article 65 (5) of the ECSC Treaty, OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3 (1998 Fine Guidelines).
988.
Detailed discussion in General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70 (paras 422 et seq.)—HFB; critical in part, Kallmayer and Haupt (2002), 677 et seq.
989.
ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 121)—Musique Diffusion Française.
990.
Commission, press release of 29 January 2014, IP/14/88, p. 2—Polyurethane foam manufacturer.
991.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2.
992.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 11).
993.
See above paras 2945 et seq.
994.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 13 fn. 6).
995.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 18).
996.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 13).
997.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 17).
998.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 14).
999.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 16).
1000.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 20).
1001.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 21).
1002.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 23 fn. 7).
1003.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 23).
1004.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 26).
1005.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 28 1st indent).
1006.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 28 3rd indent).
1007.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 29 1st indent).
1008.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 29 2nd indent).
1009.
ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (paras 17 et seq.)—Miller; General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80 (paras 1111 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; Commission Decision 2003/437/EC, OJ 2003 L 153, p. 1 (para 264)—Zinc phosphate.
1010.
Commission Decision 2003/207/EC, OJ 2003 L 84, p. 1 (para 412)—Industrial gas; see also ECJ, Case 246/86, ECLI:EU:C:1989:301 (para 41)—Belasco.
1011.
General Court, Case T-66/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:84 (para 45)—Herlitz; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 29.
1012.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 29 3rd indent).
1013.
See current Commission, press release of 29 January 2014, IP/14/88.
1014.
ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 20)—Pfleiderer.
1015.
Most recently, Commission Notice on Immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17; see OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; OJ 2002 C 45, p. 3. Detailed discussion of developments in relation to the leniency rules from 1996, Feddersen, In: Grabitz and Hilf (2005), nach Art. 83 EGV—Art. 23 VO 1/2003 paras 265 et seq.; regarding the then-applicable practice, detailed discussion in Schneider (2004), p. 61 et seq.
1016.
Regarding information-sharing aspects, Blake and Schnichels (2004), 551 et seq.
1017.
Regarding concerns based on superordinate law, Schneider (2004), p. 156 et seq. Additional discussion, immediately following paras 2985 et seq.
1018.
Polley and Seeliger (2002), 401.
1019.
Commission, press release of 29 January 2014, IP/14/88.
1020.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 29 4th indent). See detailed discussion, below paras 2985 et seq.
1021.
Most recently, Commission, press release of 29 January 2014, IP/14/88, p. 3; see the settlements referred to therein with participants in cartels in the sectors DRAMs (see IP/10/586), Feed phosphates (see IP/10/985), Detergent (see IP/11/473), Glass for cathode-ray tubes (see IP/11/1214), Cooling compressors (see IP/11/1511), Water management products (see IP/12/704), Wire harnesses (see IP/13/673) as well as Euro and Yen derivatives (see IP/13/1208).
1022.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 29 5th indent).
1023.
For additional discussion, see paras 3020 et seq.
1024.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404—Schenker.
1025.
ECJ, Case C-198/01, ECLI:EU:C:2003:430—CIF; further discussion above, para 2971.
1026.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 30).
1027.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 31).
1028.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 33).
1029.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 35).
1030.
Most recently, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 101)—Groupe Gascogne.
1031.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 102)—Groupe Gascogne.
1032.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 35).
1033.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 102)—Groupe Gascogne.
1034.
For further discussion, see paras 3075 et seq.
1035.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 36).
1036.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 37).
1037.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 37) in explicit deviation from No. 21.
1038.
ECJ, Case C-189 inter alia/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:408—Dansk Rørindustri.
1039.
Schwarze (2009), 185; Frenz (2010), para 1567.
1040.
See, e.g. ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738 (paras 132 et seq.)—E.ON.
1041.
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15 (2) of Regulation No. 17 and Article 65 (5) of the ECSC Treaty, OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3 (3 et seq., section 1. A.).
1042.
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15 (2) of Regulation No. 17 and Article 65 (5) of the ECSC Treaty, OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3 (4 et seq., section 1. B.).
1043.
For details, see Commission Communication—Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15 (2) of Regulation No. 17 and Article 65 (5) of the ECSC Treaty, OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3 (4 et seq., sections 2 and 3).
1044.
Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (paras 10 et seq.).
1045.
General Court, Case T-338/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:99 (para 363)—Finnboard; similarly ECJ, Case C-298/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:634—Finnboard.
1046.
Commission Decision 2004/138/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 1 (para 547)—Austrian banks (“Lombard Club”); Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 81, likewise with regard to the following.
1047.
General Court, Case T-13/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:35 (para 393)—ICI.
1048.
Commission Decision 2003/674/EC, OJ 2003 L 255, p. 1 (para 339)—Methionin.
1049.
Commission Decision, ruling of 9 December 2004, COMP/37533 (para 222)—Choline chloride.
1050.
Commission Decision 2003/674/EC, OJ 2003 L 255, p. 1 (para 339)—Methionin; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 82, also for the previous section.
1051.
Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (paras 10 et seq.). Detailed discussion of the individual requirements, Hetzel (2004), p. 89 et seq.
1052.
Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (para 12).
1053.
General Court, Case T-12/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:441—Deltafina.
1054.
General Court, Case T-235/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:283—Bavaria; in favour of a mere right to bring an action for damages in the event of unreasonably-long proceedings, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770—Groupe Gascogne; see above, paras 2976 et seq.
1055.
Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (paras 14 et seq.).
1056.
Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (paras 16, 19).
1057.
Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (para 20).
1058.
Regarding the requirements in detail, Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases, OJ 2006 C 298, p. 17 (paras 23 et seq.).
1059.
General Court, Case T-224/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:195—Archer Daniels.
1060.
See ECJ, Case C-328/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:277 (para 81)—SGL Carbon; General Court, Case T-410/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:211 (para 555)—Hoechst.
1061.
Völcker (2012), p. 169 et seq. with the demand for detailed grounds for a decision on the part of the Commission.
1062.
Regarding the leniency rules in particular, see above paras 2995 et seq.
1063.
General Court, Case T-311/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:93 (para 309)—BPB de Eendracht citing the jurisprudence in general.
1064.
General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (paras 573 et seq.)—JFE Engineering.
1065.
Berg (2005), 55.
1066.
ECJ, Case C-295/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2062 (para 189 et seq)—Telefónica and Telefónica de España.
1067.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 11)—Walt Wilhelm.
1068.
Such with the same objective are prohibited based on the principle of ne bis idem, see above paras 2920 et seq., likewise with regard to the following.
1069.
General Court, Case T-224/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:195—Archer Daniels.
1070.
See above paras 2937 et seq.
1071.
See recent comprehensive discussion, Schultze (2014).
1072.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2.
1073.
Müller (2012), p. 173 et seq., 177; Frenz (2013g), 49 et seq. for the following as well.
1074.
Commission Decision 1999/210/EC, OJ 1999 L 76, p. 1 (para 208)—British Sugar II, affirmed in General Court, Case T-202 inter alia/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:185—Tate & Lyle.
1075.
Commission Decision 1999/210/EC, OJ 1999 L 76, p. 1 (para 208)—British Sugar II.
1076.
Stadler (2006), p. 72.
1077.
Bosch et al. (2009), 744; Müller (2012), p. 185.
1078.
Almunia, SPEECH/10/586, p. 5 et seq., quoted in Müller (2012), p. 184 et seq. in conjunction with fn. 1209.
1079.
Commission Decision 2004/420/EC, OJ 2004 L 125, p. 45 (313)—Electrical and mechanical carbon and graphite products; Judgement of 21 February 2007, COMP/38823 (para 754)—“Elevators and escalators”; Judgement of 22 July 2009, COMP/39396 (paras 237 et seq.)—Calcium carbide.
1080.
See additional discussion in Müller (2012), p. 183, citing Commission Decision 2006/793/EC, OJ 2006 L 322, p. 20 (para 19)—Methacrylate.
1081.
Commission Decision 2001/418/EC, OJ 2001 L 152, p. 24 (para 312)—Amino acids.
1082.
General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75 (para 357)—Hercules Chemicals; similarly, Case T-279/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:103 (para 350)—Degussa.
1083.
General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75 (para 357 end)—Hercules Chemicals.
1084.
General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75 (para 357)—Hercules Chemicals; similarly, ECJ, Case C-189 inter alia/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:408 (para 191)—Dansk Rørindustri.
1085.
As viewed by Müller (2012), p. 183 et seq. citing, inter alia, Commission Decision 2003/2/EC, OJ 2003 L 6, p. 1 (para 736)—Vitamins; 2006/793/EC, OJ 2006 L 322, p. 20 (para 386)—Methacrylate.
1086.
Commission Decision 82/853/EEC, OJ 1982 L 354, p. 28 (paras 67 et seq.)—National Panasonic.
1087.
Müller (2012), p. 182 et seq. citing Commission Decision 88/518/EEC, OJ 1988 L 284, p. 41 (para 82)—Napier Brown/British Sugar I; Commission Decision 88/86/EEC, OJ 1988 L 49, p. 19 (para 27)—Fisher-Price/Quacker Oats as a result of the investigations by the Commission.
1088.
See, e.g. General Court, Case T-77/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:85 (para 93)—Parker Pen.
1089.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (paras 19 et seq.).
1090.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 66; Weitbrecht and Tepe (2001), 228 with regard to the British Sugar case; additional discussion below paras 3014 et seq.
1091.
See Müller (2012), p. 193 et seq.
1092.
Müller (2012), p. 196 et seq., 200.
1093.
Bosch et al. (2009), 745.
1094.
See ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 108)—Musique Diffusion Française; see also, e.g. General Court, Case T-14/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:36 (para 346)—Montedipe.
1095.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (in particular, paras 18 et seq.); regarding the associated systemic arrangement using turnover as a basis in accordance with Art. 23 Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 44.
1096.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (Recital 5).
1097.
Lampert (2002), 2243; Müller (2012), p. 201; Stadler (2006), p. 73.
1098.
Regarding the question of group-wide compliance responsibility and thus responsibility for subsidiaries, Habersack (2011), p. 1175 et seq.
1099.
In favour of an assessment of effectiveness, however only of the system as such, see also Müller (2012), p. 214 et seq.
1100.
By contrast, against making a distinction, Müller (2012), p. 212.
1101.
However, rejecting this, see, e.g. ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512—Akzo Nobel.
1102.
ECJ, Case 45/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:73 (para 58)—Boehringer.
1103.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 23 VO 1/2003 para 67.
1104.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2.
1105.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 29 2nd indent).
1106.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 37)—Schenker. See, e.g. Kersting (2013), 845 et seq.
1107.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (paras 38 et seq.)—Schenker; concurring Fleischer (2013), 326 et seq.; Frenz (2013e), 209 et seq.
1108.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 35 et seq.)—Schenker.
1109.
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 24, 36 et seq.)—Expedia.
1110.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 48)—Schenker.
1111.
Frenz (2013f), 272 et seq., regarding the following issue as well.
1112.
ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270 (paras 19 et seq.)—Tele2 Polska.
1113.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 42)—Schenker.
1114.
See ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 42 end)—Schenker.
1115.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 88)—Schenker.
1116.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 37 et seq.)—Schenker with additional citations.
1117.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 78)—Schenker.
1118.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 39)—Schenker.
1119.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 92)—Schenker.
1120.
Related to this AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 70, 92)—Schenker.
1121.
Related to this AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 92)—Schenker.
1122.
Further discussion, AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (paras 64 et seq.)—Schenker.
1123.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 40)—Schenker.
1124.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 41)—Schenker.
1125.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 41 end)—Schenker.
1126.
Correctly so, AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 47 end)—Schenker.
1127.
Further development in the wake of the ECJ decision Schenker by Frenz (2013e), 209 et seq.
1128.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 41)—Schenker.
1129.
Regarding Art. 6 (2) ECHR, see ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (paras 149 et seq.)—Hüls; regarding Art. 48 (1) CFR, see ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738 (paras 72 et seq.)—E.ON. The latter provision must ensure the standard derived from Art. 6 (2) ECHR; cf. regarding Art. 6 (1) ECHR and Art. 47 CFR, see ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 47)—Otis.
1130.
ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08 (paras 38 et seq.)—Menarini/Italy.
1131.
Most recently, ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (paras 46 et seq.)—Otis for the principle of effective judicial right to pursue effective legal remedy; further discussion of other decisions as well, Frenz (2013c), 123 et seq.
1132.
See prior view ECJ, Cases C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479 (para 42)—Alliance One International and previously, e.g. Case C-97/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:536 (para 56)—Akzo Nobel; Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356 (para 145 and 204)—Anic Partecipazioni.
1133.
The principle of fault additionally comprises a fundamental principle common to the constitutional law of the Member States, AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 41)—Schenker citing AG van Gerven, ECJ, Case C-116/92, ECLI:EU:C:1993:357 (para 18)—Charlton.
1134.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 48)—Schenker.
1135.
See ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 37 et seq. with further citations)—Schenker.
1136.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 85)—Schenker.
1137.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 37 et seq. with further citations)—Schenker.
1138.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (paras 90 and 93)—Schenker in relation to administrative and judicial decisions, paras 63 and 66 for legal advice.
1139.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 59)—Schenker.
1140.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 68)—Schenker.
1141.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 60)—Schenker.
1142.
Referring to this basis, AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 61)—Schenker.
1143.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 62)—Schenker.
1144.
For example, regarding the deduction of input VAT, see ECJ, Case C-110/94, ECLI:EU:C:1996:67 (para 24)—INZO; Case C-400/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:304 (para 40)—Breitsohl; Case C-255/02, ECLI:EU:C:2006:121 (para 75)—Halifax; related Frenz (2013b), 582 et seq.; regarding fundamental freedoms, ECJ, Case 115/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:31 (paras 24 et seq.)—Knoors.
1145.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 64)—Schenker: no self-created “free pass”.
1146.
Esp. ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512—Akzo Nobel.
1147.
See e.g., Henssler (2009), 952.
1148.
Frenz (2012a), 138 et seq.
1149.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 65)—Schenker.
1150.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 76)—Schenker.
1151.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 67)—Schenker.
1152.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 66)—Schenker.
1153.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 69)—Schenker.
1154.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 70)—Schenker.
1155.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 70 end)—Schenker.
1156.
Regarding the definition of a hardcore restriction, cf. in particular Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1; AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 70)—Schenker.
1157.
See, e.g. Frenz (2013d), 165.
1158.
Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (section 3.2.1, in particular para 78); AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 77)—Schenker.
1159.
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 37 et seq.)—Expedia.
1160.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 71)—Schenker.
1161.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 73)—Schenker citing General Court, Case T-99/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:256—AC-Treuhand.
1162.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 78)—Schenker.
1163.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 78)—Schenker.
1164.
See, e.g. AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 85 end)—Schenker.
1165.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 83)—Schenker.
1166.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 93)—Schenker.
1167.
Referring to confidence, AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 94)—Schenker: “not … reasonable”.
1168.
ECJ, Case C-24/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:163—Alcan.
1169.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case 283/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:335 (paras 14 et seq.)—C.I.L.F.I.T.; see also, e.g. Case C-461/03, ECLI:EU:C:2005:742 (para 16)—Gaston Schul; Herrmann (2006), 233 et seq.; with additional citations Frenz (2010), paras 3310 et seq.
1170.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 90)—Schenker.
1171.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 91)—Schenker citing ECJ, Case C-47/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:726 (para 81, 86)—Masdar.
1172.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 92)—Schenker citing, inter alia, ECJ, Case C-94/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:185 (para 31)—Emsland-Stärke.
1173.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 92, 101)—Schenker.
1174.
See most recently, ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 as well as further discussion in this context, AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 101)—Schenker.
1175.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 88)—Schenker.
1176.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 48)—Schenker.
1177.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 89)—Schenker.
1178.
General Court, Case T-67/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:3 (para 40)—JCB Service.
1179.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 72)—Groupe Gascogne citing ECHR, NJW 2001, 2694 (paras 156 et seq.)—Kudla/Poland.
1180.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 74)—Groupe Gascogne; Case C-385/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:456 (para 193)—Duales System Deutschland.
1181.
See ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 78)—Groupe Gascogne; Case C-385/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:456 (para 194)—Duales System Deutschland.
1182.
ECJ, Case C-185/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:608 (para 48)—Baustahlgewebe.
1183.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (paras 82 et seq.)—Groupe Gascogne.
1184.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 85)—Groupe Gascogne citing Case C-385/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:456 (para 181)—Duales System Deutschland with additional citations.
1185.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 86)—Groupe Gascogne; Case C-385/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:456 (para 182)—Duales System Deutschland with additional citations.
1186.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 110)—Groupe Gascogne.
1187.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 112)—Groupe Gascogne: “I cannot emphasize enough that …”.
1188.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-50/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:350 (para 123)—Kendrion citing the AG Opinion in Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 94)—Groupe Gascogne.
1189.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 94 end)—Groupe Gascogne; in such cases, she “would require being persuaded otherwise”.
1190.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-50/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:350 (para 123)—Kendrion.
1191.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-40/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:361 (para 134)—Gascogne Sack Deutschland.
1192.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 92)—Groupe Gascogne.
1193.
Detailed discussion, AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 105)—Groupe Gascogne.
1194.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-40/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:361 (para 132)—Gascogne Sack Deutschland.
1195.
See ECJ, Case C-185/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:608 (para 45)—Baustahlgewebe.
1196.
ECJ, Case C-185/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:608 (para 29)—Baustahlgewebe citing applicable rulings from the ECHR.
1197.
Detailed discussion, AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (paras 82 et seq.)—Groupe Gascogne.
1198.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-40/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:361 (para 140)—Gascogne Sack Deutschland as well as the AG Opinion in Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 148)—Groupe Gascogne.
1199.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 103)—Groupe Gascogne.
1200.
ECJ, Case C-385/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:456—Duales System Deutschland.
1201.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 127)—Groupe Gascogne.
1202.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 130)—Groupe Gascogne contrary to General Court, Case T-235/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:283—Bavaria.
1203.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 131)—Groupe Gascogne.
1204.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-40/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:361 (para 140)—Gascogne Sack Deutschland; AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 148)—Groupe Gascogne.
1205.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 96)—Groupe Gascogne.
1206.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 132)—Groupe Gascogne. See also General Court, Case T-18/03, ECLI:EU:T:2009:132—CD Contact Data; Case T-214/06, ECLI:EU:T:2012:275; see also AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-110/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:257 (para 198)—Solvay.
1207.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 132)—Groupe Gascogne.
1208.
See ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 48 et seq.)—Schenker with additional citations.
1209.
Similar view, AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 139)—Groupe Gascogne.
1210.
Citing this, AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 140)—Groupe Gascogne.
1211.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 147)—Groupe Gascogne: other panel.
1212.
See AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 133)—Groupe Gascogne.
1213.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (paras 142 et seq.)—Groupe Gascogne.
1214.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 147)—Groupe Gascogne.
1215.
AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360 (para 143)—Groupe Gascogne citing ECHR, judgement of 25 February 1997, No. 22107/93 (paras 73 et seq.)—Findlay/United Kingdom.
1216.
ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770 (para 101)—Groupe Gascogne; with additional citations, Case C-328/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:277 (para 100)—SGL Carbon.
1217.
ECJ, Case C-3/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:88 (para 82)—Danone.
1218.
ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738 (para 126)—E.ON.
1219.
ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738 (paras 127 et seq.)—E.ON.
1220.
ECJ, Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 63)—Chalkor; Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 62)—Otis; Frenz (2013c), 123 et seq. regarding the following issue as well.
1221.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 63)—Otis citing Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 67)—Chalkor.
1222.
General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (para 578)—JFE Engineering.
1223.
In general, see above paras 2685 et seq.
1224.
General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (para 579)—JFE Engineering; similarly Gaitanides, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 261 AEUV para 16; different view to some extent in the literature, e.g. Booß, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 261 AEUV para 14 with additional citations.
1225.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 61)—Otis.
1226.
Nehl (2012), p. 148, citing General Court, Case T-69/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:415 (paras 240 et seq.)—Schunk; General Court, Case T-11/05, ECLI:EU:T:2010:201 (paras 244, 248 et seq.)—Wieland-Werke.
1227.
See AG Mazák, ECJ, Case C-407/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:70 (para 96)—Knauf Gips.
1228.
Nehl (2012), p. 150 et seq.; similar, Polzin (2011), 461.
1229.
Emphasizing this aspect, ECJ, Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (paras 64 et seq.)—Chalkor; Case C-389/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:816 (paras 131 et seq.)—KME Germany.
1230.
See ECJ, Case C-407/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:389 (paras 89 et seq.)—Knauf Gips.
1231.
Völcker (2012), p. 180 et seq.
1232.
Accordingly dismissive, General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (para 578)—JFE Engineering; Nehl (2012), p. 148 with additional citations, in particular contrary decision of the ECJ, Case C-89/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:742 (paras 50 et seq.)—Commission/Ireland; Case C-197/09 RX-II, ECLI:EU:C:2009:804 (paras 39 et seq.)—Revision M/EMEA.
1233.
Nehl (2012), p. 149 citing opinions of AG Maduro, ECJ, Case C-3/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:720 (para 53)—Danone.
1234.
Nehl (2012), p. 149. See e.g. ECJ, Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (paras 63 et seq.)—Chalkor; General Court, Case T-132/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:344 (para 207)—Fuji Electric; Case T-11/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:560 (paras 265 et seq.)—Romana Tabacchi.
1235.
See General Court, Case T-38/05, ECLI:EU:T:2011:585 (paras 270 et seq.)—Agroexpansión.
1236.
Nehl (2012), p. 145 with fn. 93, citing General Court, Case T-217/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:251 (paras 249 et seq.)—Arkema; Case T-322/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:267 (paras 293 et seq., 311 et seq.)—Roquette Frères with incorrectly provided turnover figures for which the plaintiff was supposedly responsible.
1237.
ECJ, Case C-3/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:88 (para 62)—Danone.
1238.
Völcker (2012), p. 180, citing General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (paras 578 et seq.)—JFE Engineering.
1239.
Believing this to be incompatible per se, Völcker (2012), p. 180.
1240.
Völcker (2012), p. 179.
1241.
General Court, Case T-101 and 111/05, ECLI:EU:T:2007:380 (para 212)—BASF; on the topic as a whole, Polzin (2011), 456 et seq.
1242.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2968 et seq., 2985 et seq.
1243.
ECJ, Case C-123/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:783 (para 45)—Greencore Group. Cf. with regard to a simple Commission letter, General Court, Case T-308/02, ECLI:EU:T:2004:119 (paras 39 et seq.)—SGL Carbon.
1244.
General Court, Case T-275/94, ECLI:EU:T:1995:141 (para 59)—Groupement des cartes bancaires. Further discussion, Klees (2005), paras 151, 168.
1245.
ECJ, Case C-320/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1994:414 (paras 45 et seq.)—Finsider.
1246.
See above paras 2399 et seq., 2478 et seq.
1247.
See above paras 2401 et seq.
1248.
For additional discussion, see above paras 316 et seq.
1249.
Comprehensive discussion of this topic, see below paras 4152 et seq.
1250.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 35 et seq.)—Schenker; see above paras 3022 et seq.
1251.
ECJ, Case C-198/01, ECLI:EU:C:2003:430 (paras 54 et seq.)—CIF; cf. Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 619/620)—Suiker Unie.
1252.
Likewise referring to this, with additional citations ECJ, Case C-198/01, ECLI:EU:C:2003:430 (paras 45 et seq.)—CIF.
1253.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 35)—Schenker.
1254.
For additional discussion, see above para 2479.
1255.
See in this context, Frenz (2010), paras 1892 et seq.
1256.
Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 5 VerfVO para 2; critical of this monopoly, see e.g. Wolf and Fink (1994), 289 et seq.
1257.
By contrast, apparently in favour of a constitutive character, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 1; Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 5 VerfVO para 3.
1258.
Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 5 VerfVO paras 8 et seq.
1259.
Similarly in favour of a declaratory meaning, Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 1.
1260.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 3; Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 5 VerfVO para 3; Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 1; Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004) § 8 paras 11 et seq.
1261.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 1.
1262.
Klees (2005), § 7 para 37.
1263.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 paras 11 et seq.
1264.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 35)—Schenker.
1265.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 36)—Schenker.
1266.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 paras 2 et seq.
1267.
Thus posited by the chairman of the Monopolies Commission, Zimmer, quoted in F.A.Z. dated 25 January 2014, p. 14.
1268.
Further, see immediately below at paras 3122 et seq.
1269.
ECJ, Case 127/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:25 (para 18/23)—BRT/SABAM; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 3.
1270.
ECJ, Case 127/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:25 (para 18/23)—BRT/SABAM.
1271.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 3.
1272.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 4.
1273.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 8.
1274.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 3; narrower Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 19.
1275.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 11.
1276.
ECJ, Case 127/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:25 (para 18/23)—BRT/SABAM.
1277.
ECJ, Case C-344/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:689 (para 49)—Masterfoods; Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 27.
1278.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 18.
1279.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2760 et seq.
1280.
Contrary opinion Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 13.
1281.
ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270 (paras 19 et seq.)—Tele2 Polska. Under ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 42)—Schenker, this precludes any protection of legitimate expectations; different result, different conclusion, above paras 3054 et seq.
1282.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 10.
1283.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 13.
1284.
Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 2).
1285.
De Bronett (2005), Art. 5 para 4.
1286.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 5 para 7.
1287.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 10.
1288.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (paras 12, 19 et seq.) regarding the following as well.
1289.
Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 30).
1290.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 10.
1291.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 paras 26 et seq.
1292.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 32; Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 13.
1293.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 32.
1294.
See, previously, Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 15.
1295.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 42)—Schenker.
1296.
See above paras 2937 et seq.
1297.
For additional discussion, see above para 2478.
1298.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2919 et seq.
1299.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 8 para 14.
1300.
Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 24.
1301.
Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 11.
1302.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 8 para 18: Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 5 VO 1/2003 para 23.
1303.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 45)—Schenker; with an argumentum a maiore ad minus AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 110)—Schenker.
1304.
ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (paras 46 et seq., 49)—Schenker.
1305.
AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (paras 111 et seq.)—Schenker.
1306.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2379 et seq.
1307.
ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270 (paras 22 et seq.)—Tele2 Polska. See above para 2855.
1308.
Further discussion, Andreangeli (2013), p. 110 et seq.
1309.
Pelikánová (2013), p. 106 et seq.
1310.
See above para 2748 for safeguarding rights to mount a defence.
1311.
ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (paras 43 et seq.)—CB.
1312.
See paras 3170 et seq.
1313.
Cf. above at para 2436.
1314.
See also, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 10 paras 42 et seq.
1315.
See above paras 2478 et seq.
1316.
Drawing a distinction, Pohlmann (2011), p. 476 et seq.
1317.
Pohlmann (2011), p. 484 et seq.
1318.
See e.g. ECJ, Cases C-12 and 13/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:280 (paras 39 et seq.)—Tetra Laval.
1319.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case 42/84, ECLI:EU:C:1985:327 (para 34)—Remia; still citing Gündisch (2002), 31 et seq.
1320.
ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (paras 44 et seq.)—CB.
1321.
ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (para 43).
1322.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684—Otis.
1323.
The following discussion of Art. 47 CFR are based on Frenz (2013c), 123 et seq.
1324.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 49)—Otis.
1325.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 47)—Otis as well as Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 51)—Chalkor.
1326.
ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08 (para 59)—Menarini/Italy.
1327.
ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08 (paras 63 et seq.)—Menarini/Italy, translated by Nehl (2012), p. 133 et seq.
1328.
ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08 (paras 63 et seq.)—Menarini/Italy.
1329.
Dissenting opinion Pinto di Albuquerque, presented by Nehl (2012), p. 134.
1330.
See also ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (para 46)—CB.
1331.
ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (para 46)—CB; Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 59)—Otis in continuation of Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 54)—Chalkor.
1332.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 60)—Otis citing Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 61)—Chalkor.
1333.
Trend from prior case law, see Nehl (2012), p. 126.
1334.
ECJ, Case C-125 inter alia/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:576 (paras 143 as well as 174 et seq., 193)—Erste Group Bank.
1335.
ECJ, Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 62)—Chalkor.
1336.
ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 61)—Otis.
1337.
ECJ, Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815 (para 62)—Chalkor; Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684 (para 61)—Otis.
1338.
ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 30/33)—Papiers peints de Belgique.
1339.
Cf. General Court, Case T-191/98 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2003:245—Atlantic Container Line, which revoked in part the underlying Commission Decision 1999/243/EC, OJ 1999 L 95, p. 1 based on a lack of a sufficient opportunity to respond.
1340.
Skouris (2002), 74.
1341.
ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (paras 142 et seq.)—Compagnie maritime belge transports.
1342.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 45)—Coats Holdings.
1343.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 50)—Coats Holdings.
1344.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 48)—Coats Holdings.
1345.
Additional detailed discussion of the burden of proof and evidentiary requirements, General Court, Case T-214/06, ECLI:EU:T:2012:275 (paras 52 et seq.)—ICI.
1346.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 47)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer; Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130 (para 20)—CRAM and Rheinzink.
1347.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 47)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer; General Court, Case T-38/02, ECLI:EU:T:2005:367 (para 215)—Groupe Danone.
1348.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 51)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
1349.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 38)—Coats Holdings with additional citations.
1350.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 39)—Coats Holdings citing ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (para 181)—Montecatini.
1351.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 40)—Coats Holdings.
1352.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (paras 41 et seq.)—Coats Holdings.
1353.
General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 43)—Coats Holdings.
1354.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 48)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (para 180)—JFE Engineering; see also below para 3160.
1355.
Further discussion, Völcker (2012), p. 171.
1356.
See General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 47)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
1357.
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia.
1358.
See only ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 58 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.
1359.
Moderating in such cases as well, Grune (2013), 117.
1360.
Völcker (2012), p. 159 et seq.
1361.
General Court, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254 (para 63)—BPB.
1362.
Völcker (2012), p. 171.
1363.
Völcker (2012), p. 172.
1364.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 50)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
1365.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 56)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
1366.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 51)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
1367.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (paras 22 et seq.)—Kaimer; Case C-487/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:757 (para 76)—British Aggregates.
1368.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 22)—Kaimer; ECJ, Case C-487/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:757 (para 76)—British Aggregates.
1369.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 24)—Kaimer.
1370.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 22)—Kaimer.
1371.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (paras 44 et seq.)—Kaimer.
1372.
General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 56)—Kaimer, confirmed by ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.
1373.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 46)—Kaimer.
1374.
ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 61)—Kaimer with additional citations.
1375.
ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (para 45)—CB; von Köckritz (2014), 908.
1376.
ECJ, Case C-68/95, ECLI:EU:C:1996:452 (para 59)—Port.
1377.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 10 paras 21 et seq.
1378.
By contrast, not in relation to a decision of the Commission that there is no reason to act pursuant to Art. 9 (1) sent. 2 Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003; Schmidt (2003), 1242.
1379.
See paras 3182 et seq.
1380.
Ultimately in agreement, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 paras 111 et seq.
1381.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 114.
1382.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 paras 115 et seq. citing ECJ, Case 75/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:399 (paras 21 et seq.)—Metro II.
1383.
See General Court, Case T-83/92, ECLI:EU:T:1993:93 (para 30)—Zunis; Case T-3/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:36 (para 82)—Air France I and further discussion below, paras 3980 et seq., 4146 in the merger control context.
1384.
Regarding this process, cf. Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 81 and 82 of the EEC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (paras 15 et seq.).
1385.
Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 81 and 82 of the EEC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (paras 12 et seq.).
1386.
Diekmann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 40 para 2. For additional discussion, see above paras 1772 et seq.
1387.
Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union Text with EEA relevance, OJ L 349, p. 1.
1388.
See above paras 1788 et seq.
1389.
See above paras 3174 et seq.
1390.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 16 para 7.
1391.
De Bronett (2012), Art. 16 para 7.
1392.
Cf. above para 2891.
1393.
Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 11 para 39.
1394.
Contra based on fundamental considerations, Andreangeli (2013), p. 110 et seq.
1395.
See above para 1791 et seq.
1396.
General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (paras 343 et seq.)—JFE Engineering.
1397.
ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 328)—Aalborg Portland.
1398.
Andreangeli (2013), p. 132 et seq.
1399.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65.
1400.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2490 et seq., likewise with regard to the following. The focus here is on the sequence of the proceedings.
1401.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 31 et seq.).
1402.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 36 et seq.) citing General Court, Case T-37/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:54 (para 36)—BEUC and NCC.
1403.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 37).
1404.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 47).
1405.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 45).
1406.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 47).
1407.
Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81.
1408.
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.
1409.
Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 97.
1410.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 59).
1411.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 60 et seq.).
1412.
General Court, Case T-213/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:292 (para 47)—Österreichische Postsparkasse.
1413.
See General Court, Case T-213/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:292 (para 46)—Österreichische Postsparkasse citing ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (para 9)—IBM.
1414.
Art. 6 Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004, OJ 2004 L 123, p. 18; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 64 et seq.).
1415.
Cf. above at paras 2707 et seq.
1416.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 21.
1417.
Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 21.
1418.
ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490 (paras 20 et seq.)—BAT and Reynolds with regard to business secrets.
1419.
ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490 (para 21)—BAT and Reynolds.
1420.
Klees (2005), § 6 para 45.
1421.
General Court, Case T-38/96, ECLI:EU:T:1997:110 (paras 26 et seq., 31 et seq.)—Guérin automobiles.
1422.
General Court, Case T-38/96, ECLI:EU:T:1997:110 (para 42)—Guérin automobiles.
1423.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 68 et seq.).
1424.
Above para 3199.
1425.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 74 et seq.).
1426.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 77 et seq.).
1427.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 80).
1428.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 81).
1429.
For additional discussion, see above paras 3178 et seq.
1430.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 12 et seq.).
1431.
Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 17, 44).
1432.
See above para 3179.

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Walter Frenz

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Table of Cases

AG Cosmas, ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:357—Anic Partecipazioni

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-110/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:257—Solvay

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:520—TGI

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126—Schenker

AG Maduro, ECJ, Case C-3/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:720—Danone

AG Mazák, ECJ, Case C-407/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:70—Knauf Gips

AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-40/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:361—Gascogne Sack Deutschland

AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-50/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:350—Kendrion

AG Sharpston, ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:360—Groupe Gascogne

AG Stix Hackl, ECJ, Case C-196/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:537—Aristrain

AG van Gerven, ECJ, Case C-116/92, ECLI:EU:C:1993:357—Charlton

Civil Service tribunal, Cases F-124/05 and 96/06—A and G/Commission

ECHR of 25 February 1993, Series A No. 256-A—Funke/France

ECHR of 8 February 1996, EuGRZ 1996, 587—John Murray/United Kingdom

ECHR of 17 December 1996, Rec. 1996-IV—Saunders/United Kingdom

ECHR of 26 October 2000, No. 30210/96, NJW 2001, 2694—Kudla/Poland

ECHR, judgement of 25 February 1997, No. 22107/93—Findlay/United Kingdom

ECHR, judgement of 29 May 2001, ÖJZ 2001, 657—Franz Fischer/Austria

ECHR, ruling of 1 April 2008, No. 73957/01—Varga/Romania

ECHR, ruling of 21 December 2010, No. 29408/08—Société Canal Plus inter alia/France

ECHR, ruling of 15 February 2011, No. 56715/09—Heino/Finland

ECHR, ruling of 27 September 2011, No. 43509/08—Menarini/Italy

ECJ, Cases 18 and 35/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:24—Gutmann

ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4—Walt Wilhelm

ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71—Chemiefarma

ECJ, Case 45/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:73—Boehringer

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70—ICI

ECJ, Case 7/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:125—Boehringer

ECJ, Cases 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18—Commercial Solvents

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174—Suiker Unie

ECJ, Case 127/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:25—BRT/SABAM

ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160—Papiers peints de Belgique

ECJ, Case 27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22—United Brands

ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19—Miller

ECJ, Case 115/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:31—Knoors

ECJ, Case 125/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:237—GEMA

ECJ, Cases 253/78 and 1–3/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:188—Giry und Guerlain

ECJ, Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169—National Panasonic

ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S

ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18—Camera Care

ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158—Musique Diffusion française

ECJ, Cases 212–217/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:270—Meridionale Industria Salumi

ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264—IBM

ECJ, Case 283/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:335—C.I.L.F.I.T.

ECJ, Case 322/81, ECLI:EU:C:1983:313—Michelin

ECJ, Case 7/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:52—GVL

ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293—AEG

ECJ, Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130—CRAM and Rheinzink

ECJ, Case 42/84, ECLI:EU:C:1985:327—Remia

ECJ, Case 75/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:399—Metro II

ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490—BAT and Reynolds

ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206—Johnston

ECJ, Case C-89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120—Ahlström

ECJ, Case C-62/86, ECLI:EU:C:1991:286—AKZO Chemie

ECJ, Case 246/86, ECLI:EU:C:1989:301—Belasco

ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167—Hoechst

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337—Hoechst

ECJ, Case 85/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:379—Dow Benelux

ECJ, Case 97–99/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:380—Dow Chemical Ibérica

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387—Orkem

ECJ, Case C-195/90 R, ECLI:EU:C:1990:314—Commission/Germany

ECJ, Case C-67/91, ECLI:EU:C:1992:330—Spanish banking association

ECJ, Cases C-121 and 122/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:285—CT Control and JCT Benelux

ECJ, Cases C-241 and 242/91 P, ECLI:EU:C:1995:98—Magill

ECJ, Case C-36/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1994:205—SEP

ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356—Anic Partecipazioni

ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358—Hüls

ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362—Montecatini

ECJ, Case C-320/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1994:414—Finsider

ECJ, Case C-39/93, ECLI:EU:C:1994:253—SFEI

ECJ, Case C-280/93, ECLI:EU:C:1994:367—Banana regime

ECJ, Case C-110/94, ECLI:EU:C:1996:67—INZO

ECJ, Case C-24/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:163—Alcan

ECJ, Case C-68/95, ECLI:EU:C:1996:452—Port

ECJ, Case C-185/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:608—Baustahlgewebe

ECJ, Case C-282/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:159—Guérin automobiles

ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132—Compagnie maritime belge transports

ECJ, Case C-119/97 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:116—Ufex

ECJ, Case C-294/98 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:632—Metsä-Serla

ECJ, Case C-298/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:634—Finnboard

ECJ, Case C-344/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:689—Masterfoods

ECJ, Case C-400/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:304—Breitsohl

ECJ, Case C-176/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2003:524—ARBED

ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschapij.

ECJ, Case C-424/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:642—Commission/Austria

ECJ, Case C-453/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:465—Courage and Crehan

ECJ, Case C-50/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:462—Unión de Pequeños Agricultores

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603—Roquette Frères

ECJ, Case C-112/00, ECLI:EU:C:2003:333—Schmidberger (Brenner Blockade)

ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6—Aalborg Portland

ECJ, Case C-210/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:440—Käserei Champignon

ECJ, Case C-198/01, ECLI:EU:C:2003:430—CIF

ECJ, Case C-189 inter alia/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:408—Dansk Rørindustri

ECJ, Case C-255/02, ECLI:EU:C:2006:121—Halifax

ECJ, Cases C-12 and 13/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87—Tetra Laval

ECJ, Case C-123/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:783—Greencore

ECJ, Case C-461/03, ECLI:EU:C:2005:742—Gaston Schul

ECJ, Case C-201/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:136—Molenbergnatie

ECJ, Cases C-295–298/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:461—Manfredi

ECJ, Case C-308/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:433—SGL Carbon

ECJ, Case C-436/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:165—van Esbroeck

ECJ, Case C-467/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:610—Gasparini

ECJ, Cases C-39 and 52/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:374—Turco

ECJ, Case C-94/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:185—Emsland-Stärke

ECJ, Case C-150/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:614—van Straaten

ECJ, Case C-328/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:277—SGL Carbon

ECJ, Case C-3/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:88—Danone

ECJ, Case C-266/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:295—Evonik Degussa

ECJ, Case C-450/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:91—Varec

ECJ, Case C-487/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:757—British Aggregates

ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610—GlaxoSmithKline Services

ECJ, Case C-47/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:726—Masdar

ECJ, Case C-125 inter alia/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:576—Erste Group Bank

ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:376—TGI

ECJ, Case C-385/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:456—Duales System Deutschland

ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377—Alrosa

ECJ, Case C-505/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:591—Compañía Española de Comercialización de Aceite

ECJ, Case C-514 inter alia/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:541—API

ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512—Akzo Nobel

ECJ, Case C-28/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:378—Bavarian Lager

ECJ, Case C-89/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:742—Commission/Ireland

ECJ, Case C-97/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:536—Akzo Nobel

ECJ, Case C-407/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:389—Knauf Gips

ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496—MyTravel

ECJ, Case C-197/09 RX-II, ECLI:EU:C:2009:804—Revision M/EMEA

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389—Pfleiderer

ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270—Tele2 Polska

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72—Toshiba

ECJ, Case C-386/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:815—Chalkor

ECJ, Case C-389/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:816—KME Germany

ECJ, Case C-404/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:393—Éditions Odile Jacob

ECJ, Case C-477/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:394—Agrofert

ECJ, Case C-617/10, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105—Åkerberg Fransson

ECJ, Cases C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479—Alliance One International

ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738—E.ON

ECJ, Case C-199/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684—Otis

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795—Expedia

ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498—Kaimer

ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289—ENI

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366—Donau Chemie

ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404—Schenker

ECJ, Case C-58/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:770—Groupe Gascogne

ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712—Altrip

ECJ, Case C-295/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2062—Telefónica and Telefónica de España

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112—EnBW

ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204—CB

ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404—Deutsche Bahn

General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75—Hercules Chemicals

General Court, Case T-12/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:34—Solvay

General Court, Case T-13/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:35—ICI

General Court, Case T-14/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:36—Montedipe

General Court, Case T-30/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:70—Hilti

General Court, Case T-64/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:42—Automec I

General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62—Tréfileurope

General Court, Case T-149/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:69—Sotralentz

General Court, Case T-150/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:70—Martinelli

General Court, Case T-23/90, ECLI:EU:T:1991:45—Peugeot

General Court, Case T-24/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:97—Automec

General Court, Case T-39/90 R, ECLI:EU:T:1990:70—SEP

General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5—La Cinq

General Court, Case T-37/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:54—BEUC and NCC

General Court, Case T-46/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:267—Scottish Football Association

General Court, Case T-66/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:84—Herlitz

General Court, Case T-77/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:85—Parker Pen

General Court, Case T-83/92, ECLI:EU:T:1993:93—Zunis

General Court, Case T-114/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:11—BEMIM

General Court, Case T-3/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:36—Air France I

General Court, Case T-5/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:12—Tremblay

General Court, Case T-34/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:46—Société Générale

General Court, Case T-575/93, ECLI:EU:T:1996:1—Koelman

General Court, Case T-229/94, ECLI:EU:T:1997:155—Deutsche Bahn

General Court, Case T-275/94, ECLI:EU:T:1995:141—Groupement des cartes bancaires

General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij

General Court, Case T-311/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:93—BPB de Eendracht

General Court, Case T-338/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:99—Finnboard

General Court, Case T-353/94, ECLI:EU:T:1996:119—Postbank

General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77—Cimenteries CBR

General Court, Case T-49/95, ECLI:EU:T:1996:186—Van Megen Sports

General Court, Cases T-133 and 204/95, ECLI:EU:T:1998:215—IECC

General Court, Case T-38/96, ECLI:EU:T:1997:110—Guérin automobiles

General Court, Case T-596/97, ECLI:EU:T:1998:138—Dalmine

General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61—Mannesmannröhren-Werke

General Court, Case T-191/98 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2003:245—Atlantic Container Line

General Court, Case T-202 inter alia/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:185—Tate & Lyle

General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70—HFB

General Court, Case T-16/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:72—Lögstör

General Court, Case T-23/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:75—LR

General Court, Case T-31/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:77—ABB

General Court, Case T-56 inter alia/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:333—Marlines

General Court, Case T-62/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:53—Sodima

General Court, Case T-115/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:54—SEP

General Court, Case T-319/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:50—FENIN

General Court, Case T-44/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:218—Mannesmannröhren-Werke

General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219—Corus

General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221—JFE Engineering

General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246—ARD

General Court, Case T-223/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:194—Kyowa Hakko

General Court, Case T-224/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:195—Archer Daniels

General Court, Case T-67/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:3—JCB Service

General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259—IMS Health

General Court, Cases T-213 and 214/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:151—Österreichische Postsparkasse und Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft

General Court, Case T-213/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:292—Österreichische Postsparkasse

General Court, Case T-214/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:293—Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft

General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118—Tokai Carbon

General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254—Schneider Electric

General Court, Case T-322/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:267—Roquette Frères

General Court, Case T-15/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:74—BASF

General Court, Case T-38/02, ECLI:EU:T:2005:367—Groupe Danone

General Court, Case T-279/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:103—Degussa

General Court, Case T-308/02, ECLI:EU:T:2004:119—SGL Carbon

General Court, Case T-2/03, ECLI:EU:T:2005:125—VKI

General Court, Case T-18/03, ECLI:EU:T:2009:132—CD Contact Data

General Court, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254—BPB

General Court (President), Cases T-125 and 253/03 R, ECLI:EU:T:2003:287—Akzo Nobel

General Court, Case T-217/03 R 2, ECLI:EU:T:2006:391—FNCBV

General Court, Case T-410/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:211—Hoechst

General Court, Case T-69/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:415—Schunk

General Court, Case T-99/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:256—AC-Treuhand

General Court, Case T-120/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:350—Peróxidos Orgánicos

General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187—Easyjet

General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372—Microsoft

General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80—France Télécom SA

General Court, Case T-11/05, ECLI:EU:T:2010:201—Wieland-Werke

General Court, Case T-38/05, ECLI:EU:T:2011:585—Agroexpansión

General Court, Cases T-101 and 111/05, ECLI:EU:T:2007:380—BASF

General Court, Case T-403/05, ECLI:EU:T:2008:316—MyTravel

General Court, Case T-11/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:560—Romana Tabacchi

General Court, Case T-12/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:441—Deltafina

General Court, Case T-170/06, ECLI:EU:T:2007:220—Alrosa

General Court, Case T-214/06, ECLI:EU:T:2012:275—ICI

General Court, Case T-217/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:251—Arkema

General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110—Kaimer

General Court, Case T-132/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:344—Fuji Electric

General Court, Case T-138/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:362—Schindler

General Court, Case T-235/07, ECLI:EU:T:2011:283—Bavaria

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320—Coats Holdings

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242—EnBW

General Court, Case T-427/08, ECLI:EU:T:2010:517—CEAHR

General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752—CDC

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404—Deutsche Bahn

German Federal Constitutional Court 103, 142

German Federal Constitutional Court 115, 166

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Frenz, W. (2016). Anti-trust Proceedings and Fines. In: Handbook of EU Competition Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_8

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_8
Published: 19 December 2015
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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