Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prevention and Prognosis

  • Chapter
Colitis-Associated Cancer

  • 710 Accesses

Abstract

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at high risk of developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC), and the risk increases with a longer disease duration and is greater in those with continuous inflammation without remission. Thus, surveillance colonoscopy is recommended for patients with IBD because of the rapid progression and extension of CA-CRC, the poor prognosis of patients diagnosed at a younger age, and the higher mortality of CA-CRC than sporadic CRC. Although the efficacy of surveillance for decreasing CA-CRC mortality remains unclear, the early detection of CA-CRC results in a survival rate of these patients similar to that of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who develop sporadic CRC. However, UC patients with advanced CRC have a poorer prognosis than non-UC patients with sporadic CRC. In patients with Crohn’s disease, surveillance colonoscopy is difficult because of the presence of colonic strictures, such that most CRCs are diagnosed in the advanced stage and the prognosis is worse than in UC or sporadic CRC. Based on the theory of an inflammation-driven carcinogenic process as a causative factor of CA-CRC, treatment for IBD aimed at reducing inflammation may decrease the cancer risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF (2001) The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 48:526–535

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Softley A, Clamp SE, Watkinson G et al (1988) The natural history of inflammatory bowel disease: has there been change in the last 20 years? Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 144:20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Richards ME, Rickert RR, Nance FC (1989) Crohn’s disease-associated carcinoma. A poorly recognized complication of inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Surg 209:764

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lepage C, Jooste V et al (2012) Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based study (1976–2008). Inflamm Bowel Dis 18:2247–2251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Farraye FA, Odze RD, Eaden J et al (2010) AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 138:738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D et al (2003) Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology 124:544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB (1997) Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults. American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 92:204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Leighton JA, Shen B, Baron TH et al (2006) ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc 63:558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Eaden JA, Mayberry JF (2002) British Society for Gastroenterology, Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for screening and surveillance of asymptomatic colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 51:V10

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Carins SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ et al (2010) Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from2002). Gut 59:666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hibi T, Ueno F (2010) Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis in Japan – Developed through integration of evidence and consensus among experts – Research Group for Intractable Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2006. Research on Intractable Diseases, Health and Labour Sciences. Research Grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. IBD Res 4:189–239

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rutter MD, Saunders PP, Wilkinson KH et al (2006) Thirty years analysis of colonoscopic surveillance program for neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 130:1030–1038

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hata K, Watanabe T, Kazama S et al (2003) Earlier surveillance colonoscopy programme improves survival in patients with ulcerative colitis associated colorectal cancer: results of a 23-year surveillance programme in the Japanese population. Br J Cancer 89:1232–1236

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Watanabe T, Konishi T, Kishimoto J et al (2011) Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer shows a poorer survival than sporadic colorectal cancer: a nationwide Japanese study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:802–808

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Matsuoka H, Ikeuchi H, Uchino M et al (2013) Clinicopathological features of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer pointing to efficiency of surveillance colonoscopy in a large retrospective Japanese cohort. Int J Color Dis 28:829–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M et al (1990) Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 323:1228–1233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Broome U, Lofberg R, Veress B et al (1995) Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential. Hepatology 22:1404–1408

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Askling J, Dickman PW, Karlen P et al (2001) Family history as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 120:1356–1362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rutter M, Saunders B, Wilkinson K et al (2004) Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 125:451–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH et al (2004) Cancer surveillance in long-standing ulcerative colitis: endoscopic appearances help predict cancer risk. Gut 53:1813–1816

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Velayos FS, Loftus EV Jr, Jess T et al (2006) Predictive and protective factors associated with colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 130:1941–1949

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baars JE, Looman CW, Steyerberg EW et al (2011) The risk of inflammatory bowel disease-related colorectal carcinoma is limited: Results from a nationwide nested case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 106:319–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ooi CJ, Fock KM, Makharia GK et al (2010) The Asia-Pacific consensus on ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25:453–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hida N, Nakamura S, Hahm KB et al (2014) A questionnaire-based survey on the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in East Asian countries in 2012. Digestion 89:88–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Harpaz N, Talbot IC (1996) Colorectal cancer in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Diagn Pathol 13:339–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Delaunoit T, Limburg PJ, Goldberg RM et al (2006) Colorectal cancer prognosis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:335–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sugita A, Greenstein AJ, Ribeiro MB et al (1993) Survival with colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. A study of 102 cases. Ann Surg 218:189–195

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Crohn BB, Rosenberg H (1925) The sigmoidoscopic picture of chronic ulcerative colitis (nonspecific). Am J Med Sci 170:220–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Butt JH, Konishi F, Morson BC et al (1983) Macroscopic lesions in dysplasia and carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 28:18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Blackstone MO, Riddell RH, Rogers BH et al (1981) Dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in long-standing ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy. Gastroenterology 80:366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Riddell RH, Goldman H, Ransohoff DF et al (1983) Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol 14:931–968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fogt F, Vortmeyer AO, Goldman H et al (1998) Comparison of genetic alterations in colonic adenoma and ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia and carcinoma. Hum Pathol 29:131–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nugent FW, Haggit RC, Colcher H, Kutteruf GC et al (1979) Malignant potential of chronic ulcerative colitis Preliminary report. Gastroenterology 76:1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Verhulst J, Ferdinande L, Demetter P et al (2012) Mucinous subtype as prognostic factor in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pathol 65:381–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hyngstrom JR, Hu CY, Xing Y et al (2012) Clinicopathology and outcomes for mucinous and signet-ring colorectal carcinoma: analysis from the National Cancer Data Base. Ann Surg Oncol 19:2814–2821

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chew MH, Yeo SA, Ng ZP et al (2010) Critical analysis of mucin and signet ring cell as prognostic factors in an Asian population of 2,764 sporadic colorectal cancers. Int J Color Dis 25:1221–1229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen JX, Tang XD, Xiang DB et al (2012) TNM stages and prognostic features of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomas: a meta analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13:3427–3430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nitsche U, Zimmermann A, Spath C et al (2013) Mucinous and signet-ring cell colorectal cancers differ from classical adenocarcinomas in tumor biology and prognosis. Ann Surg 258:775–783

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Riddell RH (1976) The precarcinomatous phase of ulcerative colitis. Curr Top Pathol 63:179–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Axon AT (1994) Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis – a time for reappraisal. Gut 35:587–589

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lynch DA, Lobo AJ, Sobala GM, Dixon MF, Axon AT et al (1993) Failure of colonoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Gut 34:1075–1080

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Choi PM, Nugent FW, Schoetz DJ Jr et al (1993) Colonoscopic surveillance reduces mortality from colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 105:418–424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Connell WR, Lennard-Jones JE, Williams CB et al (1994) Factors affecting the outcome of endoscopic surveillance for cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 107:934–944

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fujii S, Fujimori T, Chiba T et al (2003) Efficacy of surveillance and molecular markers for detection of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia. J Gastroenterol 38:1117–1125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ohman U (1982) Colorectal carcinoma in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg 144:344–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gyde SN, Prior P, Thompson H et al (1984) Survival of patients with colorectal cancer complicating ulcerative colitis. Gut 25:228–231

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. van Heerden JA, Beart RW Jr (1980) Carcinoma of the colon and rectum complicating chronic ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 23:155–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lavery IC, Chiulli RA, Jagelman DG et al (1982) Survival with carcinoma arising in mucosal ulcerative colitis. Ann Surg 195:508–512

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Canavan C, Abrams KR, Mayberry J (2006) Meta-analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23:1097–1104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Weedon DD, Shorter RG, Ilstrup DM et al (1973) Crohn’s disease and cancer. N Engl J Med 289:1099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ekbom A, Heimick C, Zack M et al (1990) Increased risk of large-bowel cancer in Crohn’s disease with colonic involvement. Lancet 336:357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rubio CA, Befrits R (1997) Colorectal adenocarcinoma in Crohn’s disease: a retrospective histologic study. Dis Colon Rectum 40:1072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Friedman S, Rubin PH, Bodian C et al (2001) Screening and surveillance colonoscopy in chronic Crohn’s colitis. Gastroenterology 120:820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Maykel JA, Hagerman G, Mellgren AF et al (2006) Crohn’s colitis: the incidence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in surgical patients. Dis Colon Rectum 49:950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Moreels TG, Pelckmans PA (2008) Double-balloon endoscope for failed conventional colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Jess T, Simonsen J, Jørgensen KT et al (2012) Decreasing risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease over 30 years. Gastroenterology 143:375–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ et al (2010) Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut 59:666–689

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Beaugerie L, Svrcek M, Seksik P et al (2013) Risk of colorectal high-grade dysplasia and cancer in a prospective observational cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 145:166–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Baars JE, Kuipers EJ, van Haastert M et al (2012) Age at diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease influences early development of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a nationwide, long-term survey. J Gastroenterol 47:1308–1322

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Jess T, Gamborg M, Matzen P et al (2005) Increased risk of intestinal cancer in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Am J Gastroenterol 100:2724–2729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Yano Y, Matsui T, Hirai F et al (2013) Cancer risk in Japanese Crohn’s disease patients: investigation of the standardized incidence ratio. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28:1300–1305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mizushima T, Ohno Y, Nakajima K et al (2010) Malignancy in Crohn’s disease: incidence and clinical characteristics in Japan. Digestion 81:265–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sugita A, Koganei K, Tatsumi K et al (2013) Management of rectal cancer including cancer in the anal fistula with Crohn’s disease. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 110:396–402

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Smith R, Hicks D, Tomljanovich PI et al (2008) Adenocarcinoma arising from chronic perianal Crohn’s disease: case report and review of the literature. Am Surg 74:59–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ky A, Sohn N, Weinstein MA et al (2010) Carcinoma arising in anorectal fistulas of Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 41:992–996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Iesalnieks I, Gaertner WB, Glass H et al (2010) Fistula-associated anal adenocarcinoma in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16:1643–1648

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Barrs JE, Kulpers EJ, Dijkstra G et al (2011) Malignant transformation of perianal and enterocutaneous fistulas is rare: results of 17 years of follow-up from The Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol 46:319–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Ky A, Sohn N, Weinstein MA et al (1998) Carcinoma arising in anorectal fistulas of Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 41:992–996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Igors I, Wolfgang B, Heidi G et al (2010) Fistula-associated anal adenocarcinoma in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16:1643–1648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Ording AG (2013) Five-Year Mortality in Colorectal Cancer Patients with Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s Disease: A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:800–805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Laukoetter MG, Mennigen R, Hannig CM et al (2011) Intestinal cancer risk in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 15:576–583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Von Roon AC, Reese G, Teare J et al (2007) The risk of cancer in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 50:839–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Palascak-Juif V, Bouvier AM, Cones J et al (2005) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with Crohn’s disease compared with small bowel adenocarcinoma de novo. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:828–832

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Elriz K, Carrat F, Carbonnel F et al (2013) Incidence, Presentation, and Prognosis of Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective Observational Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:1823–1826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Dossett LA, White LM, Welch DC et al (2007) Small bowel adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn’s disease: case series and review of the literature. Am Surg 73:1181–1187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Solem CA, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR et al (2004) Small intestinal adenocarcinoma in Crohn’s disease: a case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 10:32–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Negri E, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C et al (1999) Risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Int J Cancer 82:171–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kamiya T, Ando T, Ishiguro K et al (2012) Intestinal cancers occurring in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27:103–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Michelassi F, Testa G, Pomidor WJ et al (1993) Adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 36:654–661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Higashi D, Futami K, Kojima D et al (2012) Cancer of the small intestine in patients with Crohn’s disease. Anticancer Res 33:2977–2980

    Google Scholar 

  81. Gill SS, Heuman DM, Mihas AA (2001) Small intestinal neoplasia. J Clin Gastroenterol 33:267–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Halfdanarson TR, McWilliams RR, Donohue JH et al (2010) A single-institution experience with 491 cases of small bowel adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg 199:797–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Jaskowiak NT, Michelassi F (2001) Adenocarcinoma at a strictureplasty site in Crohn’s disease: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 44:284–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Partridge SK, Hodin RA (2004) Small bowel adenocarcinoma at a strictureplasty site in a patients with Crohn’s disease: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 47:778–781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Laurent C, Svrcek M, Flejou JF et al (2011) Immunohistochemical expression of CDX2, beta-catenin and TP53 in inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:232–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Moore WE, Holdeman LV (1974) Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl Microbiol 27:961–979

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Shanahan F (2004) Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease–therapeutic rationale and role. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:809–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Tuohy KM, Rouzaud GC, Bruck WM et al (2005) Modulation of the human gut microflora towards improved health using prebiotics–assessment of efficacy. Curr Pharm Des 11:75–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Bassaganya-Riera J, Viladomiu M, Pedragosa M et al (2012) Immunoregulatory mechanisms underlying prevention of colitis-associated colorectal cancer by probiotic bacteria. PLoS ONE 7, e34676. doi:10.1371/journal pone.0034676

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Arthur JC, Gharaibeh RZ, Uronis JM et al (2013) VSL#3 probiotic modifies mucosal microbial composition but does not reduce colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 3:2868. doi:10.1038/srep02868

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kaiser GC, Yan F, Polk DB (1999) Mesalamine blocks tumor necrosis factor growth inhibition and nuclear factor kappaB activation in mouse colonocytes. Gastroenterology 116:602–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Velayos FS, Terdiman JP, Walsh JM (2005) Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 100:1345–1353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bernstein CN, Nugent Z, Blanchard JF (2011) 5-aminosalicylate is not chemoprophylactic for colorectal cancer in IBD: a population based study. Am J Gastroenterol 106:731–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Jess T, Loftus EV, Velayos FS et al (2007) Risk factors for colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study from Copenhagen county, Denmark and Olmsted county, Minnesota. Am J Gastroenterol 102:829–836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Terdiman JP, Steinbuch M, Blumentals WA et al (2007) 5-Aminosalicylic acid therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 13:367–371

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Nguyen GC, Gulamhusein A, Bernstein CN (2012) 5-aminosalicylic acid is not protective against colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis of non-referral populations. Am J Gastroenterol 107:1298–1304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. van Schaik FD, van Oijen MG, Smeets HM et al (2012) Thiopurines prevent advanced colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 61:235–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Pasternak B, Svanström H, Schmiegelow K et al (2013) Use of azathioprine and the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Epidemiol 177:1296–1305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Armstrong RG, West J, Card TR (2010) Risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine: a UK population- based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 105:1604–1609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Onizawa M, Nagaishi T, Kanai T et al (2009) Signaling pathway via TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells may be directly involved in colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296:G850–G859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Andersen NN et al (2014) Association between tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists and risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA 311(23):2406–2413

    Google Scholar 

  102. Castaño-Milla C, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP (2014) Systematic review with meta-analysis: the declining risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 39:645–659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Basu A, Wexner SD (2002) Perianal Crohn’s disease. Curr Treat Opt Gastroenterol 5:197–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Williamson PR, Hellinger MD, Larach SW et al (1995) A: Twenty-year review of the surgical management of perianal Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 38:389–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G (2001) Recurrence after colectomy in Crohn’s colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 44:647–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lock MR, Fazio VW, Farmer RG et al (1981) Proximal recurrence and the fate of the rectum following excisional surgery for Crohn’s disease of the large bowel. Ann Surg 194:754–760

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Stern HS, Goldberg SM, Rothenberger DA et al (1984) Segmental versus total colectomy for large bowel Crohn’s disease. World J Surg 8:118–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Guillem JG, Roberts PL, Murray JJ et al (1992) Factors predictive of persistent or recurrent Crohn’s disease in excluded rectal segments. Dis Colon Rectum 35:768–772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Yamamoto T, Bain IM, Allan RN et al (1999) Persistent perineal sinus after proctocolectomy for Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 42:96–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Maeda Y, Heyckendorff-Diebold T, Tei TM et al (2011) Gracilis muscle transposition for complex fistula and persistent nonhealing sinus in perianal Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:583–589

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan

    Motoi Uchino, Hiroki Ikeuchi, Toshihiro Bando, Kei Hirose, Nobuyuki Hida & Shiro Nakamura

Authors
  1. Motoi Uchino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hiroki Ikeuchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Toshihiro Bando
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kei Hirose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nobuyuki Hida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shiro Nakamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Motoi Uchino .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan

    Masato Kusunoki

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Uchino, M., Ikeuchi, H., Bando, T., Hirose, K., Hida, N., Nakamura, S. (2016). Prevention and Prognosis. In: Kusunoki, M. (eds) Colitis-Associated Cancer. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55522-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55522-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-55521-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-55522-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation