Abstract
The term autoimmunity signifies the presence of specific memory-type immune reactions that are directed against one or more self-epitopes. Under most conditions, autoimmunity is determined in terms of immunoglobulins that react with either unknown or well-defined human antigens. Today it is supposed that the production of these autoantibodies requires prior activation of potentially autoreactive B cells by memory T cells. These T cells not only have to recognize a closely related peptide structure. Importantly, these T cells can stimulate B cells only when primed by activated antigen presenting cells.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrams JR, Kelley SL, Hayes E, Kikuchi T, Brown MJ, Kang S, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Linsley PS, Krueger JG (2000) Blockade of T lymphocyte costimulation with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) reverses the cellular pathology of psoriatic plaques, including the activation of keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. J Exp Med 192: 681–694
Ackermann L, Harvima IT (1998) Mast cells of psoriatic and atopic dermatitis skin are positive for TNF-alpha and their degranulation is associated with expression of ICAM-1 in the epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res 290: 353–359
Adorini L, Sinigaglia F (1997) Pathogenesis and immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 18: 209–211
Akdis CA, Joss A, Akdis M, Faith A, Blaser K (2000) A molecular basis for T cell suppression by IL-10: CD28-associated IL-10 receptor inhibits CD28 tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding. Faseb J 14: 1666–1668
Albert ML, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N (1998) Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 392: 86–89
Alferink J, Tafuri A, Vestweber D, Hallmann R, Hammerling GJ, Arnold B (1998) Control of neonatal tolerance to tissue antigens by peripheral T cell trafficking. Science 282: 1338–1341
Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR (1991) Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell 67: 869–877
Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T (1994) Absorption of pathogenic antoantibodies by the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen (Dsg 3) produced by baculovirus. J Clin Invest 94: 59–67
Arnold B, Schonrich G, Hammerling GJ (1993) Multiple levels of peripheral tolerance. Immunol. Today 14: 12–14
Austin LM, Ozawa M, Kikuchi T, Walters IB, Krueger JG (1999) The majority of epidermal T cells in Psoriasis vulgaris lesions can produce type 1 cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, defining TC1 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and TH1 effector populations: a type 1 differentiation bias is also measured in circulating blood T cells in psoriatic patients. J Invest Dermatol 113: 752–759
Bachmaier K, Neu N, de la Maza LM, Pal S, Hessel A, Penninger JM (1999) Chlamydia in- fections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science 283: 1335–1339
Banchereau J, Bazan F, Blanchard D, Briere F, Galizzi JP, van Kooten C, Liu YJ, Rousset F, Saeland S (1994) The CD40 antigen and its ligand. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 881–922
Banchereau J, Steinman RM (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392: 245–252
Bendelac A, Carnaud C, Boitard C, Bach JF (1987) Syngeneic transfer of autoimmune diabetes from diabetic NOD mice to healthy neonates. Requirement for both L3T4+ and Lyt2+ T cells. J Exp Med 166: 823–832
Berg PA, Klein R, Röcken M (1997) Cytokines in primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 17: 115–123
Biedermann T, Kneilling M, Mailhammer R, Maier K, Sander CA, Kollias G, Kunkel SL, Hultner L, Röcken M (2000) Mast Cells Control Neutrophil Recruitment during T Cell-mediated Delayed-type Hypersensitivity Reactions through Tumor Necrosis Factor and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2. J Exp Med 192: 1441–1452
Biedermann T, Mailhammer R, Mai A, Sander C, Ogilvie A, Brombacher F, Maier K, Levine AD, Röcken M (2001) Reversal of established delayed type hypersensitivity reactions following therapy with II.-4 or antigen-specific Th2 cells. Eur J Immunol 31: 1582–1591
Biedermann T, Röcken M (2001) T cells. In Immune Mechanisms in cutaneous disease, 2nd Edition, DA Norris, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., in press
