Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anomalous coronary arteries

  • Chapter
Congenital Heart Defects

  • 225 Accesses

Abstract

Congenital coronary artery anomalies have been estimated to occur in 0.2 to 1.2% of the general population. Since these data are coming from large series of angiographic studies, the incidence is most probably underestimated, since many people never undergo angiography. Among the different types of anomalous coronary artery, the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is the most common, with an incidence of 0.25–0.50% in congenital heart defects, a little more frequent than coronary artery fistula, found with an incidence of 0.20–0.40% of congenital heart defects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmed SS, Haider, Regan TJ (1982) Silent left coronary-cameral fistula: probable cause of myocardial ischemia. Am Heart J 104:869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander R, Griffith G (1956) Anomalies of the coronary arteries and their clinical significance. Circulation 14:800–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexi-Meskishvili V, Hetzer R (2001) Surgical intervention for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:635–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alpaslan M, Onrat E (2002) Anomalous origin of right coronary artery above the sinus of Valsalva: observation by transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 15:264–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altun A, Erdogan AO (2003) Stent implantation to the stenosed right coronary artery in a patient whose right and left coronary arteries originate from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva. Cardiol Rev 11:101–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amanullah MM, Hamilton JR, Hasan A (2001) Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: creating an autogenous arterial conduit for aortic implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20:853–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin Z, McElhinney DB, Reddy VM, Moore P, Hanley FL, Teitel DF (2000) Coronary to pulmonary artery collaterals in patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. Ann Thorac Surg 70:119–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KR, McGoon DC, Lie JT (1978) Surgical significance of the coronary arterial anatomy in truncus arteriosus communis. Am J Cardiol 41:76–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando M, Mee RB, Duncan BW, Drummond-Webb JJ, Seshadri SG, Igor Mesia CL (2002) Creation of a dual-coronary system for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery utilizing the trapdoor flap method. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:576–581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angelini P (1989) Normal and anomalous coronary arteries: definition and classification. Am Heart J 117:418–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apley J, Horton RE, Wilson MG (1957) The possible role of surgery in the treatment of anomalous left coronary artery. Thorax 12:23

    Google Scholar 

  • Arciniegas E, Farooki ZQ, Hakimi M, Green EW (1980) Management of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Circulation 62(Suppl. I):180

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustasson MN, Gasul BM, Lundquist R (1962) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (adult type). Pediatrics 29:274

    Google Scholar 

  • Azakie A, Russell JL, McCrindle BW, van Arsdell GS, Benson LN, Coles JG, Williams WG (2003) Anatomic repair of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by aortic reimplantation: early survival, patterns of ventricular recovery and late outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 75:1535–1541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backer CL, Stout MJ, Zales VR, Muster AJ, Weigel TJ, Idriss FS, Mavroudis C (1992) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. A twenty-year review of surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103:1049–1057

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Backer CL, Hillman N, Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C (2000) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: successful surgical strategies without assist devices. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Ann 3:165

    Google Scholar 

  • Baim DS, Kline H, Silverman JF (1982) Bilateral coronary artery-pulmonary artery fistulas: report of five cases and review of the literature. Circulation 65:810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barth CW, Roberts WC (1986) Left main coronary artery originating from the right sinus of Valsalva and coursing between the aorta and pulmonary trunk. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:366–373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth MJ, Allen BS, Gulecyuz M, Chiemmongkoltip P, Cuneo B, Ilbawi MN (2003) Experience with an alternative technique for the management of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 76:1429–1434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G (2000) Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1493–1501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton CW, Snider RS, Rosenthal A (1986) Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic features of left circumflex coronary artery to right ventricle fistula: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Cardiol 7:167–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer HH, Allmendinger PD, Flaherty J, Owlia D, Rossi MA, Chen C (1996) Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: spontaneous rupture and cardiac tamponade. Ann Thorac Surg 62:1521–1523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benge W, Martins JB, Funk DC (1980) Morbidity associated with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. Am Heart J 99:96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bett JHN, O’Brien MF, Murray PJS (1985) Surgery for anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. Br Heart J 53:459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bland EF, White PD, Garland J (1933) Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries: report of an unusual case associated with cardiac hypertrophy. Am Heart J 8:787–793

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogers AJJC, Quaegebeur JM, Huysmans HA (1987) Early and late results of surgical treatment of congenital coronary artery fistula. Thorax 42:369–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogers AJJC, Gittenberger-deGroot AC 1992) The ALCAPA, what’ s in a name? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 104:527

    Google Scholar 

  • Bojar RM, Ilbawi MN, de Leon SY, Riggs TW, Idriss FS (1984) Surgical management of anomalous left coronary artery with mitral insufficiency in infancy: contribution of echocardiography. Pediatr Cardiol 5:35–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolt I, Spalinger J, Pfammatter JP (2003) Cardiac features in the presymptomatic period in a neonate with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk. Cardiol Young 13:579–581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet D, Bonhoeffer P, Aggoun Y, Acar P, Sidi D, Vouhé PR, Kachaner J (1998) Aortocoronary bypass in children. Arch Mal Cur Vaiss 91:581–585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet D, Bonhoeffer P, Sidi D, Kachaner J, Acar P, Villain E, Vouhé PR (1999) Surgical angioplasty of the main coronary arteries in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117:352–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt B, Martins JB, Marcus ML (1983) Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. N Engl J Med 309:596–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks SJ (1996) Two cases of an abnormal coronary artery of the heart arising from the pulmonary artery: with some remarks upon the effect of this anomaly in producing cirsoid dilatation of the vessels. J Anat Physiol 20:26

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucsenez D, Messmer BJ, Gillor A, von Bernuth G (1994) Management of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:1370–1373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunce NH, Lorenz CH, Keegan J, Lesser J, Reyes EM, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ (2003) Coronary artery anomalies: assessment with free-breathing threedimensional coronary MR angiography. Radiology 227:201–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunton R, Jonas RA, Lang P, Rein AJJT, Castaneda AR (1987) Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: ligation versus establishment of a two coronary artery system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 93:103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrum CJ, Blackman MS, Schneider B, Sondheimer HM, Kavey RW (1980) Congenital atresia of the left coronary ostium and hypoplasia of the left main coronary artery. Am Heart J 99:354–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cademartiri F, Nieman K, Raaymakers RH, de Feyter PJ, Flohr T, Alfieri O, Krestin GP (2003) Noninvasive demonstration of coronary artery anomaly performed using 16-slice multidetector spiral computed tomography. Ital Heart J 4:56–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrel T, Tkebuchava T, Jenni R, Arbenz U, Turina M (1996) Congenital coronary fistulas in children and adults: diagnosis, surgical technique and results. Cardiology 87:325–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho JS, Redington AN, Oldershaw PJ, Shinebourne EA, Lincoln CR, Gibson DG (1991) Analysis of left ventricular wall movement before and after reimplantation of anomalous left coronary artery in infancy. Br Heart J 65:218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaitman BR, Lesperance J, Saltiel J, Bourassa MG (1976) Clinical, angiographic and hemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Circulation 53:122–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheitlin MD, DeCastro CM, McAllister HA (1977) Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva. A not-so-minor congenital anomaly. Circulation 50:780–787

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng TO (2002) Anomalous pulmonary origin of the left coronary artery. Circulation 105:63

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiariello L, Meyer J, Reul G, Hallman GL, Cooley DA (1975) Surgical treatment for anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 19:443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen S, Aranda-Carrero M, Brose S, Demircan L, Autschbach R (2003) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery: surgical therapy using a miniaturized heart-lung machine. Herz 28:262264

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung KJ, Brandt L, Fulton DR, Kreidberg MB (1982) Cardiac and coronary arterial involvement in infants and children from New Englan with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease). Am J Cardiol 50:136–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Click RL, Holmes DR, Vlietstra RE, Kosinski AS, Kronmal RA (1989) Anomalous coronary arteries: location, degree of atherosclerosis and effect on survival: a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 13:531–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane AD, Coleman DM, Davis AM, Brizard CP, Wolfe R, Karl TR (1999) Excellent long-term functional outcome after an operation for anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117:332–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AJ, Grishkin BA, Helsel RA, Head HD (1989) Surgical therapy in the management of coronary anomalies: emphasis on utility of internal mammary artery grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 47:630–637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooley DA, Ellis PR (1962) Surgical considerations of coronary arterial fistula. Am J Cardiol 10:467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooley DA, Hallman GL, Bloodwell RD (1966) Definitive surgical treatment of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: indications and results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 52:798–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corno AF, Latini L, Giannico S, Marino B, Parisi F, Marcelletti C (1988) Trattamento chirurgico delle anomalie coronariche isolate o associate a cardiopatie congenite. Cardiol 33(Suppl II): 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Corno AF, Pierli C, Biagioli B, Lisi G, Grossi A (1988) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from an aortopulmonary window. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96:669–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corno AF (2000) Surgery for congenital heart disease. Curr Opinion Cardiol 15:238–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corrado D, Thiene G, Cocco P, Frescura C (1992) Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and sudden death in the young. Br Heart J 68:601607

    Google Scholar 

  • Daliento L, Gasoli G, Mazzucco A (1993) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the anterior aortic sinus: role of echocardiographic screening. Int J Cardiol 38:89–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Caro E, Pongiglione G (2001) Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the left internal thoracic artery graft: a case report of a child operated on for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Pediatric Cardiol 22:423–425

    Google Scholar 

  • De Nef JJE, Varghese PJ, Losekoot TG (1971) Congenital coronary artery fistula: analysis of 17 cases. Br Heart J 33:857

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Nido P, Duncan BW, Mayer JE, Wessel DL, La-Pierre RA, Jonas RA (1999) Left ventricular assist device improves survival in children with left ventricular dysfunction after repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 67:169–172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiLello F, Mnuk JF, Flemma RJ, Mullen DC (1991) Successful coronary reimplantation for anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 102:455–456

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobell ARC, Long RW (1981) Right coronary-left ventricular fistula mimicking aortic valve insufficiency in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 82:785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C, Backer CL (2002) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: collective review of surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 74:946–955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson RM, Raphael MJ, Yacoub MH, Ross DN (1982) Hemodynamically significant anomalies of the coronary arteries: surgical aspects. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 30:7–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doorey AJ (2002) Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus. Tex Heart Inst J 29:232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards JE (1964) The direction of blood flow in coronary arteries arising from the pulmonary trunk. Circulation 29:163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Oakley R, Al-Saeedi A, Al-Faraidi Y, Abou-Zanouna Y, Abdull Hamid J, Jubair K (1999) Reimplantation of anomalous left coronary artery on a beating heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117:395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo M, Nishida H, Tomizawa Y, Koyanagi H, Hickata T (2001) Off-pump reimplantation of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. Jpn Circ J 65:471–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel HJ, Torres C, Page HL (1975) Major variations in anatomical origin of the coronary arteries: angiographic observations in 4250 patients without associated congenital heart disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Diag 1:157–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdol C, Celik S, Baykan M, Orem C, Kaplan S (2001) Patent ductus arteriosus associated with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery: a case report. Int J Cardiol 81:99–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farooki ZQ, Nowlen T, Hakimi M, Pinsky WW (1993) Congenital coronary artery fistulae: a review of 18 cases with emphasis on spontaneous closure. Pediatr Cardiol 14:208–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldt RH, Ongley PA, Titus JL (1965) Total coronary arterial circulation from pulmonary artery with survival to age seven: report of a case. Mayo Clin Proc 40:539–543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes ED, Kadivar H, Hallman GL, Reul GJ, Orr DA, Cooley DA (1992) Congenital malformations of the coronary arteries: the Texas Heart Institute experience. Ann Thorac Surg 54:732–740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finley JP, Holman-Giles R, Gilday DL, Olley PM, Rowe RD (1978) Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in anomalous left coronary arising from the pulmonary artery: application before and after medical and surgical treatment. Am J Cardiol 41:675–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher EA, Sepehri B, Lendrum B, Luken J, Levitsky S (1981) Two-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of the left coronary in anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery: pre and postoperative studies. Circulation 63:698–704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortune RL, Baron PJ, Fitzgerald JW (1987) Atresia of the left main coronary artery: repair with left internal mammary artery bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frescura C, Basso C, Thiene G (1998) Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease. Hum Pathol 29:689–695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frommelt MA, Miller ME, Williamson JF, Bergstrom S (2002) Detection of septal coronary collaterals by color flow Doppler mapping is a marker for anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 15: 259–263

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frommelt PC, Frommelt MA, Tweddell JS, Jaquiss RDB (2003) Prospective echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical repair of anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an interarterial course. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:148–154

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garabedian CP, Mosca RS, Hellenbrand WE (2002) Coronary artery fistula embolization in an infant with pulmonary atresia intact ventricular septum: a case report. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 57:371373

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay F, Vouhé P, Lecompte Y, Guarnera S, Tamisier D, Kachaner J, Neveux JY (1989) Atresia of the left coronary ostium: repair in two-month-old infant. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 82:807–810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George JM, Knowlan DM (1959) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in an adult. N Engl J Med 261:993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber TC, Kuzo RS, Safford RE (2002) Computed tomographic imaging of anomalous coronary arteries. Circulation 106:67

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerlis LM, Magee AG, Sheppard MN (2002) Congenital atresia of the orifice of the left coronary artery. Cardiol Young 12:57–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh PK, Friedman M, Vidne BA (1993) Isolated congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery and atherosclerosis. Ann Thorac Surg 55:1564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giardini A, Gargiulo G, Picchio FM (2001) Surgical repair of naturally palliated anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery. Cardiol Young 11:568–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillebert C, van Hoof R, van de Werf F, Piessen J, de Geest H (1986) Coronary artery fistulas in the adult population. Eur Heart J 7:437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giroud SK, Cartier R (2002) Atypical presentation of an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery with severe compression between the great vessels. Ann Thorac Surg 73:1636–1638

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace RR, Angelini P, Cooley DA (1977) Aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery. Am J Cardiol 39:609–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guikahue MK, Sidi D, Kachaner J, Villain E, Cohen L, Piechaud JF, le Bidois J, Pedroni E, Vouhé P, Neveux JY (1988) Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery in infancy: is early operation better? Br Heart J 60:522

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanzlick R, Stivers RR (1983) Sudden death in a marathon runner with origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. Am J Cardiol 51:1467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hariharan R, Kacere RD, Angelini P (2002) Can stent-angioplasty be a valid alternative to surgery when revascularization is indicated for anomalous origination of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus? Tex Heart Inst J 29:308–313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi Y, Kishida K, Haneda N, Mori C (1990) A case of Bland-White-Garland syndrome with myocardial infaction on the first day after birth. Pediatr Cardiol 11:175–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hejmadi A, Sahn DJ (2003) What is the most effective method of detecting anomalous coronary origin in symptomatic patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 42:155–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann MA, Dousa MK, Edwards WD (1992) Sudden infant death with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 13:191–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiraishi S, Misawa H, Horiguchi Y, Fujino N, Takeda N, Nakea S, Kasahara S (1998) Effect of suture closure of coronary fistula on aneurysmal coronary artery and myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 81:1263–1267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi T, Abe T, Tanake S, Koyamada K (1971) Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg 11:102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houston AB, Pollock JC, Doig WB (1990) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: diagnostic elucidation with colour Doppler flow mapping. Br Heart J 63:50–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hruda J, Hazekamp MG, Sobotka-Plojhar MA, Ottenkamp J (2002) Repair of aorto-right ventricular tunnel with pulmonary stenosis and an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21:1123–1125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isomatsu Y, Imai Y, Seo K, Terada M, Aoki M, Shin’oka T (2000) Definitive improvement in left ventricular function at six years after the Takeuchi procedure. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48:733–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iyisoy A, Kursaklioglu H, Barcin C, Barindik N, Kose S, Demirtas E (2002) Single coronary artery with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery as a branch from the left anterior descending artery: a very rare coronary anomaly. Heart Vessels 16:161–163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jalal A, Shackcloth M, Dihmis WC (2002) Anomalous course of the right coronary artery in the right atrial wall: a word of caution. Heart Surg Forum 5:300–301

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jokl E, McClellan JT, Ross GD (1962) Congenital anomaly of left coronary artery in young athlete. JAMA 182:572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph T, Raccuglia S, Kort S, Oviasu F, Mangion JR (2002) Anomalous right coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery in patient with doublechambered right ventricle. Echocardiography 19: 687–690

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamiya H, Yasuda T, Nagamine H, Sakakibara N, Nishida S, Kawasuji M, Watanabe G (2002) Surgical treatment of congenital coronary artery fistulas: 27 years experience and a review of the literature. J Card Surg 17:173–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko Y, Okabe H, Nagata N, Kobayashi J, Murakami A, Takamoto S (2001) Pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and coronary-pulmonary artery fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 71:355–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsumata T, Westaby S (1999) Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a simple method for implantation with autogenous arterial tissue. Ann Thorac Surg 68:1090–1091

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeton BR, Keenan DJM, Monro JL (1983) Anomalous origin of both coronary arteries from the pulmonary trunk. Br Heart J 49:397–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keith JD (1959) The anomalous origin of the left coronary from the pulmonary artery. Br Heart J 21:149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesler KA, Pennington DG, Nouri S, Boegner E, Kanter KR, Harvey L, Chen SC, Juriedini S, Balfour I, Willman VL (1989) Left subclavian-left coronary artery anastomosis for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98:25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, McBride RA, Titus JL (1988) Quadricuspid aortic valve and single coronary ostium. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112:842–844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M (2001) Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J Med 345: 1863–1869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbiris D (1985) Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva. Am J Cardiol 55:765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koike K, Freedom RM (1989) Kawasaki disease, with a focus on cardiovascular manifestations. Curr Opinion Pediatr 1:135–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Kragel AH, Roberts WC (1988) Anomalous origin of either the right or left main coronary artery from the aorta with subsequent coursing between aorta and pulmonary trunk: analysis of 32 necropsy cases. Am J Cardiol 62:771–777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamoorthy KM, Rao S (2003) Saccular aneurysm of congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2:295–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laks H, Ardehali A, Grant P, Allada V (1995) Aortic implantations of anomalous left coronary artery: an improved surgical approach. J Thorac Cardiovas Surg 109:519–523

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert V, Touchot A, Losay J, Piot JD, Henglein D, Serraf A, Lacour-Gayet F, Planche C (1996) Midterm results after surgical repair of the anomalous origin of coronary artery. Circulation 94(Suppl. II):38–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanzillo G, Breccia PA, Intonti F (1981) Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve with displacement of the right coronary orifice. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 15:149–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latson LA, Forbes TJ, Cheatham JP (1992) Transcatheter coil embolization of a fistula from the posterior descending coronary artery to the right ventricle in a two-year-old child. Am Heart J 124:1624–1626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Vecchia L, Favero L, Fontaneiii A (2002) Anomalous origin of left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery from two separate ostia in the right aortic sinus. Heart 88:322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J, Choe YH, Kim HJ, Park JE (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging demonstration of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus associated with acute myocardial infarction. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27:289–291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerberg DB, Ogden JA, Zuberbuhler JR, Bahnson HT (1979) Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 27:87–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DC, Fellows KE, Abrams HL (1978) Hemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries. Circulation 58:25–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitsky S, van der Horst RL, Hastreiter AR, Fisher EA (1980) Anomalous left coronary artery in the infant: recovery of ventricular function following early direct aortic implantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 79:598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Ferrett C, Henein M (2003) Images in cardiovascular medicine. Anomalous coronary arteries by electron beam angiography. Circulation 107:2630

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberthson RR, Dinsmore RE, Fallon JT (1979) Aberrant coronary artery origin from the aorta: report of 18 patients, review of literature and delineation of natural history and management. Circulation 59:748–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liberthson RR, Sagar K, Berkoben JP, Weintraub RM, Levine FH (1979) Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management. Circulation 59:849–854

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liberthson RR (1996) Sudden death from cardiac causes in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 334:1039–1044

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsett J, Byard RW, Carpenter BF, Jimenez CL, Bourne AJ (1991) Anomalous coronary arteries arising from the aorta associated with sudden death in infancy and early childhood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:770–773

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton MJ, Barry WH, Obrez I, Silverman JF, Wexler L (1979) Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance. Radiology 130:39–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe JE, Oldham HN, Sabiston DC (1981) Surgical management of congenital coronary artery fistulas. Ann Surg 194:373–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Li W, Edelman RR (1993) A preliminary report comparing magnetic resonance coronary angiography with conventional angiography. N Engl J Med 328:828–832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massih TA, Clur SA, Bonhoeffer P (2002) Exertional pulmonary edema revealing anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right coronary aortic sinus. Cardiol Young 12:78–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mavroudis C, Harrison H, Klein JB, Gray LA, Ganzel BL, Wellhausen SR, Eibl F, Cook LN (1988) Infant orthotopic cardiac transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96:912–924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Muster AJ, Pahl E, Sanders JH, Zales VR, Gevitz M (1996) Expanding indications for pediatric coronary artery bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:181–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Rocchini AP, Muster AJ, Gevitz M (1997) Coronary artery fistulas in infants and children: a surgical review and discussion of coil embolization. Ann Thorac Surg 63:1235–1242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menahem S, Venables AW (1987) Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a 15 years sample. Br Heart J 58:378–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer BW, Stefanik G, Stiles QR (1968) A method of definitive surgical treatment of anomalous origin of the coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 56:104–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michielon G, di Carlo D, Brancaccio G, Guccione P, Mazzera E, Toscano A, di Donato RM (2003) Anomalous coronary artery origin from the pulmonary artery: correlation between surgical timing and left ventricular function recovery. Ann Thorac Surg 76:581–588

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirkhani SH, Delavarkhan M, Bayat H, Sanatkar M (2002) Anomalous connection of left circumflex artery to pulmonary artery. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 10:334–335

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Misawa Y, Saito T, Oki S, Fuse K (2002) Management of anomalous right coronary arteries encountered during aortic valve surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21:102–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki A, Tsuda E, Miyazaki S, Kitamura S, Tomita H, Echigo S (2003) Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for anastomotic stenosis after coronary arterial bypass grafting in Kawasaki disease. Cardiol Young 13:284–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moodie DS, Gill C, Loop FD, Sheldon WC (1980) Anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the right sinus of Valsalva: pathophysiology, angiographic definition, and surgical approaches. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 80:198–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins CE, El-Said G, McNamara DG, Cooley DA, Treistman B, Garcia E (1972) Atresia of the left coronary artery ostium: repair by saphenous vein graft. Circulation 46:899–903

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy KS, Krishanaik S, Mohantly SR, Varghese R, Cherian KM (2001)A new repair for anomalous left coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 71:1384–1386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musiani A, Cernigliaro C, Sansa M, Maselli D, De Gasperi C (1997) Left main coronary artery atresia: literature review and therapeutical considerations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 11:505–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa I, Gula G, Radley-Smith R, Durrer S, Yacoub MH (1981) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the anterior aortic sinus: a potential cause of sudden death. Anatomic characterization and surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 82:297–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair KK, Zisman LS, Lader E, Dimova A, Canver CC (2003) Heart transplant for anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 75:282–284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neches WH, Mathews RA, Park SC, Lenox CC, Zuberbuhler JR, Siewers RD, Bahnson HT (1974) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a new method of surgical repair. Circulation 50:582–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neirotti R, Nijveld A, Ithuralde M, Quaglio M, Seara C, Lubbers L, Schuller J, Mollen R (1991) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: repair by aortic reimplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 5:368–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson-Piercy C, Rickards AF, Yacoub MH (1990) Aberrant origin of the right coronary artery as a potential cause of sudden death: successful anatomical correction. Br Heart J 64:208–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden JA (1970) Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 25:474–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz E, de Leval MR, Somerville J (1986) Ductus arteriosus associated with an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery: catastrophe after duct ligation. Br Heart J 55:415–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey R, Ciotti G, Pozzi M (2002) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: results of surgical correction in five infants. Ann Thorac Surg 74:1625–1630

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papa M, Nava S, Corno AF, Pasquini L, Carotti A, Ragonese P, Marcelletti C (1990) Anomalie coronariche isolate come causa di ischemia miocardica in et? pediatrica. Clin Ter Cardiovasc 9:257261

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasquini L, Sanders SP, Parness IA, Colan SD (1987) Diagnosis of coronary artery anatomy by two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 61:84–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasquini L, Parness IA, Colan SD, Wernovsky G, Mayer JE, Sanders SP (1993) Diagnosis of intramural coronary artery in transposition of the great arteries using two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 88:1136–1141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry SB, Rome J, Keane JF, Bairn DS, Lock JE (1992) Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:205–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piechaud JF, Shalaby L, Kachaner J, Villain E, Sidi D (1987) Pulmonary artery “stop-flow” angiography to visualize the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. Pediatr Cardiol 8:11–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Post JC, van Rossum AC, Bronzwaer JG, de Cock CC, Hofman MB, Valk J, Visser CA (1995) Magnetic resonance angiography of anomalous coronary arteries: a new gold standard for delineating the proximal course? Circulation 92:3163–3171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raanani E, Abramov D, Abramov Y, Birk E, Vidne BA (1995) Individual anatomy demands various techniques in correction of an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in the pulmonary artery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 43:99–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp AH, Hillis LD (2001) Clinical consequences of anomalous coronary arteries. Coron Artery Dis 12:617–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy JF, Anjos RT, Qureshi SA, Baker EJ, Tynan MJ (1991) Transcatheter embolization in the treatment of coronary artery fistulas. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rein AJJ, Colan SD, Parness IA, Sanders SP (1987) Regional and global left ventricular function in infants with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk: preoperative and postoperative assessment. Circulation 75:115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reul RM, Cooley DA, Hallman GL, Reul GJ (2002) Surgical treatment of coronary artery anomalies: report of a 37 1/2-year experience at the Texas Heart Institute. Tex Heart Inst J 29:299–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigatelli G, Rigatelli G (2003) Coronary artery anomalies: what we know and what we have to learn: a proposed clinical classification. Ital Heart J 4:305–310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts WC (1986) Major anomalies of coronary arterial origin seen in adulthood. Am Heart J 111:941963

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodefeld MD, Culbertson CB, Rosenfeld HM, Hanley FL, Thompson LD (2001) Pulmonary artery translocation: a surgical option for complex anomalous coronary artery anatomy. Ann Thorac Surg 72:2150–2152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romp RL, Herlong JR, Landolfo CK, Sanders SP, Miller CE, Ungerleider RM, Jaggers J (2003) Outcome of unroofing procedure for repair of anomalous aortic origin of left or right coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 76:589–596

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ropers D, Gehling G, Pohle K, Maeffert R, Regenfus M, Moshage W, Schuster P, Daniel WG, Achenbach S (2002) Images in cardiovascular medicine. Anomalous course of the main or left anterior descending coronary artery originating from the right sinus of Valsalva: identification of four common variations by electron beam tomography. Circulation 106:67

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose AG (1978) Multiple coronary arterioventricular fistulae. Circulation 58:178–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz ER, Murphy DJ, Cosgrove DM (1992) Surgical management of left coronary artery ostial atresia and supravalvular aortic stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 54:779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotzsch C, Kabus M, Hausler HJ (2002) Images in cardiology. A rare congenital coronary anomaly: anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Heart 88:141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudoplh AM, Gootman NL, Kaplan N, Rohman M (1963) Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery with large left-toright shunt in infancy. J Pediatr 63:543

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabiston DC, Neill CA, Taussig HB (1960) The direction of blood flow in anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Circulation 22:591

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks JH, Londe SP, Rosenbluth A, Zalis EG (1977) Left main coronary bypass for aberrant (aortic) intramural left coronary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:733–737

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq M, Wilkinson JL, Qureshi SA (2001) Successful occlusion of a coronary arteriovenous fistula using an Amplatzer duct occluder. Cardiol Young 11:84–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahn DJ, Vick GW (2001) Review of new techniques in echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging as applied to patients with congenital heart disease. Heart 86(Suppl. II):41–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Said SA, el Gamal MI, van der Werf T (1997) Coronary arteriovenous fistulas: collective review and management of cases: changing etiology, presentation, and treatment strategy. Clin Cardiol 20:748–752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarris GE, Drummond-Webb JJ, Ebeid MR, Latson LA, Mee RB (1997) Anomalous origin of left coronary from right pulmonary artery in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 64:836–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz ML, Jonas RA, Colan SD (1997) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: recovery of left ventricular function after dual coronary repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:547–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher G, Roithmaier A, Lorenz HP, Meisner H, Sauer U, Muller KD, Sebening F, Buhlmeyer K (1997) Congenital coronary artery fistula in infancy and childhood: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 45:287–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seabra-Gomes R, Somerville J, Ross DN, Emanuel R, Parker DJ, Wong M (1974) Congenital coronary artery aneurysm. Br Heart J 36:329–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selzman CH, Zimmerman MA, Campbell DN (2003) ALCAPA in an adult with preserved left ventricular function. J Card Surg 18:25–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinkawa T, Yamaguchi M, Yoshimura N, Oka S (2002) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a case using the autologous pulmonary arterial wall graft. Eur Cardiothorac Surg 21:105–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh TP, Di Carli MF, Sullivan NM, Leonen MF, Morrow WR (1998) Myocardial flow reserve in long-term survivors of repair of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery J Am Coll Cardiol 31:437–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith A, Arnold R, Anderson RH, Wilkinson JL, Qureshi SA, Gerlis LM, McKay R (1989) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk: anatomic findings in relation to pathophysiology and surgical repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98:16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sreeram N, Hunter S, Wren C (1989) Acute myocardial infarction in infancy: unmasking of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by ligation of an arterial duct. Br Heart J 61:307–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiberger J, Lucas RV, Edwards JE, Titus JL (1996) Causes of sudden unexplained cardiac death in the first two decades of life. Am J Cardiol 77: 992–995

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern H, Sauer U, Locher D, Bauer R, Meisner H, Sebening F, Buhlmeyer K (1993) Left ventricular function assessed with echocardiography and myocardial perfusion assessed with scintigraphy under dipyridamole stress in pediatric patients after repair for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106:723–732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi S, Imamura H, Katsumoto J, Hayashi I, Katohgi T, Yozu R, Ohkura M, Inoue T (1979) New surgical method for repair of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 78:7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AJ, Rogan KM, Virmani R (1992) Sudden cardiac death associated with isolated congenital coronary artery anomalies. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:640–647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tashiro T, Todo K, Haruta Y, Yasunaga H, Nagata M, Nakamura M (1993) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: new operative technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106:718–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas S, Salloum J, Montalescot G (1991) Anomalous coronary arteries coursing between the aorta and pulmonary trunk: clinical indications for coronary artery bypass. Eur Heart J 12:832–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tkebuchava T, von Segesser LK, Vogt PR, Jenni R, Arbenz U, Turina M (1996) Congenital coronary fistulas in children and adults: diagnosis, surgical technique and results. J Cardiovasc Surg 37:29–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turley R, Szarnicki R, Flachbart K, Richter R, Popper R, Tarnoff H (1995) Aortic implantation is possible in all cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 60:84–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tutarel O (2004) Quadricuspid aortic valves and anomalies of the coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127:897

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ueyama K, Ramchandani M, Beall AC, Jones JW (1997) Diagnosis and operation for anomalous circumflex coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 63:377381

    Google Scholar 

  • Urrutia SCO, Falaschi G, Ott DA, Cooley DA (1983) Surgical management of 56 patients with congenital coronary artery fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg 35:300–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Son JAM, Haas GS (1996) Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from right sinus of Valsalva: modified surgical treatment to avoid neo-coronary ostial stenosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10:467–469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vavuranakis M, Bush CA, Boudoula H (1995) Coronary artery fistulas in adults: incidence, angiographic characteristics and natural history. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 35:116–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veselka J (2002) Intercoronary blood flow detected by color flow Doppler mapping is well-known marker for anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 15:259–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigneswaran WT, Campbell DN, Pappas G, Wiggins JW, Wolfe RW, Clarke DR (1989) Evolution of the management of anomalous left coronary artery: a new surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg 48:560564

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Lüdinghausen M (2003) The clinical anatomy of coronary arteries. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 167:III-VIII–1-111

    Google Scholar 

  • Vouhé PR, Baillot-Vernant F, Trinquet F, Sidi D, de Geeter B, Khoury W, Leca F, Neveux JY (1987) Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. Which operation? When? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:192–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vouhé PR, Tamisier D, Sidi D, Vernant F, Mauriat P, Pouard P, Leca F (1992) Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: results of isolated aortic reimplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 54:621–627

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CL, Dlabal PW, McGuire SA (1979) Surgical treatment of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: follow-up in teenagers and adults. Am Heart J 98:440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt JP, Goldenberg H (1948) Supernumerary aortic cusps with multiple fenestrations and with displacement of the left coronary orifice. Arch Pathol 45:784–786

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 46, rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Antonio F. Corno MD, FRCS, FETCS

Authors
  1. Antonio F. Corno MD, FRCS, FETCS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Corno, A.F. (2004). Anomalous coronary arteries. In: Congenital Heart Defects. Steinkopff, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1934-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1934-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Steinkopff, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62158-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7985-1934-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation