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Die funktionelle Analyse von Genomen

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Angewandte Bioinformatik

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Zusammenfassung

Im Rahmen des humanen Genomprojekts wurde 2001 das erste Genom des Menschen veröffentlicht. Nach damaligen Schätzungen ging man von etwa 30.000 bis 35.000 menschlichen Genen aus. Heute weiß man jedoch, dass das Genom des Menschen, das stammesgeschichtlich gesehen sehr jung ist, einen enormen Unterschied zwischen der Zahl der Gene und der Genomgröße aufweist. Es beinhaltet etwa 19.000–20.000 Gene (Ezkurdia et al. 2014) bei einer Gesamtgröße von etwa 3,3 Gigabasen (s. auch Kap. 4 und 7). Jede menschliche Zelle mit Ausnahme von Spermien und Eizellen besitzt einen vollständigen Satz dieser Gene. Jedoch unterscheidet sich beispielsweise eine Blutzelle in ihrer Morphologie und Physiologie sehr stark von einer Leberzelle. Wie sind diese Unterschiede zu erklären, wenn alle Zellen das gleiche genetische Material besitzen? Die Antwort ist vergleichsweise einfach. Nicht jedes Gen wird in jeder Zelle transkribiert und exprimiert. Daraus folgt, dass in einer Zelle i. d. R. nur die Proteine vorliegen, die zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt im Leben dieser Zelle benötigt werden. Das Proteom einer Zelle oder eines Gewebes ist also vom Zelltyp und seinem momentanen Zustand abhängig.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Deutschland

    Paul M. Selzer

  2. MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Deutschland

    Richard J. Marhöfer

  3. Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Deutschland

    Oliver Koch

Authors
  1. Paul M. Selzer
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  2. Richard J. Marhöfer
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  3. Oliver Koch
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Selzer, P.M., Marhöfer, R.J., Koch, O. (2018). Die funktionelle Analyse von Genomen. In: Angewandte Bioinformatik. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54135-7_6

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