Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parenteral gold

  • Chapter
Antirheumatic Therapy: Actions and Outcomes

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

  • 664 Accesses

Abstract

Following the discovery of the bacteriostatic effect of gold cyanide by Robert Koch in 1890, gold was used for the treatment of tuberculosis and other infections and, from the 1920s, also for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), believed to be caused by strep-tococcal infection. In 1935 Forestier reported over 550 cases, of whom 70–80% experienced remission or at least transient inactivation of the disease for 2–3 years, and Hartfall reported a clear improvement in 86% and remission in 10% of his 900 patients. In 1960, the Empire Rheumatism Council (ERC) confirmed the efficacy of parenteral gold in RA in a controlled study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Burmester GR, Barthel HR (1996) Wirkmechanismen von Gold bei der Behandlung der rheumatoiden Arthritis. Z Rheumatol 55: 299–306

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Burmester GR (2001) Molecular mechanisms of action of gold in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis — an update. Z Rheumatol 60: 167–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hirohata S, Nakanishi K, Yanagida T, Kawai M, Kikuchi H, Isshi K (1999) Synergistic inhibition of human B cell activation by gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin. Clin Immunol 91: 226–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Snowden N, Dietch DM, Teh LS, Hilton RC, Haeney MR (1996) Antibody deficiency associated with gold treatment: natural history and management in 22 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 55: 616–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Verwilghen J, Kingsley GH, Gambling L, Panayi GS (1992) Activation of gold reactive T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with gold. Arthritis Rheum 35: 1414–1418

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kiely PDW, Helbert MR, Miles J, Oliveira DBG (2000) Immunosuppressant effect of gold on IgG subclasses and IgE; evidence for sparing of Th2 responses. Clin Exp Immunol 120: 369–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Königsberg PJ, Debrick JE, Pawlowski TJ, Staerz UD (1999) Liposome encapsulated aurothiomalate reduces collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. Biochem Biophys Acta 1421: 149–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cannon GW, McCall S (1990) Inhibition of the passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis by gold sodium thiomalate. J Rheumatol 17: 436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Griem P, Takahashi K, Kaibacher H, Gleichmann E (1995) The antirheumatic drug disodium aurothiomalate inhibits CD4+ T cell recognition of peptides containing two or more cysteine residues. J Immunol 155: 1575–1587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hirohata S, Yanagida T, Hashimoto H, Tomita T, Ochi T (1997) Differential influences of gold sodium thiomalate and bucillamine on the generation of CD14+ monocyte-lineage cells from bone marrow of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 84: 290–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Yanni G, Nabil M, Farahat MR, Poston RN, Panayi GS (1994) Intramuscular gold decreases cytokine expression and macrophage numbers in the rheumatoid synovial membrane. Ann Rheum Dis 53: 315–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Seitz M, Loetscher P, Dewald B, Towbin H, Baggiolini M (1997) In vitro modulation of cytokine, cytokine inhibitor, and prostaglandin E release from blood mononuclear cells and synovial fibroblasts by antirheumatic drugs. J Rheumatol 24: 1471–1476

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Loetscher P, Dewald B, Baggiolini M, Seitz M (1994) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 8 production by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Effects of anti-rheumatic drugs. Cytokine 6: 162–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lampa J, Klareskog L, Rönnelid J (2002) Effects of gold on cytokine production in vitro; increase of monocyte dependent interleukin 10 production and decrease of interferon-γ levels. J Rheumatol 29: 21–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yoshida S, Kato T, Sakurada S, Kurono C, Yang JP, Matsui N, Soji T, Okamoto T (1999) Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 induction from cultured rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts by treatment with aurothioglucose. Int Immunol 11: 151–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ho PP, Young AL, Southard GL (1978) Methyl ester of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: chemotactic responses of human blood monocytes and inhibition of gold compounds. Arthritis Rheum 21: 133–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nagashima M, Yoshino H, Aono H, Takai M, Sasano M (1999) Inhibitory effects of anti-rheumatic drugs on vascular endothelial growth factor in cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 116: 360–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Corkill MM, Kirkham BW, Haskard DO, Barbatis C, Gibson T, Panayi GS (1991) Gold treatment of rheumatoid arthritis decreases synovial expression of the endothelial leukocyte adhesion receptor ELAM-1. J Rheumatology 18: 1453–1460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kerimova AA, Atalay M, Yusifov EY, Kuprin SP, Kerimov TM (2000) Antioxidant enzymes; possible mechanism of gold compound treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology 7: 209–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kataoka K, Handa H, Nishizawa M (2001) Induction of cellular antioxidative stress genes through heteredimeric transcription factor Nrf2/small Maf by antirheumatic gold(I) compounds. J Biol Chem 276: 34074–34081