Bischoff SC, Lorentz A, Schwengberg S, Weier G, Raab R, Manns MP (1999) Mast cells are an important cellular source of tumour necrosis factor alpha in human intestinal tissue. Gut 44: 643–652
Blackman M, Kappler J, Marrack P (1990) The role of the T cell receptor in positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Science 248: 1335–1341
Bonomo A, Matzinger P (1993) Thymus epithelium induces tissue-specific tolerance. J Exp Med 177: 1153–1164
Bouneaud C, Kourilsky P, Bousso P (2000) Impact of Negative Selection on the T Cell Repertoire Reactive to a Self-Peptide. A Large Fraction of T Cell Clones Escapes Clonal Deletion. Immunity 13: 829–840
Büdinger L, Borradori L, Yee C, Eming R, Ferencik S, Grosse-Wilde H, Merk HF, Yancey K, Hertl M (1998) Identification and characterization of autoreactive T cell responses to bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 in patients and healthy controls. J Clin Invest 102: 2082–2089
Chen R, Diaz L, Giudice G, Liu Z (2000) The role of C5a in mast cell activation during subepidermal blistering in experimetnal bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 114 (A): 762
Christophers E (1996) The immunopathology of psoriasis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 110: 199–206
Chuang TY, Stitle L, Brashear R, Lewis C (1999) Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: A case-control study of 340 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 41: 787–789
Degitz K, Röcken M (1997) Lichen ruber planus nach Hepatitis-B-Impfung. In: Plewig G and Przybilla B (eds) Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie and Venerologie ( 1996 ) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 426–427
Ehl S, Hombach J, Aichele P, Rulicke T, Odermatt B, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R, Pircher H (1998) Viral and bacterial infections interfere with peripheral tolerance induction and activate CD8+ T cells to cause immunopathology. J Exp Med 187: 763–774
Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Maini RN (1996) Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol 14: 397–440
Gautam AM, Lock CB, Smilek DE, Pearson CI, Steinman L, McDevitt HO (1994) Minimum structural requirements for peptide presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules: implications in induction of autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 767–771
Gelbmann CM, Mestermann S, Gross V, Kollinger M, Scholmerich J, Falk W (1999) Strictures in Crohns disease are characterised by an accumulation of mast cells colocalised with laminin but not with fibronectin or vitronectin. Gut 45: 210–217
Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Jung MC, Gruener NH, Schraut WW, Zachoval R, Hoffmann R, Schirren CA, Santantonio T, Pape GR (1999) Recurrence of hepatitis C virus after loss of virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell response in acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 117: 933–941
Goldman M, Druet P, Gleichmann E (1991) TH2 cells in systemic autoimmunity: insights from allogeneic diseases and chemically-induced autoimmunity. Immunol Today 12: 223–227
Goodnow CC, Brink R, Adams E (1991) Breakdown of self-tolerance in anergic B lymphocytes. Nature 352: 532–536
Green EA, Flavell RA (2000) The temporal importance of TNFalpha expression in the development of diabetes. Immunity 12: 459–469
Groux H, Garra A, Bigler M, Rouleau M, Antonenko S, de Vries JE, Roncarolo MG (1997) A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. Nature 389: 737–742
Harrison LC, Honeyman MC, DeAizpurua HJ, Schmidli RS, Colman PG, Tait BD, Cram DS (1993) Inverse relation between humoral and cellular immunity to glutamic acid decarboxylase in subjects at risk of insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 341: 1365–1369
Hertl M, Karr RW, Amagai M, Katz SI (1998) Heterogeneous MHC II restriction pattern of autoreactive desmoglein 3 specific T cell responses in pemphigus vulgaris patients and normals. J Invest Dermatol 110: 388–392
Hertl M (2000) Humoral and cellular autoimmunity in autoimmune bullous skin disorders. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 122: 91–100
Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH (2000) Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4(+) T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 192: 1213–1222
Kalinski P, Hilkens CM, Wierenga EA, Kapsenberg ML (1999) T-cell priming by type-1 and type-2 polarized dendritic cells: the concept of a third signal. Immunol. Today 20: 561–567
Katz JD, Benoist C, Mathis D (1995) T helper cell subsets in insulin-dependent diabetes. Science 268: 1185–1188
Kisielow P, Teh HS, Bluthmann H, von Boehmer H (1988) Positive selection of antigen-specific T cells in thymus by restricting MHC molecules. Nature 335: 730–733
Kisielow P, von Boehmer H (1995) Development and selection of T cells: facts and puzzles. Adv Immunol 58: 87–209
Kolb H, Kolb-Bachofen V, Roep BO (1995) Autoimmune versus inflammatory type I diabetes: a controversy? Immunol Today 16: 170–172
Kretz-Rommel A, Rubin RL (2000) Disruption of positive selection of thymocytes causes autoimmunity. Nat Med 6: 298–305
Lanzavecchia A (1985) Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 314: 533–539
Limmer A, Sacher T, Alferink J, Kretschmar M, Schonrich G, Nichterlein T, Arnold B, Hammerling GJ (1998) Failure to induce organ-specific autoimmunity by breaking of tolerance: importance of the microenvironment. Eur J Immunol 28: 2395–2406
Liu Z, Giudice GJ, Swartz SJ, Fairley JA, Till GO, Troy JL, Diaz LA (1995) The role of complement in experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Clin Invest 95: 1539–1544
Liu Z, Shipley JM, Vu TH, Zhou X, Diaz LA, Werb Z, Senior RM (1998) Gelatinase B-defi- cient mice are resistant to experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Exp Med 188: 475–482
Liu Z, Shapiro SD, Zhou X, Twining SS, Senior RM, Giudice GJ, Fairley JA, Diaz LA (2000) A critical role for neutrophil elastase in experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Clin Invest 105: 113–123
Louis JA, Chiller JM, Weigle WO (1973) The ability of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to modulate the induction of unresponsiveness to a state of immunity. Cellular parameters. J Exp Med 138: 1481–1495
Martin R, McFarland HF, McFarlin DE (1992) Immunological aspects of demyelinating diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 10: 153–187
Matzinger P (1994) Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 991–1045
Matzinger P, Anderson CC (2001) Immunity or tolerance: Opposite outcomes of microchimerism from skin grafts. Nat Med 7: 80–87
Mease PJ, Goffe BS, Metz J, VanderStoep A, Finck B, Burge DJ (2000) Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a randomised trial. Lancet 356: 385–390
Mican JM, Metcalfe DD (1990) Arthritis and mast cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 86: 677–683
Mokhtarian F, McFarlin DE, Raine CS (1984) Adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein-sensitized T cells produces chronic relapsing demyelinating disease in mice. Nature 309: 356–358
Moradpour D, Blum HE (1999) Current and evolving therapies for hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11: 1199–1202
Moser M, Murphy KM (2000) Dendritic cell regulation of TH1-TH2 development. Nat Immunol 1: 199–205
Moskophidis D, Lechner F, Pircher H, Zinkernagel RM (1993) Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells. Nature 362: 758–761
Mosmann TR, Coffman RL (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 7: 145–173
Mosmann TR, Sad S (1996) The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 17: 138–146
Naucler CS, Larsson S, Moller E (1996) A novel mechanism for virus-induced autoimmunity in humans. Immunol Rev 152: 175–192
Ohashi PS, Oehen S, Buerki K, Pircher H, Ohashi CT, Odermatt B, Malissen B, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1991) Ablation of “tolerance” and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice. Cell 65: 305–317
Oldstone MB, Nerenberg M, Southern P, Price J, Lewicki H (1991) Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: role of anti-self (virus) immune response. Cell 65: 319–331
Powrie F (1995) T cells in inflammatory bowel disease: protective and pathogenic roles. Immunity 3: 171–174
Prinz JC (1999) Which T cells cause psoriasis? Clin Exp Dermatol 24: 291–295
Racke MK, Bonomo A, Scott DE, Cannella B, Levine A, Raine CS, Shevach EM, Rocken M (1994) Cytokine-induced immune deviation as a therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 180: 1961–1966
Rocha B, von Boehmer H (1991) Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire. Science 251: 1225–1228
Röcken M, Saurat, JH, Hauser C (1992a) A common precursor for CD4+ T cells producing IL-2 or IL-4. J Immunol 148: 1031–1036
Röcken M, Urban JF, Shevach EM (1992b) Infection breaks T-cell tolerance. Nature 359: 79–82
Röcken M, Urban J, Shevach EM (1994) Antigen-specific activation, tolerization, and reactivation of the interleukin 4 pathway in vivo. J Exp Med 179: 1885–1893
Röcken M, Shevach EM (1996) Immune deviation - the third dimension of nondeletional T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 149: 175–194
Röcken M, Racke M, Shevach EM (1996) IL-4-induced immune deviation as antigen-specific therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. Immunol Today 17: 225–231
Rothe MJ, Nowak M, Kerdel FA (1990) The mast cell in health and disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 615–624
Rubin RL (1997) Dubois Lupus Erythematosus, 5th Edition, Wallace DJ and Hahn BH (eds) Williams & Wilkens, Baltimore, 871–901
Schonrich G, Kalinke U, Momburg F, Malissen M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Malissen B, Hammerling GJ, Arnold B (1991) Down-regulation of T cell receptors on self-reactive T cells as a novel mechanism for extrathymic tolerance induction. Cell 65: 293–304
Schuler G, Steinman RM (1997) Dendritic cells as adjuvants for immune-mediated resistance to tumors. J Exp Med 186: 1183–1187
Schuler G, Thurner B, Romani N (1997) Dendritic cells: from ignored cells to major players in T-cell-mediated immunity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 112: 317–322
Schwartz RH (1998) Immunological tolerance. In Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Paul WE (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York, 701–740
Sinha AA, Lopez MT, McDevitt HO (1990) Autoimmune diseases: the failure of self tolerance. Science 248: 1380–1388
Stenger S, Modlin RL (1999) T cell mediated immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2: 89–93
Stockinger B (1999) T lymphocyte tolerance: from thymic deletion to peripheral control mechanisms. Adv Immunol 71: 229–265
Strober W, Ehrhardt RO (1993) Chronic intestinal inflammation: an unexpected outcome in cytokine or T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 75: 203–205
Tessari G, Barba A, Schena D (1996) Lichen ruber planus following the administration of human anti-hepatitis B virus immunoglobulins [letter]. Acta Derm Venereol 76: 154
Vollmer S, Menssen A, Trommler P, Schendel D, Prinz JC (1994) T lymphocytes derived from skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris express a novel cytokine pattern that is distinct from that of T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cells. Eur J Immunol 24: 2377–2382
von Herrath MG, Guerder S, Lewicki H, Flavell RA, Oldstone MB (1995) Coexpression of B7-1 and viral (“self”) transgenes in pancreatic beta cells can break peripheral ignorance and lead to spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Immunity 3: 727–738
Webb S, Morris C, Sprent J (1990) Extrathymic tolerance of mature T cells: clonal elimination as a consequence of immunity. Cell 63: 1249–1256
Weber S, Traunecker A, Oliver” F, Gerhard W, Karjalainen K (1992) Specific low-affinity recognition of major histocompatibility complex plus peptide by soluble T-cell receptor. Nature 356: 793–796
Weinberg AD, English M, Swain SL (1990) Distinct regulation of lymphokine production is found in fresh versus in vitro primed mucine helper T cells J Immunol 144: 1800–1807
Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995) Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80: 695–705
Zhang J, Hafler D, Hohlfeld R, Miller A, eds (1998) Immunotherapy in neuroimmunologic diseases. Martin Dunitz Ltd, London
Zimmermann S, Egeter O, Hausmann S, Lipford GB, Röcken M, Wagner H, Heeg K (1998) CpG oligodeoxynucleotides trigger protective and curative Th1 responses in lethal mucine leishmaniasis. J Immunol 160: 3627–3630
Zinkernagel RM (1996) Immunology taught by viruses. Science 271: 173–178
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Röcken, M., Biedermann, T. (2001). Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease. In: Hertl, M. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3704-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3704-8_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3706-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3704-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive