Abstract
Generally speaking, students can learn mathematics both in their formal schooling and outside school. Therefore, when we discuss students’ mathematics learning and achievement, the role of out-of-school learning cannot be ignored. This chapter aims at highlighting the importance of shadow education in mathematics to the overall picture of Chinese mathematics education, especially the notable achievements of Chinese students in international comparative research, such as PISA.
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Notes
- 1.
Teachers teach a single subject in mainland China.
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Wang, L., Guo, K. (2018). Shadow Education of Mathematics in China. In: Cao, Y., Leung, F. (eds) The 21st Century Mathematics Education in China. New Frontiers of Educational Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55781-5_5
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