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Microglia

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Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration for Retinal Diseases

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Abstract

Microglia are known as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including the retina. Under normal physiological conditions, they are involved in the surveillance of the CNS and are required for the construction of neural circuitry during development. Accumulating evidences have shown that microglia change to a reactive phenotype under pathological conditions. Microglial activation is associated with various CNS diseases such as glaucoma. When microglia are activated, they form an amoeboid shape and release inflammatory cytokines. Excessive microglial activation causes retinal tissue damage and contributes to apoptosis. In contrast, microglia act as phagocytes that remove apoptotic neurons, pathogens, and cellular debris. This may proceed to protect retinal neurons. Thus, microglia show dual functions in neurodegeneration. Although it is under debate whether microglia are good or bad for CNS diseases, both effects appear to occur in glaucoma. This chapter reviews the roles of microglia in the retina, with a particular focus on their protective and destructive roles in glaucoma.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to TY.

Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Yuki Fujita & Toshihide Yamashita

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  1. Yuki Fujita
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  2. Toshihide Yamashita
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Correspondence to Toshihide Yamashita .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Toru Nakazawa

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan

    Yasushi Kitaoka

  3. Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Inst of Med Sci, Tokyo, Japan

    Takayuki Harada

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Fujita, Y., Yamashita, T. (2014). Microglia. In: Nakazawa, T., Kitaoka, Y., Harada, T. (eds) Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration for Retinal Diseases. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54965-9_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54965-9_13

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