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tschesche H, Bläser J, Kleine T, Schnierer S, Reinemer P, Bode W, Maasjoshusmann U, Fricke C (1994) Inhibition of MMPs in rheumatoid arthritis and the crystallographic mode of a peptide inhibitor. Ann NY Acad Sei 732: 400–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gottlieb NL, Smith PM, Smith EM (1972) Tissue gold concentration in a rheumatoid arthritic receiving chrysotherapy. Arthritis Rheum 15: 16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ghadially FN, Oryschak AF, Mitchell DM (1976) Ultrastructural changes produced in rheumatoid synovial membrane by chrysotherapy. Ann Rheum Dis 35: 67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lorber A (1977) Monitoring gold plasma levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2: 127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ellmann P, Lawrence JS, Thorhold GPT (1940) Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Brit Med J 2: 312

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lockie LM, Norcross BM, Roirdan DJ (1958) Gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 167: 1204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Empire Rheumatism Council (1961) Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: Final report of a multicentre controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 20: 316

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ward JR, Williams HJ, Boyce E, Egger MJ, Reading JC, Samuelson CO (1983) Comparison of auranofin, gold sodium thiomalate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 95: 133–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Capell HA, Lewis D, Carey J (1986) A three year follow up of patients allocated to placebo, or oral or injectable gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 45: 705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Davis P, Menard H, Thompson J, Harth M, Beaudet F (1985) One-year comparative study of gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 12: 60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schattenkirchner M, Bröll H, Kaik B, Müller-Fassbender H, Rau R, Zeidler H (1988) Auranofin and gold sodium thiomalate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a one-year double-blind comparative multicenter study. Klin Wochenschr 66: 167–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rau R, Schattenkirchner M, Müller-Fassbender H, Kaik B, Zeidler H, Missler B (1990) A three year comparative study of auranofin and gold sodium thiomalate in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 9: 461–474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rau R, Herborn G, Menninger H, Blechschmidt J (1997) Comparison of intramuscular methotrexate and gold sodium thiomalate in the treatment of early erosive rheumatoid arthritis: 12 month data of a double-blind parallel study of 174 patients. Brit J Rheum 36: 345–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Menninger H, Herborn G, Blechschmidt J, Rau R (1998) A 36-month comparative trial of methotrexate and gold sodium thiomalate in the treatment of early active and erosive rheumatoid arthritis. Brit J Rheum 37: 1060–1068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sander O, Herborn G, Bock E, Rau R (1999) Prospective six year follow up of patients withdrawn from a randomised study comparing parenteral gold salt and methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 58: 281–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hernandez Garcia C, Jover JA, Morado IC, Banares A (1997) Gold salts and methotrex ate in daily practice. Short-term safety and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 40 (Suppl): S51 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hamilton J, Mc Innes IB, Thomson EA, Porter D, Hunter JA, Madhok R, Capell HA (2001) Comparative study of intramuscular gold and methotrexate in a rheumatoid arthritis population from a socially deprived area. Ann Rheum Dis 60: 566–572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Peltomaa R, Paimela L, Helve T, Leirisalo-Repo M (1995) Comparison of intramuscular gold and sulphasalazine in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 24: 330–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Jessop JD, O’Sullivan MM, Lewis PA, Williams LA, Camilleri JP, Plant MJ, Coles EC (1998) A long-term five year randomized controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine, sodium aurothiomalate, auranofin and penicillamine in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Brit J Rheumatol 37: 992-1002

    Google Scholar 

  40. Clark P, Tugwell P, Bennett K, Bombardier C (1989) Meta-analysis of injectable gold in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 16: 442

