Skip to main content

Major Depressive Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Metabolism of Human Diseases

Abstract

Depression affects about 121 million people worldwide and is characterized by episodes of affective, somatic, cognitive, and motivational symptoms generally expressed by loss of interest and pleasure with increasing functional impairment, morbidity, and mortality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wulsin LR, Vaillant GE, Wells VE (1999) A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosom Med 61:6–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. McIntyre RS, Alsuwaidan M, Goldstein BI, Taylor VH, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S, Kemp DE (2012) The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid metabolic disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 24:69–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P (2001) Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:844–850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pan A, Keum N, Okereke OI, Sun Q, Kivimaki M, Rubin RR, Hu FB (2012) Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Diabetes Care 35:1171–1180

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. McIntyre RS, McElroy SL, Konarski JZ, Soczynska JK, Bottas A, Castel S, Wilkins K, Kennedy SH (2007) Substance use disorders and overweight/obesity in bipolar I disorder: preliminary evidence for competing addictions. J Clin Psychiatry 68:1352–1357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. McIntyre RS, Rasgon NL, Kemp DE, Nguyen HT, Law CW, Taylor VH, Woldeyohannes HO, Alsuwaidan MT, Soczynska JK, Kim B, Lourenco MT, Kahn LS, Goldstein BI (2009) Metabolic syndrome and major depressive disorder: co-occurrence and pathophysiologic overlap. Curr Diab Rep 9:51–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (2009) Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 9th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gold PW, Chrousos GP (2002) Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states. Mol Psychiatry 7:254–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bjorntorp P (2001) Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev 2:73–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Golden RN, Markey SP, Risby ED, Rudorfer MV, Cowdry RW, Potter WZ (1988) Antidepressants reduce whole-body norepinephrine turnover while enhancing 6-hydroxymelatonin output. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:150–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gans RO (2006) The metabolic syndrome, depression, and cardiovascular disease: interrelated conditions that share pathophysiologic mechanisms. Med Clin North Am 90:573–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Benthem L, Keizer K, Wiegman CH, de Boer SF, Strubbe JH, Steffens AB, Kuipers F, Scheurink AJ (2000) Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via HPA axis and sympathetic activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279:E1286–E1293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kreier F, Yilmaz A, Kalsbeek A, Romijn JA, Sauerwein HP, Fliers E, Buijs RM (2003) Hypothesis: shifting the equilibrium from activity to food leads to autonomic unbalance and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 52:2652–2656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Catena-Dell’Osso M, Rotella F, Dell’Osso A, Fagiolini A, Marazziti D (2013) Inflammation, serotonin and major depression. Curr Drug Targets 14:571–577

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW (1999) C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:972–978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Catena-Dell’Osso M, Bellantuono C, Consoli G, Baroni S, Rotella F, Marazziti D (2011) Inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways in depression: a new avenue for antidepressant development? Curr Med Chem 18:245–255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lutter M, Elmquist J (2009) Depression and metabolism: linking changes in leptin and ghrelin to mood. F1000 Biol Rep 1:63

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Lutter M, Sakata I, Osborne-Lawrence S, Rovinsky SA, Anderson JG, Jung S, Birnbaum S, Yanagisawa M, Elmquist JK, Nestler EJ, Zigman JM (2008) The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress. Nat Neurosci 11:752–753

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Skibicka KP, Hansson C, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL (2012) Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor gene expression. Addict Biol 17:95–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. van Reedt Dortland AK, Giltay EJ, van Veen T, Zitman FG, Penninx BW (2010) Metabolic syndrome abnormalities are associated with severity of anxiety and depression and with tricyclic antidepressant use. Acta Psychiatr Scand 122:30–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sanchez-Villegas A, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Alonso A, Schlatter J, Lahortiga F, Serra Majem L, Martinez-Gonzalez MA (2009) Association of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra follow-up (SUN) cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:1090–1098

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO (2005) Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 28:1–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ehret M, Goethe J, Lanosa M, Coleman CI (2010) The effect of metformin on anthropometrics and insulin resistance in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 71:1286–1292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chokka P, Tancer M, Yeragani VK (2006) Metabolic syndrome: relevance to antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatry Neurosci 31:414

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kozumplik O, Uzun S (2011) Metabolic syndrome in patients with depressive disorder–features of comorbidity. Psychiatr Danub 23:84–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH (2006) The effect of antidepressants on lipid homeostasis: a cardiac safety concern? Expert Opin Drug Saf 5:523–537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Licht CM, de Geus EJ, Seldenrijk A, van Hout HP, Zitman FG, van Dyck R, Penninx BW (2009) Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension. Hypertension 53:631–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Donatella Marazziti .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marazziti, D., Rutigliano, G., Baroni, S., Dell’Osso, L. (2014). Major Depressive Disorder. In: Lammert, E., Zeeb, M. (eds) Metabolism of Human Diseases. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0715-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics