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Genome Structure and Primate Evolution

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Post-Genome Biology of Primates

Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

Abstract

Sequences of the entire human genome reveal a relative richness in structure with repetitive elements, tandem repeats, inverted repeats, and palindrome structures. Focusing on structure, the evolution of X and Y chromosomes in primates is reviewed here, and the relationship between gene expression and gene structure on autosomes is explored. In a four-stratum scenario of mammalian sex chromosome evolution, a region of exceptionally low sequence divergence has been identified, and the reasons for this low sequence divergence are presented here. In addition, the construction of palindromes on the human Y chromosome is discussed in relationship to the emergence of genes in the male-specific region on the Y chromosome. Based on these observations, six of eight palindromes on the human Y chromosome are considered to have formed before the divergence of Old World monkeys and hominoids. The relationship between gene expression patterns and copy number variation illustrates the role of negative selection in the retention of high copy number to maintain the coordination of gene expression in a network of gene expression.

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Abbreviations

AMEL:

Amelogenin

AMY1:

Amylase 1

CD:

Chromodomain

CMAH:

CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase

CNV:

Copy number variation

CSP1:

Chimpanzee-specific palindrome 1

DAZ:

Deleted in azoospermia

ELN:

Tropoelastin

HSAY:

Human (Homo sapiens) Y chromosome

HSF:

Heat-shock transcription factor

KAL:

Kallman syndrome

LINEs:

Long interspersed elements

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

Myr:

Million years

NWMs:

New World monkeys

OWMs:

Old World monkeys

PAR1:

Pseudo-autosomal region 1

PTRY:

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Y chromosome

RBM:

RNA-binding motif

SINEs:

Short interspersed elements

VC:

Variable charge

XKR:

X Kell blood-related

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Acknowledgments

The author thanks Drs. Mineyo Iwase and Hielim Kim for their help in the analysis and discussion. The findings presented here are from research supported in part by a grant (16107001) from the Japan Science Promotion Society (JSPS) and in part by a grant (17018032) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai Hayama, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan

    Yoko Satta

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  1. Yoko Satta
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Correspondence to Yoko Satta .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan

    Hirohisa Hirai

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Bio., Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan

    Hiroo Imai

  3. Kyoto University, Primates Research Institute, Kanbayashi, Inuyama, 484-8506, Aichi, Japan

    Yasuhiro Go

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Satta, Y. (2012). Genome Structure and Primate Evolution. In: Hirai, H., Imai, H., Go, Y. (eds) Post-Genome Biology of Primates. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54011-3_10

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