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF (1990) The comparative efficacy and toxicity of second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Maetzel A, Wong A, Strand V, Tugwell P et al (2000) Meta-analysis of treatment termination rates among RA patients receiving slow-acting anti-rheumatic agents. Rheumatology 39: 975–981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Rau R, Herborn G, Koch A, Werdier D (1987) Aspekte der Langzeitbeobachtung von Patienten mit chronischer Polyarthritis und parenteraler Goldbehandlung. Akt Rheumatol 12: 181 (Sonderheft)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Graudahl N, Tahp U, Jurik AG, Galloe AM, Garred P, Milman N, Graudahl HK (2000) Inflammatory patterns in rheumatoid arthritis estimated by the number of swollen and tender joints, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin: long-term course and association to radiographic progression. J Rheumatol 27: 47–57

    Google Scholar 

  45. Graudahl NA, Jurik AG, DeCavallo A, Graudahl HK (1998) Radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41: 1470–1480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Rau R, Herborn G, Butgereit P (1989) Reinvestigation of 205 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 7 years after institution of gold treatment. ILAR-Kongress, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Cathey MA (1993) Measurement of gold treatment effect in clinical practice: Evidence for effectiveness of intramuscular gold therapy. J Rheumatol 20: 797–801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fries JF, Williams CA, Singh G, Ramey DR (1997) Response to therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is influenced by immediately prior therapy. J Rheumatol 24: 838–844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Singh G, Ramey DR, Fries JF (1994) Effectiveness and toxicity profiles of drug treatment in RA. Arthritis Rheum 37: S 196 (abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hurst S, Kalian MJ, Wolfe FJ, Fries JF, Albert DA (2002) Methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and intramuscular gold in rheumatoid arthritis: relative area under the curve effectiveness and sequence effects. J Rheumatol 29: 1639–1645

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Munroe R, Hamson R, Me Entegard A et al (1998) Improved functional outcome in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with intramuscular gold: results of a 5 year prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 57: 88–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Fumagalli M, Incorvaia C, Nitti F, Broggini M, Baratelli E, Balzarini P, Galvani L, Romagnoni GG (2002) The assessment of quality of life as a measure of gold salts treatment efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Minerva Med 93: 199–202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lehtinen K, Isomäki H (1991) Intramuscular gold therapy is associated with long survival in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 18: 524–529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wassenberg S, Sander O, Rau R (1996) Is gold treatment still justifiable? Z Rheumatol 58:1/43 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rau R (1996) Does parenteral gold inhibit radiographic progression in RA? (German) Z Rheumatol 55: 307–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Luukkainen R (1980) Chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis with particular emphasis on the effect on radiographical changes and on the optimal time of initiation of therapy. Scand J Rheumatol 34: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Collins LC, Moreland J (1971) Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 14: 706–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Larsen A, Horton J, Howland C (1984) The effects of auranofin and parenteral gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an x-ray analysis. Clin Rheumatol 3 (Suppl. 1): 97–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rau R, Herborn G, Menninger H, Sangha O (1998) Progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: 12 month results from a randomized controlled trial comparing methotrexate and gold sodium thiomalate. Brit J Rheumatol 37: 1220–1226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rau R, Menninger H, Herborn G, Sangha O (2002) Inhibition of radiographic progression over three years by parenteral gold and MTX: Results of a comparative study in 174 patients with early erosive RA. Rheumatology 41: 196–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rau R, Herborn G, Zueger S, Fenner H (2000) The effect of HLA-DRB1 genes, rheumatoid factor, and treatment on radiographic disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis over 6 years. J Rheumatol 27: 566–575

    Google Scholar 

  62. Zeidler HK, Kvien TK, Hannonen P, Wollheim FA, Forre O, Geidel H, Hafstrom I, Kaltwasser JP, Leirisalo-Repo M, Manger B et al (1998) Progression of joint damage in early active severe rheumatoid arthritis during 18 months of treatment: comparison of low-dose cyclosporin and parenteral gold. Brit J Rheumatol 37: 874–882

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kvien TK, Zeidler HK, Hannonen P, Wollheim F A, Førre Ø, Hafstrom I, Kaltwasser JP, Leirisalo-Repo M, Manger B, Laasonen L et al (2002) Long term efficacy and safety of cyclosporin versus parenteral gold in early rheumatoid arthritis: a three year study of radiographic progression, renal function, and arterial hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 61: 511–516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Graudal HK, Graudal N, Jurik AG (1994) On the course of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis during and after long-term gold therapy. Scand J Rheumatol 23: 223–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Buckland-Wright JC, Clarke GS, Chikanza IC, Grahame R (1993) Quantitative microfocal radiography detects changes in erosion area in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with myocrisine. J Rheumatol 20: 243–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mulherin DM, Struthers GR, Situnayake RD (1997) Do gold rings protect against articular erosion in rheumatoid arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 56: 497–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rau R, Schleusser B, Herborn G, Karger T (1998) Longterm combination therapy of refractory and destructive rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate (MTX) and intramuscular gold or other disease modifying antirheumatic drugs compared to MTX monotherapy. J Rheumatol 25: 1485–1492

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lehman AJ, Esdaile JM, Klinkhoff A, Schulzer M, Grant E et al (2002) A 48 week randomized double blind, double-observer placebo-controlled multicentre trial of intramuscular gold in combination with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46: S 204 (abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Duffy J, Thompson HK Jr, Person BD, Masri AF, Andrianakos AA (1977) Comparison of two dosage schedules of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 20: 1179–1187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Smith Kline: Data Bank on comparative studies AF/Au

    Google Scholar 

  71. Caspi D, Tishler M, Yaron M (1989) Association between gold induced skin rash and remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 48: 730–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Fries JF, Williams CA, Ramey D, Bloch DA (1993) The relative toxicity of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum 36: 297–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Singh G, Fries JF, Williams CA, Zatarain E, Spitz P, Bloch DA (1991) Toxicity profiles of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 18: 188–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Myllykangas-Luosujärwi R, Aho K, Isomäki H (1995) Deaths attributed to antirheumatic medication in a nationwide series of 1666 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have died. J Rheumatol 22: 2214–2217

    Google Scholar 

  75. Svensson A, Theander J (1992) Skin rashes and stomatitis due to parenteral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with sodium aurothiomalate. Ann Rheum Dis 51: 326–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hall CL, Fothergill NJ, Blackwell MM, Harrison PR, MacKenzie JC, Maclver AG (1987) The natural course of gold nephropathy: long term study of 21 patients. Brit Med J i: 449–452

    Google Scholar 

  77. Klinkhoff AV, Teufel A (1997) Reinstitution of gold after gold induced proteinuria. J Rheumatol 24: 1277–1279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Rau R, Wassenberg S, Herborn G (1993) Can methotrexate reduce the renal toxicity of parenteral gold? (letter) J Rheumatol 20: 759–761

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rau R (1978) Die Leber bei entzündlichen rheumatischen Erkrankungen. Der Rheumatismus (Hrsg. Prof. Schoen ). Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  80. Tomioka R, King TE Jr (1997) Gold-induced pulmonary disease: clinical features, outcome, and differentiation from rheumatoid lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: 1011–1020

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Karrar AA, El Ramahi KM, Jishi FA (1996) Intramuscular gold, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and anaphylactic reactions. J Rheumatol 23: 200–201

    Google Scholar 

  82. Miyamoto T, Miyaji S, Horiuchi Y, Hara M, Ishihara K (1974) Gold therapy in bronchial asthma: special emphasis upon blood levels of gold and its teratogenicity. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 63: 1190–1197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wassenberg S, Rau R, Zeidler H (1999) Low dose prednisone therapy (LDPT) retards radiographically detactable destruction in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (Suppl) 42: S 243 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Klinkhoff AV, Teufel A (1995) The second course of gold. J Rheumatol 22: 1655–1656

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ten-Wolde S, Hermans J, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA (1997) Effect of resumption of second line drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis that flared up after treatment discontinuation. Ann Rheum Dis 56: 235–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ev. Fachkrankenhaus Ratingen, Rosenstr. 2, 40882, Ratingen, Germany

    Rolf Rau

Authors
  1. Rolf Rau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Victoria Street Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Richard O. Day

  2. 546 Dept. of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Piet L. C. M. van Riel

  3. Carl M.Pearson Professor of Rheumatology, 1000 Veteran Ave Rm 32-59, Los Angeles, CA, 90025-1670, USA

    Daniel E. Fürst

  4. Department of Rheumatology, St Vicent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Barry Bresnihan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rau, R. (2005). Parenteral gold. In: Day, R.O., Fürst, D.E., van Riel, P.L.C.M., Bresnihan, B. (eds) Antirheumatic Therapy: Actions and Outcomes. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7726-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7726-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-6595-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7643-7726-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation